1
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Li X, Li L, Wang D, Zhang J, Yi K, Su Y, Luo J, Deng X, Deng F. Fabrication of polymeric microspheres for biomedical applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38567423 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01641b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric microspheres (PMs) have attracted great attention in the field of biomedicine in the last several decades due to their small particle size, special functionalities shown on the surface and high surface-to-volume ratio. However, how to fabricate PMs which can meet the clinical needs and transform laboratory achievements to industrial scale-up still remains a challenge. Therefore, advanced fabrication technologies are pursued. In this review, we summarize the technologies used to fabricate PMs, including emulsion-based methods, microfluidics, spray drying, coacervation, supercritical fluid and superhydrophobic surface-mediated method and their advantages and disadvantages. We also review the different structures, properties and functions of the PMs and their applications in the fields of drug delivery, cell encapsulation and expansion, scaffolds in tissue engineering, transcatheter arterial embolization and artificial cells. Moreover, we discuss existing challenges and future perspectives for advancing fabrication technologies and biomedical applications of PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Luohuizi Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.
| | - Dehui Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shandong Pharmaceutical Glass Co. Ltd, Zibo, 256100, P. R. China
| | - Kangfeng Yi
- Shandong Pharmaceutical Glass Co. Ltd, Zibo, 256100, P. R. China
| | - Yucai Su
- Shandong Pharmaceutical Glass Co. Ltd, Zibo, 256100, P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Jinniu Hospital, Chengdu Jinniu District People's Hospital, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
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2
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Peng Z, Iwabuchi S, Izumi K, Takiguchi S, Yamaji M, Fujita S, Suzuki H, Kambara F, Fukasawa G, Cooney A, Di Michele L, Elani Y, Matsuura T, Kawano R. Lipid vesicle-based molecular robots. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:996-1029. [PMID: 38239102 PMCID: PMC10898420 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A molecular robot, which is a system comprised of one or more molecular machines and computers, can execute sophisticated tasks in many fields that span from nanomedicine to green nanotechnology. The core parts of molecular robots are fairly consistent from system to system and always include (i) a body to encapsulate molecular machines, (ii) sensors to capture signals, (iii) computers to make decisions, and (iv) actuators to perform tasks. This review aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations to develop molecular robots. We first introduce the basic technologies required for constructing the core parts of molecular robots, describe the recent progress towards achieving higher functionality, and subsequently discuss the current challenges and outlook. We also highlight the applications of molecular robots in sensing biomarkers, signal communications with living cells, and conversion of energy. Although molecular robots are still in their infancy, they will unquestionably initiate massive change in biomedical and environmental technology in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugui Peng
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Shoji Iwabuchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Kayano Izumi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Sotaro Takiguchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Misa Yamaji
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Shoko Fujita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Harune Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Fumika Kambara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Genki Fukasawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Aileen Cooney
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
- FabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- FabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
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3
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Otrin N, Otrin L, Bednarz C, Träger TK, Hamdi F, Kastritis PL, Ivanov I, Sundmacher K. Protein-Rich Rafts in Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:778-791. [PMID: 38190609 PMCID: PMC10865357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been dedicated to lipid rafts due to their importance in numerous cell functions such as membrane trafficking, polarization, and signaling. Next to studies in living cells, artificial micrometer-sized vesicles with a minimal set of components are established as a major tool to understand the phase separation dynamics and their intimate interplay with membrane proteins. In parallel, mixtures of phospholipids and certain amphiphilic polymers simultaneously offer an interface for proteins and mimic this segregation behavior, presenting a tangible synthetic alternative for fundamental studies and bottom-up design of cellular mimics. However, the simultaneous insertion of complex and sensitive membrane proteins is experimentally challenging and thus far has been largely limited to natural lipids. Here, we present the co-reconstitution of the proton pump bo3 oxidase and the proton consumer ATP synthase in hybrid polymer/lipid giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) via fusion/electroformation. Variations of the current method allow for tailored reconstitution protocols and control of the vesicle size. In particular, mixing of protein-free and protein-functionalized nanosized vesicles in the electroformation film results in larger GUVs, while separate reconstitution of the respiratory enzymes enables higher ATP synthesis rates. Furthermore, protein labeling provides a synthetic mechanism for phase separation and protein sequestration, mimicking lipid- and protein-mediated domain formation in nature. The latter means opens further possibilities for re-enacting phenomena like supercomplex assembly or symmetry breaking and enriches the toolbox of bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Otrin
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lado Otrin
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Toni K. Träger
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Farzad Hamdi
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Panagiotis L. Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary
Research Center HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research
Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Grup
de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Process
Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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4
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Xu C, Fracassi A, Baryiames CP, Bhattacharya A, Devaraj NK, Baiz CR. Sponge-phase Lipid Droplets as Synthetic Organelles: An Ultrafast Study of Hydrogen Bonding and Interfacial Environments. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300404. [PMID: 37486881 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up design of biomimetic organelles has gained recent attention as a route towards understanding the transition between non-living matter and life. Despite various artificial lipid membranes being developed, the specific relations between lipid structure, composition, interfacial properties, and morphology are not currently understood. Sponge-phase droplets contain dense, nonlamellar lipid bilayer networks that capture the complexities of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), making them ideal artificial models of such organelles. Here, we combine ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interfacial H-bond networks in sponge-phase droplets composed of glycolipid and nonionic detergents. In the sponge phase, the interfacial environments are more hydrated and water molecules confined to the nanometer-scale aqueous channels in the sponge phase exhibit dynamics that are significantly slower compared to bulk water. Surfactant configurations and microscopic phase separation play a dominant role in determining membrane curvature and slow dynamics observed in the sponge phase. The studies suggest that H-bond networks within the nanometer-scale channels are disrupted not only by confinement but also by the interactions of surfactants, which extend 1-2 nm from the bilayer surface. The results provide a molecular-level description for controlling phase and morphology in the design of synthetic lipid organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, 78712-1224, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Baryiames
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, 78712-1224, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carlos R Baiz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, 78712-1224, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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Müller W, Beales PA, Muniz AR, Jeuken LJC. Unraveling the Phase Behavior, Mechanical Stability, and Protein Reconstitution Properties of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Vesicles. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4156-4169. [PMID: 37539954 PMCID: PMC10498451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid vesicles consisting of natural phospholipids and synthetic amphiphilic copolymers have shown remarkable material properties and potential for biotechnology, combining the robustness of polymers with the biocompatibility of phospholipid membranes. To predict and optimize the mixing behavior of lipids and copolymers, as well as understand the interaction between the hybrid membrane and macromolecules like membrane proteins, a comprehensive understanding at the molecular level is essential. This can be achieved by a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and experiments. Here, simulations of POPC and PBD22-b-PEO14 hybrid membranes are shown, uncovering different copolymer configurations depending on the polymer-to-lipid ratio. High polymer concentrations created thicker membranes with an extended polymer conformation, while high lipid content led to the collapse of the polymer chain. High concentrations of polymer were further correlated with a decreased area compression modulus and altered lateral pressure profiles, hypothesized to result in the experimentally observed improvement in membrane protein reconstitution and resistance toward destabilization by detergents. Finally, simulations of a WALP peptide embedded in the bilayer showed that only membranes with up to 50% polymer content favored a transmembrane configuration. These simulations correlate with previous and new experimental results and provide a deeper understanding of the properties of lipid-copolymer hybrid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner
A. Müller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Paul A. Beales
- School
of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - André R. Muniz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, University Leiden, PO Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
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6
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Seneviratne R, Coates G, Xu Z, Cornell CE, Thompson RF, Sadeghpour A, Maskell DP, Jeuken LJC, Rappolt M, Beales PA. High Resolution Membrane Structures within Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Vesicles Revealed by Combining X-Ray Scattering and Electron Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206267. [PMID: 36866488 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid vesicles consisting of phospholipids and block-copolymers are increasingly finding applications in science and technology. Herein, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) are used to obtain detailed structural information about hybrid vesicles with different ratios of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and poly(1,2-butadiene-block-ethylene oxide) (PBd22 -PEO14 , Ms = 1800 g mol-1 ). Using single particle analysis (SPA) the authors are able to further interpret the information gained from SAXS and cryo-ET experiments, showing that increasing PBd22 -PEO14 mole fraction increases the membrane thickness from 52 Å for a pure lipid system to 97 Å for pure PBd22 -PEO14 vesicles. Two vesicle populations with different membrane thicknesses in hybrid vesicle samples are found. As these lipids and polymers are reported to homogeneously mix, bistability is inferred between weak and strong interdigitation regimes of PBd22 -PEO14 within the hybrid membranes. It is hypothesized that membranes of intermediate structure are not energetically favorable. Therefore, each vesicle exists in one of these two membrane structures, which are assumed to have comparable free energies. The authors conclude that, by combining biophysical methods, accurate determination of the influence of composition on the structural properties of hybrid membranes is achieved, revealing that two distinct membranes structures can coexist in homogeneously mixed lipid-polymer hybrid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Seneviratne
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Georgina Coates
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Zexi Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Caitlin E Cornell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca F Thompson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel P Maskell
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PC Box 9502, Leiden, 2300 RA, Netherlands
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul A Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Hamada N, Longo ML. Charged hybrid block copolymer-lipid-cholesterol vesicles: pH, ionic environment, and composition dependence of phase transitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184026. [PMID: 35952852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of pH, salt concentration (expressed as Debye length), and composition on the phase behavior of hybrid block copolymer-lipid-cholesterol bilayers incorporating carboxyl-terminated poly(butadiene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer (PBdPEO1800(-)) or/and non-carboxyl-terminated PBdPEO (PBdPEO1800 or/and PBdPEO950), egg sphingomyelin (egg SM), and cholesterol were examined using fluorescence spectroscopy of laurdan. Laurdan emission spectra were decomposed into three lognormal curves as functions of energy. The ratio of the area of the mid-energy peak to the sum of the areas of all three peaks was evaluated as vesicles were cooled, yielding temperature breakpoint values (Tbreak) expected to be within the range of the phase transition temperature. Tbreak values displayed dependence on pH, Debye length, and vesicle composition consistent with an electrostatic repulsion contribution to vesicle phase behavior. Increased pH and Debye length, for which a greater dissociated fraction of PBdPEO1800(-) and a greater energy of electrostatic repulsion would be expected, resulted in Tbreak values as much as 10 °C less than at low pH or short Debye lengths. Additionally, at Debye lengths comparable to those at physiologically relevant ionic strength, Tbreak at pH 5.9 was observed to be slightly higher than at pH 7.0 for vesicles containing 50 mol% PBdPEO1800(-). Electrostatic effects observed for hybrid vesicles incorporating significant amounts of carboxyl-terminated polymer may have the ability to drive phase separation in response to pH drops-such as those observed after endocytosis-in physiologically relevant conditions, suggesting the utility of such materials for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie L Longo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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8
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Koner S, Tawfik J, Mashali F, Kennison KB, McClintic WT, Heberle FA, Tu YM, Kumar M, Sarles SA. Homogeneous hybrid droplet interface bilayers assembled from binary mixtures of DPhPC phospholipids and PB-b-PEO diblock copolymers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183997. [PMID: 35718208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid membranes built from phospholipids and amphiphilic block copolymers seek to capitalize on the benefits of both constituents for constructing biomimetic interfaces with improved performance. However, hybrid membranes have not been formed or studied using the droplet interface bilayer (DIB) method, an approach that offers advantages for revealing nanoscale changes in membrane structure and mechanics and offers a path toward assembling higher-order tissues. We report on hybrid droplet interface bilayers (hDIBs) formed in hexadecane from binary mixtures of synthetic diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPhPC) lipids and low molecular weight 1,2 polybutadiene-b-polyethylene oxide (PBPEO) amphiphilic block copolymers and use electrophysiology measurements and imaging to assess the effects of PBPEO in the membrane. This work reveals that hDIBs containing up to 15 mol% PBPEO plus DPhPC are homogeneously mixtures of lipids and polymers, remain highly resistive to ion transport, and are stable-including under applied voltage. Moreover, they exhibit hydrophobic thicknesses similar to DPhPC-only bilayers, but also have significantly lower values of membrane tension. These characteristics coincide with reduced energy of adhesion between droplets and the formation of alamethicin ion channels at significantly lower threshold voltages, demonstrating that even moderate amounts of amphiphilic block copolymers in a lipid bilayer provide a route for tuning the physical properties of a biomimetic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Koner
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Joseph Tawfik
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Farzin Mashali
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kristen B Kennison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | - Yu-Ming Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephen A Sarles
- Department of Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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9
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Dolder N, Müller P, von Ballmoos C. Experimental platform for the functional investigation of membrane proteins in giant unilamellar vesicles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5877-5893. [PMID: 35916307 PMCID: PMC9364335 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00551d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are micrometer-sized model membrane systems that can be viewed directly under the microscope. They serve as scaffolds for the bottom-up creation of synthetic cells, targeted drug delivery and have been widely used to study membrane related phenomena in vitro. GUVs are also of interest for the functional investigation of membrane proteins that carry out many key cellular functions. A major hurdle to a wider application of GUVs in this field is the diversity of existing protocols that are optimized for individual proteins. Here, we compare PVA assisted and electroformation techniques for GUV formation under physiologically relevant conditions, and analyze the effect of immobilization on vesicle structure and membrane tightness towards small substrates and protons. There, differences in terms of yield, size, and leakage of GUVs produced by PVA assisted swelling and electroformation were found, dependent on salt and buffer composition. Using fusion of oppositely charged membranes to reconstitute a model membrane protein, we find that empty vesicles and proteoliposomes show similar fusion behavior, which allows for a rapid estimation of protein incorporation using fluorescent lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dolder
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Lo CH, Zeng J. Application of polymersomes in membrane protein study and drug discovery: Progress, strategies, and perspectives. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10350. [PMID: 36684106 PMCID: PMC9842050 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) play key roles in cellular signaling pathways and are responsible for intercellular and intracellular interactions. Dysfunctional MPs are directly related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, and they have been exploited as one of the most sought-after targets in the pharmaceutical industry. However, working with MPs is difficult given that their amphiphilic nature requires protection from biological membrane or membrane mimetics. Polymersomes are bilayered nano-vesicles made of self-assembled block copolymers that have been widely used as cell membrane mimetics for MP reconstitution and in engineering of artificial cells. This review highlights the prevailing trend in the application of polymersomes in MP study and drug discovery. We begin with a review on the techniques for synthesis and characterization of polymersomes as well as methods of MP insertion to form proteopolymersomes. Next, we review the structural and functional analysis of the different types of MPs reconstituted in polymersomes, including membrane transport proteins, MP complexes, and membrane receptors. We then summarize the factors affecting reconstitution efficiency and the quality of reconstituted MPs for structural and functional studies. Additionally, we discuss the potential in using proteopolymersomes as platforms for high-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery to identify modulators of MPs. We conclude by providing future perspectives and recommendations on advancing the study of MPs and drug development using proteopolymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore,Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA,Department of ChemistryBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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11
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Heuberger L, Korpidou M, Eggenberger OM, Kyropoulou M, Palivan CG. Current Perspectives on Synthetic Compartments for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5718. [PMID: 35628527 PMCID: PMC9145047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano- and micrometer-sized compartments composed of synthetic polymers are designed to mimic spatial and temporal divisions found in nature. Self-assembly of polymers into compartments such as polymersomes, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), layer-by-layer (LbL) capsules, capsosomes, or polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes) allows for the separation of defined environments from the exterior. These compartments can be further engineered through the incorporation of (bio)molecules within the lumen or into the membrane, while the membrane can be decorated with functional moieties to produce catalytic compartments with defined structures and functions. Nanometer-sized compartments are used for imaging, theranostic, and therapeutic applications as a more mechanically stable alternative to liposomes, and through the encapsulation of catalytic molecules, i.e., enzymes, catalytic compartments can localize and act in vivo. On the micrometer scale, such biohybrid systems are used to encapsulate model proteins and form multicompartmentalized structures through the combination of multiple compartments, reaching closer to the creation of artificial organelles and cells. Significant progress in therapeutic applications and modeling strategies has been achieved through both the creation of polymers with tailored properties and functionalizations and novel techniques for their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Heuberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (L.H.); (M.K.); (O.M.E.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Korpidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (L.H.); (M.K.); (O.M.E.); (M.K.)
| | - Olivia M. Eggenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (L.H.); (M.K.); (O.M.E.); (M.K.)
| | - Myrto Kyropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (L.H.); (M.K.); (O.M.E.); (M.K.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1095, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (L.H.); (M.K.); (O.M.E.); (M.K.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1095, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Abstract
SignificanceThe discovery that amphiphilic polymers, similar to phospholipids, can self-assemble to vesicles has inspired numerous applications. For instance, these polymersomes are employed for drug delivery due to their increased chemical and mechanical stability. These polymers can be also mixed with lipids to form the so-called hybrid membranes, which provide further biocompatibility, while new properties emerge. However, the fusion of these hybrids is to date barely explored. Herein, we determined that hybrid vesicles made of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) and oppositely charged lipids undergo rapid fusion, surpassing the efficiency in natural membranes. We provide biophysical insights into the mechanism and demonstrate that anionic lipids are not strictly required when the process is employed for the integration of membrane proteins.
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13
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Hamada N, Longo ML. Characterization of phase separation phenomena in hybrid lipid/block copolymer/cholesterol bilayers using laurdan fluorescence with log-normal multipeak analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183887. [PMID: 35150645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena in hybrid lipid/block copolymer/cholesterol bilayers combining polybutadiene-block-polyethylene oxide (PBdPEO), egg sphingomyelin (egg SM), and cholesterol were studied with fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy for comparison to lipid bilayers composed of palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC), egg SM, and cholesterol. Laurdan emission spectra were decomposed into three lognormal curves. The temperature dependence of the ratios of the areas of the middle and lowest energy peaks revealed temperature break-point (Tbreak) values that were in better agreement, compared to generalized polarization inflection temperatures, with phase transition temperatures in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Agreement between GUV and spectroscopy results was further improved for hybrid vesicles by using the ratio of the area of the middle peak to the sum of the areas all three peaks to find the Tbreak values. For the hybrid vesicles, trends at Tbreak are hypothesized to be correlated with the mechanisms by which the phase transition takes place, supported by the compositional range as well as the morphologies of domains observed in GUVs. Low miscibility of PBdPEO and egg SM is suggested by the finding of relatively high Tbreak values at cholesterol contents greater than 30 mol%. Further, GUV phase behavior suggests stronger partitioning of cholesterol into PBdPEO than into POPC, and less miscibility of PBdPEO than POPC with egg SM. These results, summarized using a heat-map, contribute to the limited body of knowledge regarding the effect of cholesterol on hybrid membranes, with potential application toward the development of such materials for drug delivery or membrane protein reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie L Longo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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14
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Catania R, Machin J, Rappolt M, Muench SP, Beales PA, Jeuken LJC. Detergent-Free Functionalization of Hybrid Vesicles with Membrane Proteins Using SMALPs. Macromolecules 2022; 55:3415-3422. [PMID: 35571225 PMCID: PMC9097535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Hybrid
vesicles (HVs) that consist of mixtures of block copolymers
and lipids are robust biomimetics of liposomes, providing a valuable
building block in bionanotechnology, catalysis, and synthetic biology.
However, functionalization of HVs with membrane proteins remains laborious
and expensive, creating a significant current challenge in the field.
Here, using a new approach of extraction with styrene-maleic acid
(SMA), we show that a membrane protein (cytochrome bo3) directly transfers into HVs with an efficiency of 73.9
± 13.5% without the requirement of detergent, long incubation
times, or mechanical disruption. Direct transfer of membrane proteins
using this approach was not possible into liposomes, suggesting that
HVs are more amenable than liposomes to membrane protein incorporation
from a SMA lipid particle system. Finally, we show that this transfer
method is not limited to cytochrome bo3 and can also be performed with complex membrane protein mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Catania
- Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jonathan Machin
- Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Muench
- Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Paul A. Beales
- Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University Leiden, Leiden 2300RA, The Netherlands
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15
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Shin J, Cole BD, Shan T, Jang Y. Heterogeneous Synthetic Vesicles toward Artificial Cells: Engineering Structure and Composition of Membranes for Multimodal Functionalities. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1505-1518. [PMID: 35266692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The desire to develop artificial cells to imitate living cells in synthetic vesicle platforms has continuously increased over the past few decades. In particular, heterogeneous synthetic vesicles made from two or more building blocks have attracted attention for artificial cell applications based on their multifunctional modules with asymmetric structures. In addition to the traditional liposomes or polymersomes, polypeptides and proteins have recently been highlighted as potential building blocks to construct artificial cells owing to their specific biological functionalities. Incorporating one or more functionally folded, globular protein into synthetic vesicles enables more cell-like functions mediated by proteins. This Review highlights the recent research about synthetic vesicles toward artificial cell models, from traditional synthetic vesicles to protein-assembled vesicles with asymmetric structures. We aim to provide fundamental and practical insights into applying knowledge on molecular self-assembly to the bottom-up construction of artificial cell platforms with heterogeneous building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyong Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Blair D Cole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ting Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yeongseon Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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16
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Lu Y, Allegri G, Huskens J. Vesicle-based artificial cells: materials, construction methods and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:892-907. [PMID: 34908080 PMCID: PMC8900604 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The construction of artificial cells with specific cell-mimicking functions helps to explore complex biological processes and cell functions in natural cell systems and provides an insight into the origins of life. Bottom-up methods are widely used for engineering artificial cells based on vesicles by the in vitro assembly of biomimetic materials. In this review, the design of artificial cells with a specific function is discussed, by considering the selection of synthetic materials and construction technologies. First, a range of biomimetic materials for artificial cells is reviewed, including lipid, polymeric and hybrid lipid/copolymer materials. Biomaterials extracted from natural cells are also covered in this part. Then, the formation of microscale, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is reviewed based on different technologies, including gentle hydration, electro-formation, phase transfer and microfluidic methods. Subsequently, applications of artificial cells based on single vesicles or vesicle networks are addressed for mimicking cell behaviors and signaling processes. Microreactors for synthetic biology and cell-cell communication are highlighted here as well. Finally, current challenges and future trends for the development and applications of artificial cells are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Allegri
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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17
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Seneviratne R, Catania R, Rappolt M, Jeuken LJC, Beales PA. Membrane mixing and dynamics in hybrid POPC/poly(1,2-butadiene- block-ethylene oxide) (PBd- b-PEO) lipid/block co-polymer giant vesicles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1294-1301. [PMID: 35048939 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipids and block copolymers can individually self-assemble into vesicles, each with their own particular benefits and limitations. Combining polymers with lipids allows for further optimisation of the vesicle membranes for bionanotechnology applications. Here, POPC lipid is mixed with poly(1,2-butadiene-block-ethylene oxide) of two different molecular weights (PBd22-PEO14, Mr = 1800 g mol-1 and PBd12-PEO11, Mr = 1150 g mol-1) in order to investigate how increasing the polymer fraction affects membrane mixing, hydration and fluidity. Intensity contributions of fluorescently labelled lipid and polymer within mixed GUV membranes confirm membrane homogeneity within the hybrids. General polarisation measurements of Laurdan in GUVs showed little change in membrane hydration as polymer fraction is increased, which suggests good structural compatibility between lipids and polymers that gives rise to well-mixed vesicles. Membrane fluidity in hybrid GUVs was found to decrease non-linearly with increasing polymer fraction. However, the diffusion coefficients for the fluorescent polymer in hybrid membranes did not change significantly with increasing polymer content. While increasing the polymer fraction does reduce the movement of lipids through a polymer-rich matrix, insignificant difference in diffusion coefficients of the polymer suggests that its diffusion is minimally affected by increasing lipid composition in the range studied. These results lay further foundations for the wider development of hybrid vesicles with controlled properties for advanced biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Seneviratne
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Rosa Catania
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul A Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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18
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Biocatalytic self-assembled synthetic vesicles and coacervates: From single compartment to artificial cells. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102566. [PMID: 34864354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is an intrinsic feature of living cells that allows spatiotemporal control over the biochemical pathways expressed in them. Over the years, a library of compartmentalized systems has been generated, which includes nano to micrometer sized biomimetic vesicles derived from lipids, amphiphilic block copolymers, peptides, and nanoparticles. Biocatalytic vesicles have been developed using a simple bag containing enzyme design of liposomes to multienzymes immobilized multi-vesicular compartments for artificial cell generation. Additionally, enzymes were also entrapped in membrane-less coacervate droplets to mimic the cytoplasmic macromolecular crowding mechanisms. Here, we have discussed different types of single and multicompartment systems, emphasizing their recent developments as biocatalytic self-assembled structures using recent examples. Importantly, we have summarized the strategies in the development of the self-assembled structure to improvise their adaptivity and flexibility for enzyme immobilization. Finally, we have presented the use of biocatalytic assemblies in mimicking different aspects of living cells, which further carves the path for the engineering of a minimal cell.
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19
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Marušič N, Zhao Z, Otrin L, Dimova R, Ivanov I, Sundmacher K. Fusion-Induced Growth of Biomimetic Polymersomes: Behavior of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Poly(ethylene oxide) Vesicles in Saline Solutions Under High Agitation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100712. [PMID: 34820929 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles serve as membrane models and primitive mockups of natural cells. With respect to the latter use, amphiphilic polymers can be used to replace phospholipids in order to introduce certain favorable properties, ultimately allowing for the creation of truly synthetic cells. These new properties also enable the employment of new preparation procedures that are incompatible with the natural amphiphiles. Whereas the growth of lipid compartments to micrometer dimensions has been well established, growth of their synthetic analogs remains underexplored. Here, the influence of experimental parameters like salt type/concentration and magnitude of agitation on the fusion of nanometer-sized vesicles made of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide) graft copolymer (PDMS-g-PEO) is investigated in detail. To this end, dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and membrane mixing assays are employed, and the process at different time and length scales is analyzed. This optimized method is used as an easy tool to obtain giant vesicles, equipped with membrane and cytosolic biomachinery, in the presence of salts at physiological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Marušič
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ziliang Zhao
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lado Otrin
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Otrin L, Witkowska A, Marušič N, Zhao Z, Lira RB, Kyrilis FL, Hamdi F, Ivanov I, Lipowsky R, Kastritis PL, Dimova R, Sundmacher K, Jahn R, Vidaković-Koch T. En route to dynamic life processes by SNARE-mediated fusion of polymer and hybrid membranes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4972. [PMID: 34404795 PMCID: PMC8371082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of artificial cells springs from the functionalization of liposomes with proteins. However, these models suffer from low durability without repair and replenishment mechanisms, which can be partly addressed by replacing the lipids with polymers. Yet natural membranes are also dynamically remodeled in multiple cellular processes. Here, we show that synthetic amphiphile membranes also undergo fusion, mediated by the protein machinery for synaptic secretion. We integrated fusogenic SNAREs in polymer and hybrid vesicles and observed efficient membrane and content mixing. We determined bending rigidity and pore edge tension as key parameters for fusion and described its plausible progression through cryo-EM snapshots. These findings demonstrate that dynamic membrane phenomena can be reconstituted in synthetic materials, thereby providing new tools for the assembly of synthetic protocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lado Otrin
- Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Agata Witkowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nika Marušič
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ziliang Zhao
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rafael B Lira
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fotis L Kyrilis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem & Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Farzad Hamdi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem & Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Panagiotis L Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem & Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vidaković-Koch
- Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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Fauquignon M, Courtecuisse E, Josselin R, Mutschler A, Brûlet A, Schmutz M, Le Meins JF. Large hybrid Polymer/Lipid Unilamellar vesicle (LHUV) at the nanoscale: An insight into the lipid distribution in the membrane and permeability control. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:575-583. [PMID: 34280755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane structuration of Large Hybrid Unilamellar Polymer/Lipid Vesicle (LHUV) is an important parameter on the optimization of their properties and thus their valuation in various fields. However, this kind of information is hardly accessible. In this work, we will focus on the development of LHUV obtained from the self-assembly of diblock poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-b-PEO) of different molar masses combined with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) at 15% and 25% w/w content. The hybrid character of the resulting vesicles as well as their membrane structure are characterized by the mean of different techniques such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). We show that hybrid vesicles with homogeneous membrane structure are obtained whatever the molar mass of the block copolymer (from 2500 to 4000 g/mol), with of a small number of tubular structures observed with the higher molar mass. We also demonstrate that the permeability of the LHUV, evaluated through controlled release experiments of fluorescein loaded in LHUV, is essentially controlled by the lipid/polymer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Elise Courtecuisse
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Romane Josselin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Angela Mutschler
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS, UPR 22, 23 rue du Loess, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Current problems and future avenues in proteoliposome research. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1473-1492. [PMID: 32830854 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) are the gatekeepers between different biological compartments separated by lipid bilayers. Being receptors, channels, transporters, or primary pumps, they fulfill a wide variety of cellular functions and their importance is reflected in the increasing number of drugs that target MPs. Functional studies of MPs within a native cellular context, however, is difficult due to the innate complexity of the densely packed membranes. Over the past decades, detergent-based extraction and purification of MPs and their reconstitution into lipid mimetic systems has been a very powerful tool to simplify the experimental system. In this review, we focus on proteoliposomes that have become an indispensable experimental system for enzymes with a vectorial function, including many of the here described energy transducing MPs. We first address long standing questions on the difficulty of successful reconstitution and controlled orientation of MPs into liposomes. A special emphasis is given on coreconstitution of several MPs into the same bilayer. Second, we discuss recent progress in the development of fluorescent dyes that offer sensitive detection with high temporal resolution. Finally, we briefly cover the use of giant unilamellar vesicles for the investigation of complex enzymatic cascades, a very promising experimental tool considering our increasing knowledge of the interplay of different cellular components.
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23
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Hamada N, Gakhar S, Longo ML. Hybrid lipid/block copolymer vesicles display broad phase coexistence region. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183552. [PMID: 33444620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fluidity and polar environment of ~100 nm hybrid vesicles combining dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and poly(1,2-butadiene)-block-polyethylene oxide (PBd-PEO, average molecular weight 950 g/mol) were studied upon vesicle heating using the fluorescence spectroscopy techniques of DPH anisotropy and laurdan generalized polarization (GP). These techniques indicated PBd-PEO membranes are less ordered than solid DPPC, but slightly more ordered than fluid DPPC or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) membranes. We find the DPH anisotropy values are less than expected from additivity of the components' anisotropies in the fluid phase mixture of DPPC and PBd-PEO, inferring that DPPC strongly fluidizes the PBd-PEO. We use transitions in DPH anisotropy and laurdan GP to create a temperature/composition phase diagram for DPPC/PBd-PEO which we find displays a significantly broader solid/fluid phase coexistence region than DPPC/DOPC, showing that DPPC partitions less readily into fluid PBd-PEO than into fluid DOPC. The existence of a broad solid/fluid phase coexistence region in DPPC/PBd-PEO vesicles is verified by Förster resonance energy transfer results and the visualization of phase separation in giant unilamellar vesicles containing up to 95% PBd-PEO and a single phase in 100% PBd-PEO vesicles at room temperature. These results add to the limited knowledge of phase behavior and phase diagrams of hybrid vesicles, and should be useful in understanding and tailoring membrane surface architecture toward biomedical applications such as drug delivery or membrane protein reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Sukriti Gakhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie L Longo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Le Meins JF. Membrane reinforcement in giant hybrid polymer lipid vesicles achieved by controlling the polymer architecture. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:83-89. [PMID: 33150346 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of membranes of hybrid polymer lipid vesicles are so far relatively unknown. Since their discovery a decade ago, many studies have aimed to show their great potential in many fields of application, but so far, few systematic studies have been carried out to decipher the relationship between the molecular characteristics of the components (molar mass, chemical nature, and architecture of the copolymer), the membrane structure and its properties. In this work, we study the association of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-b-PEO) diblock copolymers of different molar masses in giant hybrid vesicles and establish a complete phase diagram of the membrane structure. We also measured the mechanical properties of the giant hybrid unilamellar vesicle (GHUV) through micropipette aspiration at different lipid/polymer compositions. Thanks to a previous work using triblock PEO-b-PDMS-b-PEO copolymers, we were able to reveal the effect of the architecture of the block copolymer on membrane structure and properties. Besides, the association of diblock copolymers PDMS-b-PEO and POPC leads to the formation of hybrid vesicles with unprecedented membrane toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France.
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25
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Abstract
Transmembrane proteins involved in metabolic redox reactions and photosynthesis catalyse a plethora of key energy-conversion processes and are thus of great interest for bioelectrocatalysis-based applications. The development of membrane protein modified electrodes has made it possible to efficiently exchange electrons between proteins and electrodes, allowing mechanistic studies and potentially applications in biofuels generation and energy conversion. Here, we summarise the most common electrode modification and their characterisation techniques for membrane proteins involved in biofuels conversion and semi-artificial photosynthesis. We discuss the challenges of applications of membrane protein modified electrodes for bioelectrocatalysis and comment on emerging methods and future directions, including recent advances in membrane protein reconstitution strategies and the development of microbial electrosynthesis and whole-cell semi-artificial photosynthesis.
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26
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Chountoulesi M, Perinelli DR, Forys A, Bonacucina G, Trzebicka B, Pispas S, Demetzos C. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles for drug delivery: The role of gradient and block copolymers on the morphology, internal organisation and release profile. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:21-34. [PMID: 33098976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymers represent one of the main class of stabilizers for non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles, being essential for their formation and stability. In the present study, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) block copolymers and poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-grad-poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) (MPOx) gradient copolymers were incorporated as stabilizers in liquid crystalline nanoparticles prepared from glyceryl monooleate. The polymers were chosen according to their high biocompatibility and promising stealth properties, in order to develop safe and efficient drug delivery nanosystems. The physicochemical characteristics and fractal dimension of the resultant nanosystems were obtained from light scattering techniques, while their micropolarity and microfluidity from fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of temperature, serum proteins and ionic strength on the physicochemical behavior was monitored. Their morphology was assessed by cryo-TEM, while their thermal behavior by microcalorimetry and high-resolution ultrasound spectroscopy. Their properties were dependent on the stabilizer chemistry and topology (block/gradient copolymer) and its concentration. Subsequently, resveratrol, as model hydrophobic drug, was loaded into the nanosystems, the entrapment efficiency was calculated and in vitro release studies were carried out, highlighting how the different stabilizer can differentiate the drug release profile. In conclusion, the proposed copolymers broaden the toolbox of polymeric stabilizers for the development of liquid crystalline nanoparticles intended for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, Via Gentile III da Varano, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, Via Gentile III da Varano, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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Balestri A, Chiappisi L, Montis C, Micciulla S, Lonetti B, Berti D. Organized Hybrid Molecular Films from Natural Phospholipids and Synthetic Block Copolymers: A Physicochemical Investigation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10941-10951. [PMID: 32852955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, hybrid lipid-copolymer assemblies have attracted increasing attention as possible two-dimensional (2D) membrane platforms, combining the biorelevance of the lipid building blocks with the stability and chemical tunability of copolymers. The relevance of these systems varies from fundamental studies on biological membrane-related phenomena to the construction of 2D complex devices for material science and biosensor technology. Both the fundamental understanding and the application of hybrid lipid-copolymer-supported bilayers require thorough physicochemical comprehension and structural control. Herein, we report a comprehensive physicochemical and structural characterization of hybrid monolayers at the air/water interface and of solid-supported hybrid membranes constituted by 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and the block copolymer poly(butadiene-b-ethyleneoxide) (PBD-b-PEO). Hybrid lipid-copolymer supported bilayers (HSLBs) with variable copolymer contents were prepared through spontaneous rupture and fusion of hybrid vesicles onto a hydrophilic substrate. The properties of the thin films and the parent vesicles were probed through dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Stable, hybrid lipid/copolymer systems were obtained for a copolymer content of 10-65 mol %. In particular, DSC and CSLM show lateral phase separation in these hybrid systems. These results improve our fundamental understanding of HSLBs, which is necessary for future applications of hybrid systems as biomimetic membranes or as drug delivery systems, with additional properties with respect to phospholipid liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Balestri
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Costanza Montis
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Lonetti
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III- Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Debora Berti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Shoji K, Kawano R. Recent Advances in Liposome-Based Molecular Robots. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E788. [PMID: 32825332 PMCID: PMC7569806 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A molecular robot is a microorganism-imitating micro robot that is designed from the molecular level and constructed by bottom-up approaches. As with conventional robots, molecular robots consist of three essential robotics elements: control of intelligent systems, sensors, and actuators, all integrated into a single micro compartment. Due to recent developments in microfluidic technologies, DNA nanotechnologies, synthetic biology, and molecular engineering, these individual parts have been developed, with the final picture beginning to come together. In this review, we describe recent developments of these sensors, actuators, and intelligence systems that can be applied to liposome-based molecular robots. First, we explain liposome generation for the compartments of molecular robots. Next, we discuss the emergence of robotics functions by using and functionalizing liposomal membranes. Then, we discuss actuators and intelligence via the encapsulation of chemicals into liposomes. Finally, the future vision and the challenges of molecular robots are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Shoji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Kleineberg C, Wölfer C, Abbasnia A, Pischel D, Bednarz C, Ivanov I, Heitkamp T, Börsch M, Sundmacher K, Vidaković‐Koch T. Light-Driven ATP Regeneration in Diblock/Grafted Hybrid Vesicles. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2149-2160. [PMID: 32187828 PMCID: PMC7496644 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven ATP regeneration systems combining ATP synthase and bacteriorhodopsin have been proposed as an energy supply in the field of synthetic biology. Energy is required to power biochemical reactions within artificially created reaction compartments like protocells, which are typically based on either lipid or polymer membranes. The insertion of membrane proteins into different hybrid membranes is delicate, and studies comparing these systems with liposomes are needed. Here we present a detailed study of membrane protein functionality in different hybrid compartments made of graft polymer PDMS-g-PEO and diblock copolymer PBd-PEO. Activity of more than 90 % in lipid/polymer-based hybrid vesicles could prove an excellent biocompatibility. A significant enhancement of long-term stability (80 % remaining activity after 42 days) could be demonstrated in polymer/polymer-based hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Kleineberg
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Christian Wölfer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Amirhossein Abbasnia
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Dennis Pischel
- Otto von Guericke UniversityProcess Systems EngineeringUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Thomas Heitkamp
- Jena University Hospital; Single-Molecule Microscopy GroupNonnenplan 2–407743JenaGermany
| | - Michael Börsch
- Jena University Hospital; Single-Molecule Microscopy GroupNonnenplan 2–407743JenaGermany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
- Otto von Guericke UniversityProcess Systems EngineeringUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Tanja Vidaković‐Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
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30
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Marušič N, Otrin L, Zhao Z, Lira RB, Kyrilis FL, Hamdi F, Kastritis PL, Vidaković-Koch T, Ivanov I, Sundmacher K, Dimova R. Constructing artificial respiratory chain in polymer compartments: Insights into the interplay between bo3 oxidase and the membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15006-15017. [PMID: 32554497 PMCID: PMC7334566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919306117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome bo3 ubiquinol oxidase is a transmembrane protein, which oxidizes ubiquinone and reduces oxygen, while pumping protons. Apart from its combination with F1Fo-ATPase to assemble a minimal ATP regeneration module, the utility of the proton pump can be extended to other applications in the context of synthetic cells such as transport, signaling, and control of enzymatic reactions. In parallel, polymers have been speculated to be phospholipid mimics with respect to their ability to self-assemble in compartments with increased stability. However, their usability as interfaces for complex membrane proteins has remained questionable. In the present work, we optimized a fusion/electroformation approach to reconstitute bo3 oxidase in giant unilamellar vesicles made of PDMS-g-PEO and/or phosphatidylcholine (PC). This enabled optical access, while microfluidic trapping allowed for online analysis of individual vesicles. The tight polymer membranes and the inward oriented enzyme caused 1 pH unit difference in 30 min, with an initial rate of 0.35 pH·min-1 To understand the interplay in these composite systems, we studied the relevant mechanical and rheological membrane properties. Remarkably, the proton permeability of polymer/lipid hybrids decreased after protein insertion, while the latter also led to a 20% increase of the polymer diffusion coefficient in polymersomes. In addition, PDMS-g-PEO increased the activity lifetime and the resistance to free radicals. These advantageous properties may open diverse applications, ranging from cell-free biotechnology to biomedicine. Furthermore, the presented study serves as a comprehensive road map for studying the interactions between membrane proteins and synthetic membranes, which will be fundamental for the successful engineering of such hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Marušič
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lado Otrin
- Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ziliang Zhao
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rafael B Lira
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fotis L Kyrilis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Farzad Hamdi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Panagiotis L Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Tanja Vidaković-Koch
- Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Rottet S, Iqbal S, Beales PA, Lin A, Lee J, Rug M, Scott C, Callaghan R. Characterisation of Hybrid Polymersome Vesicles Containing the Efflux Pumps NaAtm1 or P-Glycoprotein. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1049. [PMID: 32375237 PMCID: PMC7284524 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigative systems for purified membrane transporters are almost exclusively reliant on the use of phospholipid vesicles or liposomes. Liposomes provide an environment to support protein function; however, they also have numerous drawbacks and should not be considered as a "one-size fits all" system. The use of artificial vesicles comprising block co-polymers (polymersomes) offers considerable advantages in terms of structural stability; provision of sufficient lateral pressure; and low passive permeability, which is a particular issue for transport assays using hydrophobic compounds. The present investigation demonstrates strategies to reconstitute ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters into hybrid vesicles combining phospholipids and the block co-polymer poly (butadiene)-poly (ethylene oxide). Two efflux pumps were chosen; namely the Novosphingobium aromaticivorans Atm1 protein and human P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Polymersomes were generated with one of two lipid partners, either purified palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, or a mixture of crude E. coli lipid extract and cholesterol. Hybrid polymersomes were characterised for size, structural homogeneity, stability to detergents, and permeability. Two transporters, NaAtm1 and P-gp, were successfully reconstituted into pre-formed and surfactant-destabilised hybrid polymersomes using a detergent adsorption strategy. Reconstitution of both proteins was confirmed by density gradient centrifugation and the hybrid polymersomes supported substrate dependent ATPase activity of both transporters. The hybrid polymersomes also displayed low passive permeability to a fluorescent probe (calcein acetomethoxyl-ester (C-AM)) and offer the potential for quantitative measurements of transport activity for hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rottet
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia; (S.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Shagufta Iqbal
- Research School of Biology, and the Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Paul A. Beales
- School of Chemistry Bragg Centre for Materials Research and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Anran Lin
- Research School of Biology, and the Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (S.I.); (A.L.)
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (J.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Melanie Rug
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (J.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia; (S.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Richard Callaghan
- Research School of Biology, and the Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; (S.I.); (A.L.)
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32
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Khan AK, Ho JCS, Roy S, Liedberg B, Nallani M. Facile Mixing of Phospholipids Promotes Self-Assembly of Low-Molecular-Weight Biodegradable Block Co-Polymers into Functional Vesicular Architectures. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E979. [PMID: 32331448 PMCID: PMC7240622 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have used low-molecular-weight (PEG12-b-PCL6, PEG12-b-PCL9 or PEG16-b-PLA38; MW, 1.25-3.45 kDa) biodegradable block co-polymers to construct nano- and micron-scaled hybrid (polymer/lipid) vesicles, by solvent dispersion and electroformation methods, respectively. The hybrid vesicles exhibit physical properties (size, bilayer thickness and small molecule encapsulation) of a vesicular boundary, confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, calcein leakage assay and dynamic light scattering. Importantly, we find that these low MW polymers, on their own, do not self-assemble into polymersomes at nano and micron scales. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) model, their surface topographies are homogeneous, independent of cholesterol, suggesting more energetically favorable mixing of lipid and polymer. Despite this mixed topography with a bilayer thickness similar to that of a lipid bilayer, variation in surface topology is demonstrated using the interfacial sensitive phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The biodegradable hybrid vesicles are less sensitive to the phospholipase digestion, reminiscent of PEGylated vesicles, and the degree of sensitivity is polymer-dependent, implying that the nano-scale surface topology can further be tuned by its chemical composition. Our results reveal and emphasize the role of phospholipids in promoting low MW polymers for spontaneous vesicular self-assembly, generating a functional hybrid lipid-polymer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Khan
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
- ACM Biolabs Pte. Ltd., NTU Innovation Center, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
| | - James C. S. Ho
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Susmita Roy
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore; (A.K.K.); (J.C.S.H.); (S.R.); (B.L.)
- ACM Biolabs Pte. Ltd., NTU Innovation Center, 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 638075, Singapore
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Seneviratne R, Jeuken LJC, Rappolt M, Beales PA. Hybrid Vesicle Stability under Sterilisation and Preservation Processes Used in the Manufacture of Medicinal Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040914. [PMID: 32326448 PMCID: PMC7240416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterilisation and preservation of vesicle formulations are important considerations for their viable manufacture for industry applications, particular those intended for medicinal use. Here, we undertake an initial investigation of the stability of hybrid lipid-block copolymer vesicles to common sterilisation and preservation processes, with particular interest in how the block copolymer component might tune vesicle stability. We investigate two sizes of polybutadiene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) polymers (PBd12-PEO11 and PBd22-PEO14) mixed with the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) considering the encapsulation stability of a fluorescent cargo and the colloidal stability of vesicle size distributions. We find that autoclaving and lyophilisation cause complete loss of encapsulation stability under the conditions studied here. Filtering through 200 nm pores appears to be viable for sterilisation for all vesicle compositions with comparatively low release of encapsulated cargo, even for vesicle size distributions which extend beyond the 200 nm filter pore size. Freeze-thaw of vesicles also shows promise for the preservation of hybrid vesicles with high block copolymer content. We discuss the process stability of hybrid vesicles in terms of the complex mechanical interplay between bending resistance, stretching elasticity and lysis strain of these membranes and propose strategies for future work to further enhance the process stability of these vesicle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Seneviratne
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Paul A. Beales
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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34
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Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Bilayers: pH-Mediated Interactions between Hybrid Vesicles and Glass. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040745. [PMID: 32231031 PMCID: PMC7240632 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One practical approach towards robust and stable biomimetic platforms is to generate hybrid bilayers that incorporate both lipids and block co-polymer amphiphiles. The currently limited number of reports on the interaction of glass surfaces with hybrid lipid and polymer vesicles—DOPC mixed with amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide-b-butadiene) (PEO-PBd)—describe substantially different conclusions under very similar conditions (i.e., same pH). In this study, we varied vesicle composition and solution pH in order to generate a broader picture of spontaneous hybrid lipid/polymer vesicle interactions with rigid supports. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), we followed the interaction of hybrid lipid-polymer vesicles with borosilicate glass as a function of pH. We found pH-dependent adsorption/fusion of hybrid vesicles that accounts for some of the contradictory results observed in previous studies. Our results show that the formation of hybrid lipid-polymer bilayers is highly pH dependent and indicate that the interaction between glass surfaces and hybrid DOPC/PEO-PBd can be tuned with pH.
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35
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Hammons JA, Ingólfsson HI, Lee JRI, Carpenter TS, Sanborn J, Tunuguntla R, Yao YC, Weiss TM, Noy A, Van Buuren T. Decoupling copolymer, lipid and carbon nanotube interactions in hybrid, biomimetic vesicles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6545-6555. [PMID: 32159198 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09973e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer vesicles that mimic a real biological cell can be tailored to carry out a specific function by manipulating the molecular composition of the amphiphiles. These bio-inspired and bio-mimetic structures are increasingly being employed for a number of applications from drug delivery to water purification and beyond. Complex hybrid bilayers are the key building blocks for fully synthetic vesicles that can mimic biological cell membranes, which often contain a wide variety of molecular species. While the assembly and morpholgy of pure phospholid bilayer vesicles is well understood, the functionality and structure dramaticlly changes when copolymer and/or carbon nanotube porins (CNTP) are added. The aim of this study is to understand how the collective molecular interactions within hybrid vesicles affect their nanoscale structure and properties. In situ small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) are used to investigate the morphological effect of molecular interactions between polybutadiene polyethylene oxide, lipids and carbon nanotubes (CNT) within the hybrid vesicle bilayer. Within the lipid/copolymer system, the hybrid bilayer morphology transitions from phase separated lipid and compressed copolymer at low copolymer loadings to a mixed bilayer where opposing lipids are mostly separated from the inner region. This transition begins between 60 wt% and 70 wt%, with full homogenization observed by 80 wt% copolymer. The incorporation of CNT into the hybrid vesicles increases the bilayer thickness and enhances the bilayer symmetry. Analysis of the WAXS and MD indicate that the CNT-dioleoyl interactions are much stronger than the CNT-polybutadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Hammons
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA.
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Passos Gibson V, Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Leblond Chain J, Le Meins JF. Switchable Lipid Provides pH-Sensitive Properties to Lipid and Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030637. [PMID: 32168824 PMCID: PMC7183064 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blending amphiphilic copolymers and lipids constitutes a novel approach to combine the advantages of polymersomes and liposomes into a new single hybrid membrane. Efforts have been made to design stimuli-responsive vesicles, in which the membrane's dynamic is modulated by specific triggers. In this investigation, we proposed the design of pH-responsive hybrid vesicles formulated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) backbone (PDMS36-b-PEO23) and cationic switchable lipid (CSL). The latter undergoes a pH-triggered conformational change and induces membrane destabilization. Using confocal imaging and DLS measurements, we interrogated the structural changes in CSL-doped lipid and hybrid polymer/lipid unilamellar vesicles at the micro- and nanometric scale, respectively. Both switchable giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUV) and hybrid polymer/lipid unilamellar vesicles (GHUV) presented dynamic morphological changes, including protrusions and fission upon acidification. At the submicron scale, scattered intensity decreased for both switchable large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and hybrid vesicles (LHUV) under acidic pH. Finally, monitoring the fluorescence leakage of encapsulated calcein, we attested that CSL increased the permeability of GUV and GHUV in a pH-specific fashion. Altogether, these results show that switchable lipids provide a pH-sensitive behavior to hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles that could be exploited for the triggered release of drugs, cell biomimicry studies, or as bioinspired micro/nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Passos Gibson
- Gene Delivery Laboratory, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | - Martin Fauquignon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.)
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.)
| | - Jeanne Leblond Chain
- Gene Delivery Laboratory, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
- ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, University of Bordeaux, Faculty of pharmacy, F-33016 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (J.L.C.); (J.-F.L.M.)
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.C.); (J.-F.L.M.)
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Khan S, McCabe J, Hill K, Beales PA. Biodegradable hybrid block copolymer – lipid vesicles as potential drug delivery systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 562:418-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meyer CE, Abram SL, Craciun I, Palivan CG. Biomolecule–polymer hybrid compartments: combining the best of both worlds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11197-11218. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in bio/polymer hybrid compartments in the quest to obtain artificial cells, biosensors and catalytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioana Craciun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- Basel
- Switzerland
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39
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Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Carlotti S, Brûlet A, Schmutz M, Le Meins JF. Large and Giant Unilamellar Vesicle(s) Obtained by Self-Assembly of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)- b-poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers, Membrane Properties and Preliminary Investigation of their Ability to Form Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Vesicles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2013. [PMID: 31817266 PMCID: PMC6960648 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the emerging field of hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles, relatively few copolymers have been evaluated regarding their ability to form these structures and the resulting membrane properties have been scarcely studied. Here, we present the synthesis and self-assembly in solution of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers (PDMS-b-PEO). A library of different PDMS-b-PEO diblock copolymers was synthesized using ring-opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) and further coupling with PEO chains via click chemistry. Self-assembly of the copolymers in water was studied using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Static Light Scattering (SLS), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), and Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM). Giant polymersomes obtained by electroformation present high toughness compared to those obtained from triblock copolymer in previous studies, for similar membrane thickness. Interestingly, these copolymers can be associated to phospholipids to form Giant Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles (GHUV); preliminary investigations of their mechanical properties show that tough hybrid vesicles can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fauquignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Carlotti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut Charles Sadron, UPR 22 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Jean-François Le Meins
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France; (M.F.); (E.I.); (S.C.)
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Yang YL, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Hybridization of lipids to monolayer and bilayer membranes of triblock copolymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 544:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Otrin L, Kleineberg C, Caire da Silva L, Landfester K, Ivanov I, Wang M, Bednarz C, Sundmacher K, Vidaković-Koch T. Artificial Organelles for Energy Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800323. [PMID: 32648709 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the critical steps in sustaining life-mimicking processes in synthetic cells is energy, i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration. Previous studies have shown that the simple addition of ATP or ATP regeneration systems, which do not regenerate ATP directly from ADP and Pi , have no or only limited success due to accumulation of ATP hydrolysis products. In general, ATP regeneration can be achieved by converting light or chemical energy into ATP, which may also involve redox transformations of cofactors. The present contribution provides an overview of the existing ATP regeneration strategies and the related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) redox cycling, with a focus on compartmentalized systems. Special attention is being paid to those approaches where so-called artificial organelles are developed. They comprise a semipermeable membrane functionalized by biological or man-made components and employ external energy in the form of light or nutrients in order to generate a transmembrane proton gradient, which is further utilized for ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lado Otrin
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christin Kleineberg
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Minhui Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vidaković-Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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42
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Polymer membranes as templates for bio-applications ranging from artificial cells to active surfaces. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stikane A, Hwang ET, Ainsworth E, Piper SEH, Critchley K, Butt JN, Reisner E, Jeuken LJC. Towards compartmentalized photocatalysis: multihaem proteins as transmembrane molecular electron conduits. Faraday Discuss 2019; 215:26-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We show a proof-of-concept for using MtrCAB as a lipid membrane-spanning building block for compartmentalised photocatalysis that mimics photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stikane
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Ee Taek Hwang
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Emma V. Ainsworth
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry
- School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
| | - Samuel E. H. Piper
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry
- School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
| | - Kevin Critchley
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy
| | - Julea N. Butt
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry
- School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
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Rahman MM, Ueda M, Hirose T, Ito Y. Spontaneous Formation of Gating Lipid Domain in Uniform-Size Peptide Vesicles for Controlled Release. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17956-17961. [PMID: 30525544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid assemblies composed of phospholipids and amphiphilic polymers have been investigated previously as a biomimetic model of biological cells. However, these studies focused on the functions of polymers in a sea of membrane lipids. Here, we prepared a highly stable peptide-lipid hybrid vesicle from a combination of an amphiphilic polypeptide and the phospholipid, 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, with a mixing molar ratio of 1:1. The phase-separated structure of the hybrid vesicle was demonstrated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis. The lipid domain of the hybrid vesicle had a phase-transition temperature of 38 °C and allowed the permeation of a hydrophilic molecule, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled polyethylene glycol ( Mw: 2000), above 38 °C. The designed peptide-lipid hybrid vesicle and a "lipidic gate" are a promising tool for smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mofizur Rahman
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team , RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
| | - Motoki Ueda
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team , RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Takuji Hirose
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Emergent Bioengineering Materials Research Team , RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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45
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Paxton WF, McAninch PT, Shin SHR, Brumbach MT. Adsorption and fusion of hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles onto 2D and 3D surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8112-8118. [PMID: 30206612 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the formation of hybrid lipid/polymer (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and poly(ethylene oxide-b-butadiene); DOPC/EO22Bd37) films onto planar silica surfaces. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance analysis, we monitored the adsorption and fusion of hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles onto planar borosilicate glass cleaned via chemical etching or RF/air plasma treatment. In addition we used cryo-electron microscopy to characterize film formation on mesoporous silica nanoparticles. As the polymer content in the vesicles increased, the resulting hybrid lipid/polymer films on borosilicate glass - cleaned by chemical etching or plasma treatment - were more heterogeneous, indicating a large number of adsorbed vesicles rather than continuous bilayer films at higher polymer loadings. The observed lateral fluidity of both DOPC and hybrid lipid/polymer films also decreased substantially with increasing polymer fraction and was found to be relatively insensitive to changes in pH. Films prepared from vesicles with higher polymer loadings were completely immobile. We also found that polymer vesicles did not interact with clean plasma-treated glass surfaces, which may be due to elevated OH and Si-OH on plasma-treated surfaces. Conformal hybrid lipid/polymer coatings consistent with bilayers could be formed on mesoporous silica nanoparticles and imaged via cryo-electron microscopy. These results expand the library of biocompatible materials that can be used for coating silica-based materials and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Paxton
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Patrick T McAninch
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Sun Hae Ra Shin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Michael T Brumbach
- Materials Characterization and Performance, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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Dao TPT, Fernandes F, Fauquignon M, Ibarboure E, Prieto M, Le Meins JF. The combination of block copolymers and phospholipids to form giant hybrid unilamellar vesicles (GHUVs) does not systematically lead to "intermediate" membrane properties. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6476-6484. [PMID: 30043790 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the elasticity under stretching as well as the fluidity of Giant Hybrid Unilamellar Vesicles (GHUV) has been studied. The membrane structuration of these GHUVs has already been studied at the micro and nanoscale in a previous study of the team. These GHUVs were obtained by the association of a fluid phospholipid (POPC) and a triblock copolymer, poly(ethyleneoxide)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(ethyleneoxide). Although the architecture of triblock copolymers can facilitate vesicle formation, they have been scarcely used to generate GHUVs. We show, through micropipette aspiration and FRAP experiments, that the incorporation of a low amount of lipids in the polymer membrane leads to a significant loss of the toughness of the vesicle and subtle modification of the lateral diffusion of polymer chains. We discuss the results within the framework of the conformation of the triblock copolymer chain in the membrane and in the presence of lipid nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P T Dao
- University of Bordeaux, LCPO UMR 5629, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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47
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Magnani C, Montis C, Mangiapia G, Mingotaud AF, Mingotaud C, Roux C, Joseph P, Berti D, Lonetti B. Hybrid vesicles from lipids and block copolymers: Phase behavior from the micro- to the nano-scale. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 168:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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48
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49
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Zong W, Thingholm B, Itel F, Schattling PS, Brodszkij E, Mayer D, Stenger S, Goldie KN, Han X, Städler B. Phospholipid-Block Copolymer Hybrid Vesicles with Lysosomal Escape Ability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6874-6886. [PMID: 29776311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The success of nanoparticulate formulations in drug delivery depends on various aspects including their toxicity, internalization, and intracellular location. Vesicular assemblies consisting of phospholipids and amphiphilic block copolymers are an emerging platform, which combines the benefits from liposomes and polymersomes while overcoming their challenges. We report the synthesis of poly(cholesteryl methacrylate)- block-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (pCMA- b-pDMAEMA) block copolymers and their assembly with phospholipids into hybrid vesicles. Their geometry, their ζ-potential, and their ability to adsorb onto polymer-coated surfaces were assessed. Giant unilamellar vesicles were employed to confirm the presence of both the phospholipids and the block copolymer in the same membrane. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of selected hybrid vesicles was determined in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, primary rat Kupffer cells, and human macrophages. The internalization and lysosomal escape ability of the hybrid vesicles were confirmed using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Taken together, our findings illustrate that the reported hybrid vesicles are a promising complementary drug delivery platform for existing liposomes and polymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , 92 West Da-Zhi Street , Harbin 150001 , China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Bo Thingholm
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Fabian Itel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Philipp S Schattling
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Edit Brodszkij
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control , University Hospital Ulm , 89021 Ulm , Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control , University Hospital Ulm , 89021 Ulm , Germany
| | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum , University of Basel , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , 92 West Da-Zhi Street , Harbin 150001 , China
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
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50
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A reconstitution method for integral membrane proteins in hybrid lipid-polymer vesicles for enhanced functional durability. Methods 2018; 147:142-149. [PMID: 29410153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid vesicles composed of lipids and block copolymers hold promise for increasing liposome stability and providing a stable environment for membrane proteins. Recently we reported the successful functional reconstitution of the integral membrane protein cytochrome bo3 (ubiquinol oxidase) into hybrid vesicles composed of a blend of phospholipids and a block copolymer (PBd-PEO). We demonstrated that these novel membrane environments stabilise the enzymes' activity, prolonging their functional lifetime [Chem. Commun. 52 (2016) 11020-11023]. This approach holds great promise for applications of membrane proteins where enhanced durability, stability and shelf-life will be essential to creating a viable technology. Here we present a detailed account of our methods for membrane protein reconstitution into hybrid vesicles and discuss tips and challenges when using block copolymers compared to pure phospholipid systems that are more common materials for this purpose. We also extend the characterisation of these hybrid vesicles beyond what we have previously reported and show: (i) hybrid membranes are less permeable to protons than phospholipid bilayers; (ii) extended enzyme activity data is presented over a period of 500 days, which fully reveals the truly remarkable enhancement in functional lifetime that hybrid vesicles facilitate.
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