1
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Caniglia G, Valavanis D, Tezcan G, Magiera J, Barth H, Bansmann J, Kranz C, Unwin PR. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticle-microspots on the mechanical properties of single bacteria. Analyst 2024; 149:2637-2646. [PMID: 38529543 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) conjugated with polymers are well-known for their powerful and effective antimicrobial properties. In particular, the incorporation of AgNPs in biocompatible catecholamine-based polymers, such as polydopamine (PDA), has recently shown promising antimicrobial activity, due to the synergistic effects of the AgNPs, silver(I) ions released and PDA. In this study, we generated AgNPs-PDA-patterned surfaces by localised electrochemical depositions, using a double potentiostatic method via scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). This technique enabled the assessment of a wide parameter space in a high-throughput manner. The optimised electrodeposition process resulted in stable and homogeneously distributed AgNP-microspots, and their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy, in terms of bacterial adhesion and cell elasticity. We observed that the bacterial outer membrane underwent significant structural changes, when in close proximity to the AgNPs, namely increased hydrophilicity and stiffness loss. The spatially varied antimicrobial effect found experimentally was rationalised by numerical simulations of silver(I) concentration profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Caniglia
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | | | - Gözde Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Joshua Magiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bansmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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2
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Lai Z, Liu M, Bi P, Huang F, Jin Y. Perspectives on Corrosion Studies Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: Challenges and Opportunities. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15833-15850. [PMID: 37844123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) allows for electrochemical imaging at the micro- or nanoscale by confining the electrochemical reaction cell in a small meniscus formed at the end of a micro- or nanopipette. This technique has gained popularity in electrochemical imaging due to its high-throughput nature. Although it shows considerable application potential in corrosion science, there are still formidable and exciting challenges to be faced, particularly relating to the high-throughput characterization and analysis of microelectrochemical big data. The objective of this perspective is to arouse attention and provide opinions on the challenges, recent progress, and future prospects of the SECCM technique to the electrochemical society, particularly from the viewpoint of corrosion scientists. Specifically, four main topics are systematically reviewed and discussed: (1) the development of SECCM; (2) the applications of SECCM for corrosion studies; (3) the challenges of SECCM in corrosion studies; and (4) the opportunities of SECCM for corrosion science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Lai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Peng Bi
- Laboratory for Nuclear Materials, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
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3
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Sun X, Liu S, Hu P, Sun S, Xie Z, Hu G, Hu D, Zhang M. Microscale Corrosion Inhibition Behavior of Four Corrosion Inhibitors (BTA, MBI, MBT, and MBO) on Archeological Silver Artifacts Based on Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14686-14694. [PMID: 37713524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The problem of corrosion-induced discoloration and embrittlement in silverware is a significant concern for the long-term preservation of excavated archeological silver artifacts, even after thermal restoration. The key to addressing this issue lies in the meticulous selection and evaluation of corrosion inhibitors that possess targeted corrosion inhibition capabilities. This study focuses on the evaluation of corrosion inhibitors for archeological silver artifacts using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The researchers aimed to compare the inhibition effects of four corrosion inhibitors [1,2,3-benzotriazole (BTA), 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (MBO)] on a simulated Ag-Cu alloy sample and understand their mechanisms. The results showed that MBT exhibited better corrosion inhibition for microstructural regions with higher silver content due to its ability to form stable chelation structures with Ag(I). MBO exhibited better corrosion inhibition for microstructural regions with higher copper content due to its strong affinity with Cu(I). The targeted corrosion inhibition ability for the β-phase was ranked as MBO > BTA ≈ MBI > MBT, while for the α-phase the ranking was MBT > MBO > MBI > BTA. The study demonstrated the feasibility and capabilities of SECCM in the targeted screening of corrosion inhibitors for different compositions and microstructural regions in archeological metal artifacts. This study highlights the potential of SECCM in corrosion inhibitor research for archeological metal artifacts and wider applications in metal material corrosion protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shengyu Liu
- The International Center for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology, Key Laboratory of Archaeological Science, Ministry of Education, School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100020, China
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- The International Center for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology, Key Laboratory of Archaeological Science, Ministry of Education, School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Hu
- The International Center for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology, Key Laboratory of Archaeological Science, Ministry of Education, School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongbo Hu
- The International Center for Chinese Heritage and Archaeology, Key Laboratory of Archaeological Science, Ministry of Education, School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Mohammed M, Jones BA, Liarou E, Wilson P. Localised polymerisation of acrylamide using single-barrel scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10992-10995. [PMID: 37622460 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03582d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Single-barrel scanning electrochemical cell microscopy has been adapted for polymerisation of acrylamide in droplet cells formed at gold electrode surfaces. Localised electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerisation enables controlled synthesis and deposition of polyacrylamide or synthesis of polyacrylamide brushes from initiator-functionalised electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Bryn A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Evelina Liarou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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5
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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6
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Lai Z, Li D, Cai S, Liu M, Huang F, Zhang G, Wu X, Jin Y. Small-Area Techniques for Micro- and Nanoelectrochemical Characterization: A Review. Anal Chem 2023; 95:357-373. [PMID: 36625128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Lai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dingshi Li
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Shuangyu Cai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Ying Jin
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
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7
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Li Y, Morel A, Gallant D, Mauzeroll J. Controlling Surface Contact, Oxygen Transport, and Pitting of Surface Oxide via Single-Channel Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14603-14610. [PMID: 36214771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In single-channel scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, the applied potential during the approach of a micropipette to the substrate generates a transient current upon droplet contact with the substrate. Once the transient current exceeds a set threshold, the micropipette is automatically halted. Currently, the effect of the approach potential on the subsequent electrochemical measurements, such as the open-circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization, is considered to be inconsequential. Herein, we demonstrate that the applied approach potential does impact the extent of probe-to-substrate interaction and subsequent microscale electrochemical measurements on aluminum alloy AA7075-T73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, H3A 0B8 Quebec, Canada
| | - Alban Morel
- Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, Division of Transportation and Manufacturing, National Research Council Canada, Aluminum Technology Center, 501 University Blvd East, Saguenay, G7H 8C3 Quebec, Canada
| | - Danick Gallant
- Automotive and Surface Transportation Research Centre, Division of Transportation and Manufacturing, National Research Council Canada, Aluminum Technology Center, 501 University Blvd East, Saguenay, G7H 8C3 Quebec, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, H3A 0B8 Quebec, Canada
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8
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Scanning gel electrochemical microscopy: Combination with quartz crystal microbalance for studying the electrolyte residue. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Liu G, Hao L, Li H, Zhang K, Yu X, Li D, Zhu X, Hao D, Ma Y, Ma L. Topography Mapping with Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5248-5254. [PMID: 35312291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), synchronously visualizing the topography and electrochemical activity, could be used to directly correlate the structure and activity of materials nanoscopically. However, its topographical measurement is largely restricted by the size and stability of the meniscus droplet formed at the end of the nanopipette. In this paper, we report a scheme that could reliably gain several tens nanometer resolution (≥65 nm) of SECCM using homemade ∼50 nm inner diameter probes. Furthermore, the topography and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of ∼45 nm self-assembled Au nanoparticles monolayer were simultaneously recorded successfully. This scheme could make mapping of both topologic and chemical properties of samples in the nanometer regime with SECCM routinely, which potentially can largely expand the field of SECCM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Liu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Luzhen Hao
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Kaimin Zhang
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Danni Hao
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Ma
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,State Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Tianjin International Center for Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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10
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Zhao B, Pashley-Johnson F, Jones BA, Wilson P. Aqueous electrochemically-triggered atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5741-5749. [PMID: 35694359 PMCID: PMC9116290 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01832b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) using CuII–N-propyl pyridineimine complexes (CuII(NPPI)2) is reported for the first time. In aqueous solution, using oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA), standard electrolysis conditions yield POEGMA with good control over molecular weight distribution (Đm < 1.35). Interestingly, the polymerizations are not under complete electrochemical control, as monomer conversion continues when electrolysis is halted. Alternatively, it is shown that the extent and rate of polymerization depends upon an initial period of electrolysis. Thus, it is proposed that seATRP using CuII(NPPI)2 follows an electrochemically-triggered, rather than electrochemically mediated, ATRP mechanism, which distinguishes them from other CuIIL complexes that have been previously reported in the literature. Simplified electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (seATRP) using CuII-pyridineimine complexes is reported and follows a previously unreported electrochemically triggered mechanism.![]()
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11
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Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Meloni GN, Morris P, Lemineur JF, McPherson IJ, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. Hybrid scanning electrochemical cell microscopy-interference reflection microscopy (SECCM-IRM): tracking phase formation on surfaces in small volumes. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:122-148. [PMID: 34909815 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the combination of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) to produce a compelling technique for the study of interfacial processes and to track the SECCM meniscus status in real-time. SECCM allows reactions to be confined to well defined nm-to-μm-sized regions of a surface, and for experiments to be repeated quickly and easily at multiple locations. IRM is a highly surface-sensitive technique which reveals processes happening (very) close to a substrate with temporal and spatial resolution commensurate with typical electrochemical techniques. By using thin transparent conductive layers on glass as substrates, IRM can be coupled to SECCM, to allow real-time in situ optical monitoring of the SECCM meniscus and of processes that occur within it at the electrode/electrolyte interface. We first use the technique to assess the stability of the SECCM meniscus during voltammetry at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode at close to neutral pH, demonstrating that the meniscus contact area is rather stable over a large potential window and reproducible, varying by only ca. 5% over different SECCM approaches. At high cathodic potentials, subtle electrowetting is easily detected and quantified. We also look inside the meniscus to reveal surface changes at extreme cathodic potentials, assigned to the possible formation of indium nanoparticles. Finally, we examine the effect of meniscus size and driving potential on CaCO3 precipitation at the ITO electrode as a result of electrochemically-generated pH swings. We are able to track the number, spatial distribution and morphology of material with high spatiotemporal resolution and rationalise some of the observed deposition patterns with finite element method modelling of reactive-transport. Growth of solid phases on surfaces from solution is an important pathway to functional materials and SECCM-IRM provides a means for in situ or in operando visualisation and tracking of these processes with improved fidelity. We anticipate that this technique will be particularly powerful for the study of phase formation processes, especially as the high throughput nature of SECCM-IRM (where each spot is a separate experiment) will allow for the creation of large datasets, exploring a wide experimental parameter landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Ian J McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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12
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Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Mocny P, Klok HA. Complex polymer topologies and polymer—nanoparticle hybrid films prepared via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Jo A, Lee Y, Lee C. Local Electrodeposition of Metals by Tip Electrode Dissolution Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Chongmok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Korea
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16
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Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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17
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Tung ST, Cheng HT, Inthasot A, Hsueh FC, Gu TJ, Yan PC, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Interlocked Photo-degradable Macrocycles Allow One-Off Photo-triggerable Gelation of Organo- and Hydrogelators. Chemistry 2018; 24:1522-1527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Te Tung
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Hung-Te Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Alex Inthasot
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Fang-Che Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Ting-Jia Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Pei-Cong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
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18
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Sarkar S, Mandler D. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy versus Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy for Surface Patterning. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Sarkar
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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19
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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20
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Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:342-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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