1
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Phelan BT, Xie ZL, Liu X, Li X, Mulfort KL, Chen LX. Photodriven electron-transfer dynamics in a series of heteroleptic Cu(I)-anthraquinone dyads. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144905. [PMID: 38619061 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar fuels catalysis is a promising route to efficiently harvesting, storing, and utilizing abundant solar energy. To achieve this promise, however, molecular systems must be designed with sustainable components that can balance numerous photophysical and chemical processes. To that end, we report on the structural and photophysical characterization of a series of Cu(I)-anthraquinone-based electron donor-acceptor dyads. The dyads utilized a heteroleptic Cu(I) bis-diimine architecture with a copper(I) bis-phenanthroline chromophore donor and anthraquinone electron acceptor. We characterized the structures of the complexes using x-ray crystallography and density functional theory calculations and the photophysical properties via resonance Raman and optical transient absorption spectroscopy. The calculations and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed that excitation of the Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition transfers the electron to a delocalized ligand orbital. The optical transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that each dyad formed the oxidized copper-reduced anthraquinone charge-separated state. Unlike most Cu(I) bis-phenanthroline complexes where increasingly bulky substituents on the phenanthroline ligands lead to longer MLCT excited-state lifetimes, here, we observe a decrease in the long-lived charge-separated state lifetime with increasing steric bulk. The charge-separated state lifetimes were best explained in the context of electron-transfer theory rather than with the energy gap law, which is typical for MLCT excited states, despite the complete conjugation between the phenanthroline and anthraquinone moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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2
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Ryland ES, Liu X, Kumar G, Raj SL, Xie ZL, Mengele AK, Fauth SS, Siewerth K, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Rau S, Mulfort KL, Li X, Cordones AA. Site-specific electronic structure of covalently linked bimetallic dyads from nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084307. [PMID: 38415835 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) survey is presented for tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3″,2″-h:2‴,3‴-j]phenazine (tpphz)-bridged bimetallic assemblies that couple chromophore and catalyst transition metal complexes for light driven catalysis, as well as their individual molecular constituents. We demonstrate the high N site sensitivity of the N pre-edge XANES features, which are energetically well-separated for the phenazine bridge N atoms and for the individual metal-bound N atoms of the inner coordination sphere ligands. By comparison with the time-dependent density functional theory calculated spectra, we determine the origins of these distinguishable spectral features. We find that metal coordination generates large shifts toward higher energy for the metal-bound N atoms, with increasing shift for 3d < 4d < 5d metal bonding. This is attributed to increasing ligand-to-metal σ donation that increases the effective charge of the bound N atoms and stabilizes the N 1s core electrons. In contrast, the phenazine bridge N pre-edge peak is found at a lower energy due to stabilization of the low energy electron accepting orbital localized on the phenazine motif. While no sensitivity to ground state electronic coupling between the individual molecular subunits was observed, the spectra are sensitive to structural distortions of the tpphz bridge. These results demonstrate N K-edge XANES as a local probe of electronic structure in large bridging ligand motifs, able to distinctly investigate the ligand-centered orbitals involved in metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand electron transfer following light absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Ryland
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sumana L Raj
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven S Fauth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kevin Siewerth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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3
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Rosko MC, Wheeler JP, Alameh R, Faulkner AP, Durand N, Castellano FN. Enhanced Visible Light Absorption in Heteroleptic Cuprous Phenanthrolines. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1692-1701. [PMID: 38190287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a series of Cu(I) heteroleptic 1,10-phenanthroline chromophores featuring enhanced UVA and visible-light-harvesting properties manifested through vectorial control of the copper-to-phenanthroline charge-transfer transitions. The molecules were prepared using the HETPHEN strategy, wherein a sterically congested 2,9-dimesityl-1,10-phenanthrolne (mesPhen) ligand was paired with a second phenanthroline ligand incorporating extended π-systems in their 4,7-positions. The combination of electrochemistry, static and time-resolved electronic spectroscopy, 77 K photoluminescence spectra, and time-dependent density functional theory calculations corroborated all of the experimental findings. The model chromophore, [Cu(mesPhen)(phen)]+ (1), lacking 4,7-substitutions preferentially reduces the mesPhen ligand in the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state. The remaining cuprous phenanthrolines (2-4) preferentially reduce their π-conjugated ligands in the low-lying MLCT excited state. The absorption cross sections of 2-4 were enhanced (εMLCTmax = 7430-9980 M-1 cm-1) and significantly broadened across the UVA and visible regions of the spectrum compared to 1 (εMLCTmax = 6494 M-1 cm-1). The excited-state decay mechanism mirrored those of long-lived homoleptic Cu(I) phenanthrolines, yielding three distinguishable time constants in ultrafast transient absorption experiments. These represent pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion (τ1), singlet-triplet intersystem crossing (τ2), and the relaxed MLCT excited-state lifetime (τ3). Effective light-harvesting from Cu(I)-based chromophores can now be rationalized within the HETPHEN strategy while achieving directionality in their respective MLCT transitions, valuable for integration into more complex donor-acceptor architectures and longer-lived photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan P Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Reem Alameh
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Adrienne P Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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4
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Tomás FMA, Calvo NL, Vega NC, Vieyra FEM, Vega DR, Comedi D, Katz NE, Fagalde F. Syntheses, characterization, crystal structures and applications as sensitizers in solar cells of novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes containing nitrile-substituted 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:808-819. [PMID: 38087997 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02777e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Two novel Cu(I) tetradentate heteroleptic complexes, including nitrile-substituted bipyridines that can be anchored to semiconductor surfaces to be assembled in DSSCs, were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The crystal structures of both species were determined by X-ray diffraction. Results from DFT and TD-DFT calculations were found to be consistent with the experimental data. Emission at room temperature was observed for both complexes in the solid state, making them promising alternatives for the development of light-emitting diodes. We report for the first time the experimental evidence of photovoltaic conversion devices formed by Cu(I) complexes anchored to a TiO2 surface by means of nitrile groups present in substituted bipyridines, and subsequently tested as sensitizers for DSSCs, obtaining efficiency values for light to electrical energy conversion similar to those previously reported for analogous complexes with anchoring carboxylic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M A Tomás
- INQUINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- IQUIR (CONICET-UNR) Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nadia C Vega
- INFINOA (CONICET-UNT) y Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, UNT, Av. Independencia 1800, T4002BLR, S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel R Vega
- Departamento Física de la Materia Condensada, GIyA, CAC, CNEA, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Comedi
- INFINOA (CONICET-UNT) y Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, UNT, Av. Independencia 1800, T4002BLR, S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Néstor E Katz
- INQUINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Fagalde
- INQUINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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5
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Kim D, Dang VQ, Teets TS. Improved transition metal photosensitizers to drive advances in photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:77-94. [PMID: 38131090 PMCID: PMC10732135 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To function effectively in a photocatalytic application, a photosensitizer's light absorption, excited-state lifetime, and redox potentials, both in the ground state and excited state, are critically important. The absorption profile is particularly relevant to applications involving solar harvesting, whereas the redox potentials and excited-state lifetimes determine the thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum yields of photoinduced redox processes. This perspective article focuses on synthetic inorganic and organometallic approaches to optimize these three characteristics of transition-metal based photosensitizers. We include our own work in these areas, which has focused extensively on exceptionally strong cyclometalated iridium photoreductants that enable challenging reductive photoredox transformations on organic substrates, and more recent work which has led to improved solar harvesting in charge-transfer copper(i) chromophores, an emerging class of earth-abundant compounds particularly relevant to solar-energy applications. We also extensively highlight many other complementary strategies for optimizing these parameters and highlight representative examples from the recent literature. It remains a significant challenge to simultaneously optimize all three of these parameters at once, since improvements in one often come at the detriment of the others. These inherent trade-offs and approaches to obviate or circumvent them are discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Vinh Q Dang
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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6
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Kim D, Rosko MC, Dang VQ, Castellano FN, Teets TS. Sterically Encumbered Heteroleptic Copper(I) β-Diketiminate Complexes with Extended Excited-State Lifetimes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16759-16769. [PMID: 37782937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in developing effective copper(I) photosensitizers is their short excited-state lifetimes, usually attributed to structural distortion upon light excitation. We have previously introduced copper(I) charge-transfer chromophores of the general formula Cu(N^N)(ArNacNac), where N^N is a conjugated diimine ligand and ArNacNac is a substituted β-diketiminate ligand. These chromophores were promising regarding their tunable redox potentials and intense visible absorption but were ineffective as photosensitizers, presumably due to short excited-state lifetimes. Here, we introduce sterically crowded analogues of these heteroleptic chromophores with bulky alkyl substituents on the N^N and/or ArNacNac ligand. Structural analysis was combined with electrochemical and photophysical characterization, including ultrafast transient absorption (UFTA) spectroscopy to investigate the effects of the alkyl groups on the excited-state lifetimes of the complexes. The molecular structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction display more distortion in the ground state as alkyl substituents are introduced into the phenanthroline or the NacNac ligand, showing smaller τ4 values due to the steric hindrance. UFTA measurements were carried out to determine the excited-state dynamics. Sterically encumbered Cu5 and Cu6 display excited-state lifetimes 15-20 times longer than unsubstituted complex Cu1, likely indicating that the incorporation of bulky alkyl substituents inhibits the pseudo-Jahn-Teller (PJT) flattening distortion in the excited state. This work suggests that the steric properties of these heteroleptic copper(I) charge-transfer chromophores can be readily modified and that the excited-state dynamics are strongly responsive to these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Vinh Q Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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7
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Xie ZL, Gupta N, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Lynch VM, Glusac KD, Mulfort KL. Photochemical charge accumulation in a heteroleptic copper(i)-anthraquinone molecular dyad via proton-coupled electron transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10219-10235. [PMID: 37772110 PMCID: PMC10529959 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing efficient photocatalysts that perform multi electron redox reactions is critical to achieving solar energy conversion. One can reach this goal by developing systems which mimic natural photosynthesis and exploit strategies such as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to achieve photochemical charge accumulation. We report herein a heteroleptic Cu(i)bis(phenanthroline) complex, Cu-AnQ, featuring a fused phenazine-anthraquinone moiety that photochemically accumulates two electrons in the anthraquinone unit via PCET. Full spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses allowed us to identify the reduced species and revealed that up to three electrons can be accumulated in the phenazine-anthraquinone ring system under electrochemical conditions. Continuous photolysis of Cu-AnQ in the presence of sacrificial electron donor produced doubly reduced monoprotonated photoproduct confirmed unambiguously by X-ray crystallography. Formation of this photoproduct indicates that a PCET process occurred during illumination and two electrons were accumulated in the system. The role of the heteroleptic Cu(i)bis(phenanthroline) moiety participating in the photochemical charge accumulation as a light absorber was evidenced by comparing the photolysis of Cu-AnQ and the free AnQ ligand with less reductive triethylamine as a sacrificial electron donor, in which photogenerated doubly reduced species was observed with Cu-AnQ, but not with the free ligand. The thermodynamic properties of Cu-AnQ were examined by DFT which mapped the probable reaction pathway for photochemical charge accumulation and the capacity for solar energy stored in the process. This study presents a unique system built on earth-abundant transition metal complex to store electrons, and tune the storage of solar energy by the degree of protonation of the electron acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago USA
| | - Jens Niklas
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
| | | | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
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8
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Wang L, Xie ZL, Li X, Lynch VM, Mulfort KL. Optical detection of alcohols with a Cu(I)HETPHEN complex by reversible aldehyde to hemiacetal conversion. Analyst 2023; 148:4274-4278. [PMID: 37615298 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
A heteroleptic copper(I) bis(phenanthroline) complex with aldehyde groups at the 4,7 positions of the phenanthroline ligand was synthesized. The complex is responsive to alcohol, resulting in a distinct colour change caused by the facile reaction of the aldehyde group with alcohol, forming a hemiacetal product. The aldehyde species can be regenerated after heating the intermediate at 80 °C for 10 minutes, demonstrating the reusability of the complex for alcohol detection. This work presents a new strategy for applying transition metal complexes in small molecule sensing by installing functional groups in the secondary coordination sphere which reversibly react with analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
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9
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Wang L, Xie ZL, Phelan BT, Lynch VM, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Changing Directions: Influence of Ligand Electronics on the Directionality and Kinetics of Photoinduced Charge Transfer in Cu(I)Diimine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14368-14376. [PMID: 37620247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge to the effective utilization of solar energy is to promote efficient photoinduced charge transfer, specifically avoiding unproductive, circuitous electron-transfer pathways and optimizing the kinetics of charge separation and recombination. We hypothesize that one way to address this challenge is to develop a fundamental understanding of how to initiate and control directional photoinduced charge transfer, particularly for earth-abundant first-row transition-metal coordination complexes, which typically suffer from relatively short excited-state lifetimes. Here, we report a series of functionalized heteroleptic copper(I)bis(phenanthroline) complexes, which have allowed us to investigate the directionality of intramolecular photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) as a function of the substituent Hammett parameter. Ultrafast transient absorption suggests a complicated interplay of MLCT localization and solvent interaction with the Cu(II) center of the MLCT state. This work provides a set of design principles for directional charge transfer in earth-abundant complexes and can be used to efficiently design pathways for connecting the molecular modules to catalysts or electrodes and integration into systems for light-driven catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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10
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Appleby MV, Cowin RA, Ivalo II, Peralta-Arriaga SL, Robertson CC, Bartlett S, Fitzpatrick A, Dent A, Karras G, Diaz-Moreno S, Chekulaev D, Weinstein JA. Ultrafast electronic, infrared, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Cu(I) phosphine diimine complexes. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:391-410. [PMID: 37415486 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to understand the role of the transient bonding in the interplay between the structural and electronic changes in heteroleptic Cu(I) diimine diphosphine complexes. This is an emerging class of photosensitisers which absorb in the red region of the spectrum, whilst retaining a sufficiently long excited state lifetime. Here, the dynamics of these complexes are explored by transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy, which reveal ultrafast intersystem crossing and structural distortion occurring. Two potential mechanisms affecting excited state decay in these complexes involve a transient formation of a solvent adduct, made possible by the opening up of the Cu coordination centre in the excited state due to structural distortion, and by a transient coordination of the O-atom of the phosphine ligand to the copper center. X-ray absorption studies of the ground electronic state have been conducted as a prerequisite for the upcoming X-ray spectroscopy studies which will directly determine structural dynamics. The potential for these complexes to be used in bimolecular applications is confirmed by a significant yield of singlet oxygen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin V Appleby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Rory A Cowin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Iona I Ivalo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | | | - Craig C Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Stuart Bartlett
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Andrew Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Gabriel Karras
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Sofia Diaz-Moreno
- Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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11
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Wang JW, Zhang X, Velasco L, Karnahl M, Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Yu J, Hu W, Zhang X, Yamauchi K, Sakai K, Moonshiram D, Ouyang G. Precious-Metal-Free CO 2 Photoreduction Boosted by Dynamic Coordinative Interaction between Pyridine-Tethered Cu(I) Sensitizers and a Co(II) Catalyst. JACS AU 2023; 3:1984-1997. [PMID: 37502157 PMCID: PMC10369415 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Improving the photocatalytic efficiency of a fully noble-metal-free system for CO2 reduction remains a fundamental challenge, which can be accomplished by facilitating electron delivery as a consequence of exploiting intermolecular interactions. Herein, we have designed two Cu(I) photosensitizers with different pyridyl pendants at the phenanthroline moiety to enable dynamic coordinative interactions between the sensitizers and a cobalt macrocyclic catalyst. Compared to the parent Cu(I) photosensitizer, one of the pyridine-tethered derivatives boosts the apparent quantum yield up to 76 ± 6% at 425 nm for selective (near 99%) CO2-to-CO conversion. This value is nearly twice that of the parent system with no pyridyl pendants (40 ± 5%) and substantially surpasses the record (57%) of the noble-metal-free systems reported so far. This system also realizes a maximum turnover number of 11 800 ± 1400. In contrast, another Cu(I) photosensitizer, in which the pyridine substituents are directly linked to the phenanthroline moiety, is inactive. The above behavior and photocatalytic mechanism are systematically elucidated by transient fluorescence, transient absorption, transient X-ray absorption spectroscopies, and quantum chemical calculations. This work highlights the advantage of constructing coordinative interactions to fine-tune the electron transfer processes within noble-metal-free systems for CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Lucia Velasco
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz,
3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department
of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zizi Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jin Yu
- X-ray Science
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Sakai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz,
3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Chemistry
College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical
Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
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12
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Ugwu DI, Conradie J. Metal complexes derived from bidentate ligands: Synthesis, catalytic and biological applications. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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13
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Liu X, Hayes D, Chen LX, Li X. Bridge-Mediated Metal-to-Metal Electron and Hole Transfer in a Supermolecular Dinuclear Complex: A Computational Study Using Quantum Electron-Nuclear Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1831-1838. [PMID: 36800527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic electron donor-acceptor complexes can facilitate electron and energy transfer with excellent structural control through synthetic design. In this work, we investigate the photochemical dynamics in a Ru-Cu bimetallic complex after photoexcitation of the Ru-centered charge transfer state. The physical underpinnings of the metal-to-metal directional charge transfer process are unraveled via analyses of the quantum electronic dynamics and electron-nuclear trajectories. The effects of molecular vibrations in the photoexcited state on the charge transfer processes are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dugan Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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14
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Ahmadi M, Poater A, Seiffert S. Self-Sorting of Transient Polymer Networks by the Selective Formation of Heteroleptic Metal–Ligand Complexes. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Potocny AM, Phelan BT, Sprague-Klein EA, Mara MW, Tiede DM, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Harnessing Intermolecular Interactions to Promote Long-Lived Photoinduced Charge Separation from Copper Phenanthroline Chromophores. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19119-19133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Potocny
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Emily A. Sprague-Klein
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Michael W. Mara
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - David M. Tiede
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Karen L. Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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17
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Cetin MM, Peng W, Unruh D, Mayer MF, Mechref Y, Yelekci K. Design, synthesis, molecular modeling, and bioactivity evaluation of 1,10-phenanthroline and prodigiosin (Ps) derivatives and their Copper(I) complexes against mTOR and HDAC enzymes as highly potent and effective new anticancer therapeutic drugs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:980479. [PMID: 36267272 PMCID: PMC9578020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second type of cancer with a high probability of brain metastasis and has always been one of the main problems of breast cancer research due to the lack of effective treatment methods. Demand for developing an effective drug against breast cancer brain metastasis and finding molecular mechanisms that play a role in effective treatment are gradually increasing. However, there is no effective anticancer therapeutic drug or treatment method specific to breast cancer, in particular, for patients with a high risk of brain metastases. It is known that mTOR and HDAC enzymes play essential roles in the development of breast cancer brain metastasis. Therefore, it is vital to develop some new drugs and conduct studies toward the inhibition of these enzymes that might be a possible solution to treat breast cancer brain metastasis. In this study, a series of 1,10-phenanthroline and Prodigiosin derivatives consisting of their copper(I) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. Their biological activities were tested in vitro on six different cell lines (including the normal cell line). To obtain additional parallel validations of the experimental data, some in silico modeling studies were carried out with mTOR and HDAC1 enzymes, which are very crucial drug targets, to discover novel and potent drugs for breast cancer and related brain metastases disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mustafa Cetin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: M. Mustafa Cetin, ; Kemal Yelekci, ; Yehia Mechref,
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Michael F. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: M. Mustafa Cetin, ; Kemal Yelekci, ; Yehia Mechref,
| | - Kemal Yelekci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: M. Mustafa Cetin, ; Kemal Yelekci, ; Yehia Mechref,
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18
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Recent Advances in Metal-Based Molecular Photosensitizers for Artificial Photosynthesis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis (AP) has been extensively applied in energy conversion and environment pollutants treatment. Considering the urgent demand for clean energy for human society, many researchers have endeavored to develop materials for AP. Among the materials for AP, photosensitizers play a critical role in light absorption and charge separation. Due to the fact of their excellent tunability and performance, metal-based complexes stand out from many photocatalysis photosensitizers. In this review, the evaluation parameters for photosensitizers are first summarized and then the recent developments in molecular photosensitizers based on transition metal complexes are presented. The photosensitizers in this review are divided into two categories: noble-metal-based and noble-metal-free complexes. The subcategories for each type of photosensitizer in this review are organized by element, focusing first on ruthenium, iridium, and rhenium and then on manganese, iron, and copper. Various examples of recently developed photosensitizers are also presented.
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19
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Towards Optimized Photoluminescent Copper(I) Phenanthroline-Functionalized Complexes: Control of the Photophysics by Symmetry-Breaking and Spin–Orbit Coupling. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155222. [PMID: 35955157 PMCID: PMC9369739 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electronic and structural alterations induced by the functionalization of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligand in [Cu(I) (phen-R2)2]+ complexes (R=H, CH3, tertio-butyl, alkyl-linkers) and their consequences on the luminescence properties and thermally activated delay fluorescence (TADF) activity are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent (TD) extension. It is shown that highly symmetric molecules with several potentially emissive nearly-degenerate conformers are not promising because of low S1/S0 oscillator strengths together with limited or no S1/T1 spin–orbit coupling (SOC). Furthermore, steric hindrance, which prevents the flattening of the complex upon irradiation, is a factor of instability. Alternatively, linking the phenanthroline ligands offers the possibility to block the flattening while maintaining remarkable photophysical properties. We propose here two promising complexes, with appropriate symmetry and enough rigidity to warrant stability in standard solvents. This original study paves the way for the supramolecular design of new emissive devices.
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20
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Gimeno L, Phelan BT, Sprague-Klein EA, Roisnel T, Blart E, Gourlaouen C, Chen LX, Pellegrin Y. Bulky and Stable Copper(I)-Phenanthroline Complex: Impact of Steric Strain and Symmetry on the Excited-State Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7296-7307. [PMID: 35507920 PMCID: PMC9116384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steric strain around copper(I) in typical [Cu(NNR)2]+ complexes, where NNR is a diimine ligand substituted in α-positions of the nitrogen atoms by R, is known to strongly impact the excited-state properties. Generally speaking, the larger the R, the longer the emission lifetime and the higher the quantum yield. However, the stability of the coordination scaffold can be at stake if the steric strain imposed by R is too large. In this work, we explore a way of fine-tuning the steric strain around Cu(I) to reach a balance between high emission quantum yield and stability in a highly bulky copper(I) complex. Taking stable [Cu(dipp)2]+ and unstable [Cu(dtbp)2]+ (where dipp and dtbp are, respectively, 2,9-diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-di-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline) as the boundary of two least and most sterically strained structures, we designed and characterized the nonsymmetrical ligand 2-isopropyl-9-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline (L1) and corresponding complex [Cu(L1)2]+ (Cu1). The key experimental findings are that Cu1 exhibits a rigid tetrahedral geometry in the ground state, close to that of [Cu(dtbp)2]+ and with an intermediate stability between that of [Cu(dipp)2]+ and [Cu(dtbp)2]+. Conversely, the nonsymmetrical nature of ligand L1 leads to a shorter emission lifetime and smaller quantum yield than those of either [Cu(dipp)2]+ or [Cu(dtbp)2]+. This peculiar behavior is rationalized through the in depth analysis of the ultrafast dynamics of the excited state measured with optical transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations performed on the ground and excited state of Cu1. Our main findings are that the obtained complex is significantly more stable than [Cu(dtbp)2]+ despite the sterically strained coordination sphere. The nonsymmetrical nature of the ligand translates into a strongly distorted structure in the excited state. The distortion can be described as a rocking motion of one ligand, entailing the premature extinction of the excited state via several deactivation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Université de Rennes CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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21
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Gimeno L, Queffelec C, Blart E, Pellegrin Y. Copper(I) Bis(diimine) Complexes with High Photooxidation Power: Reductive Quenching of the Excited State with a Benzimidazoline Sacrificial Donor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13112-13119. [PMID: 35474762 PMCID: PMC9026092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reductive quenching of photoexcited photosensitizers is a very efficient way to achieve challenging reduction reactions. In this process, the excited photosensitizer is reduced by a sacrificial electron donor. This mechanism is rarely observed with copper(I) bis(diimine) complexes, which are nevertheless acknowledged as very promising photosensitizers. This is due to the fact that they are very poor photooxidants and prove unable to react with common donors once promoted in their excited state. In this article, we evidence the rare reductive quenching cycle with two specially designed copper(I) complexes. These complexes exhibit improved photooxidation power thanks to an optimized coordination sphere made of strongly π-accepting ligands. Reductive quenching of the excited state of the latter complexes with a classical benzimidazoline sacrificial donor is monitored, and reduced complexes are accumulated during prolonged photolysis. Trials to utilize the photogenerated reductive power are presented.
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22
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Bimetallic Copper/Ruthenium/Osmium Complexes: Observation of Conformational Differences Between the Solution Phase and Solid State by Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Xie ZL, Liu X, Valentine AJS, Lynch VM, Tiede DM, Li X, Mulfort KL. Bimetallic Copper/Ruthenium/Osmium Complexes: Observation of Conformational Differences Between the Solution Phase and Solid State by Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111764. [PMID: 34788495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-energy X-ray scattering and pair distribution function analysis (HEXS/PDF) is a powerful method to reveal the structure of materials lacking long-range order, but is underutilized for molecular complexes in solution. We demonstrate the application of HEXS/PDF with 0.26 Å resolution to uncover the solution structure of five bimetallic CuI /RuII /OsII complexes. HEXS/PDF of each complex in acetonitrile solution confirms the pairwise distances in the local coordination sphere of each metal center as well as the metal⋅⋅⋅metal distances separated by over 12 Å. The metal⋅⋅⋅metal distance detected in solution is compared with that from the crystal structure and molecular models to confirm that distortions to the metal bridging ligand are unique to the solid state. This work presents the first example of observing sub-Ångström conformational differences by direct comparison of solution phase and solid-state structures and shows the potential for HEXS/PDF in the determination of solution structure of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 109 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 109 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24TH ST., Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - David M Tiede
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 109 Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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24
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Tomás FM, Peyrot AM, Fagalde F. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and theoretical studies of polypyridine homoleptic Cu (I) complexes. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Velasco L, Llanos L, Levín P, Vega A, Yu J, Zhang X, Lemus L, Aravena D, Moonshiram D. Structure and excited-state dynamics of dimeric copper(i) photosensitizers investigated by time-resolved X-ray and optical transient absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3656-3667. [PMID: 33527942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray (tr-XAS) and optical transient absorption (OTA) spectroscopy in the picosecond time scale coupled with Density Functional theory (DFT) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) calculations are applied to study three homoleptic Cu(i) dimeric chromophores with ethyl and longer propyl spacers, denoted as [Cu2(mphenet)2]Cl2 (C1), [Cu2(mphenet)2](ClO4)2 (C2) and [Cu2(mphenpr)2](ClO4)2 (C3) (where mphenet = 1,2-bis(9-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)ethane and mphenpr = 1,3-bis(9-methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)propane). Tr-XAS analysis after light illumination at ∼ 100 ps illustrate the formation of a flattened triplet excited state in all 3 complexes. Optical transient absorption (OTA) analysis for C1 monitored in water and C2 and C3 measured in acetonitrile reveals distinct excited-state lifetimes of 169 ps, 670 ps and 1600 ps respectively. These differences are associated to changes in the solvent (comparing C1 and C2) and the flexibility of the ligand to adapt after Cu flattening upon excitation (C2 and C3). Our results are important for the improved structural dynamics of these types of Cu-based dimeric compounds, and can guide the integration of these chromophores into more complex solar energy conversion schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Velasco
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Appleton JL, Silber V, Karmazin L, Bailly C, Chambron J, Weiss J, Ruppert R. A New Phenanthroline Ligand and the Spontaneous Resolution of its Homoleptic Copper(I) Complex. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Appleton
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Vincent Silber
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | | | | | - Jean‐Claude Chambron
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177 Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
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27
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Eberhart MS, Phelan BT, Niklas J, Sprague-Klein EA, Kaphan DM, Gosztola DJ, Chen LX, Tiede DM, Poluektov OG, Mulfort KL. Surface immobilized copper(I) diimine photosensitizers as molecular probes for elucidating the effects of confinement at interfaces for solar energy conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12130-12133. [PMID: 32960199 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic copper(i) bis(phenanthroline) complexes with surface anchoring carboxylate groups have been synthesized and immobilized on nanoporous metal oxide substrates. The species investigated are responsive to the external environment and this work provides a new strategy to control charge transfer processes for efficient solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Eberhart
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Jens Niklas
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - David M Kaphan
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - David J Gosztola
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David M Tiede
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
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28
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Gimeno L, Blart E, Rebilly JN, Coupeau M, Allain M, Roisnel T, Quarré de Verneuil A, Gourlaouen C, Daniel C, Pellegrin Y. Non-Symmetrical Sterically Challenged Phenanthroline Ligands and Their Homoleptic Copper(I) Complexes with Improved Excited-State Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:11887-11899. [PMID: 32492221 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A strategy is presented to improve the excited state reactivity of homoleptic copper-bis(diimine) complexes CuL2 + by increasing the steric bulk around CuI whereas preserving their stability. Substituting the phenanthroline at the 2-position by a phenyl group allows the implementation of stabilizing intramolecular π stacking within the copper complex, whereas tethering a branched alkyl chain at the 9-position provides enough steric bulk to rise the excited state energy E00 . Two novel complexes are studied and compared to symmetrical models. The impact of breaking the symmetry of phenanthroline ligands on the photophysical properties of the complexes is analyzed and rationalized thanks to a combined theoretical and experimental study. The importance of fine-tuning the steric bulk of the N-N chelate in order to stabilize the coordination sphere is demonstrated. Importantly, the excited state reactivity of the newly developed complexes is improved as demonstrated in the frame of a reductive quenching step, evidencing the relevance of our strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marina Coupeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR MATRIX, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, Université de Rennes CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
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29
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Isolating substituent effects in Re(I)-phenanthroline electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Cetin MM, Shafiei‐Haghighi S, Chen J, Zhang S, Miller AC, Unruh DK, Casadonte DJ, Lohr TL, Marks TJ, Mayer MF, Stoddart JF, Findlater M. Synthesis, structures, photophysical properties, and catalytic characteristics of 2,9‐dimesityl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dmesp) transition metal complexes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mustafa Cetin
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois
| | | | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | - Amanda C. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | - Daniel K. Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | | | - Tracy L. Lohr
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois
| | - Michael F. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois
- Institute of Molecular Design and Synthesis Tianjin University Tianjin China
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas
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31
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Hong J, Kelley MS, Shelby ML, Hayes DK, Hadt RG, Rimmerman D, Zhang X, Chen LX. The Nature of the Long-Lived Excited State in a Ni II Phthalocyanine Complex Investigated by X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2421-2428. [PMID: 29851241 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the photoexcited state of octabutoxy nickel(II) phthalocyanine (NiPcOBu8 ) with a 500 ps lifetime was investigated by X-ray transient absorption (XTA) spectroscopy. Previous optical, vibrational, and computational studies have suggested that this photoexcited state has a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) nature. By using XTA, which provides unambiguous information on the local electronic and nuclear configuration around the Ni center, the nature of the excited state of NiPcOBu8 was reassessed. Using X-ray probe pulses from a synchrotron source, the ground- and excited-state X-ray absorption spectra of NiPcOBu8 were measured. Based on the results, we identified that the excited state exhibits spectral features that are characteristic of a Ni1, 3 (3dz2 ,3dx2-y2 ) state rather than a LMCT state with a transiently reduced Ni center. This state resembles the (d,d) state of nickel(II) tetramesitylphorphyrin. The XTA features are rationalized based on the inherent cavity sizes of the macrocycles. These results may provide useful guidance for the design of photocatalysts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew S Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Megan L Shelby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dugan K Hayes
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Dolev Rimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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32
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Neyhouse BJ, White TA. Modifying the steric and electronic character within Re(I)-phenanthroline complexes for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Hayes D, Kohler L, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Ligand Mediation of Vectorial Charge Transfer in Cu(I)diimine Chromophore-Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2070-2076. [PMID: 29614231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the photoinduced charge separation dynamics of four molecular dyads composed of heteroleptic Cu(I)bis(phenanthroline) chromophores linked directly to the common electron acceptor naphthalene diimide. The dyads were designed to allow us to (1) detect any kinetic preference for directionality during photoinduced electron transfer across the heteroleptic complex and (2) probe the influence of excited-state flattening on intramolecular charge separation. Singular value decomposition of ultrafast optical transient absorption spectra demonstrates that charge transfer occurs with strong directional preference, and charge separation occurs up to 35 times faster when the acceptor is linked to the sterically blocking ligand. Further, the charge-separated state in these dyads is stabilized by polar solvents, resulting in dramatically longer lifetimes for dyads with minimal substitution about the Cu(I) center. This unexpected but exciting observation suggests a new approach to the design of Cu(I)bis(phenanthroline) chromophores that can support long-lived vectorial charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugan Hayes
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Lars Kohler
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
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34
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McCullough BJ, Neyhouse BJ, Schrage BR, Reed DT, Osinski AJ, Ziegler CJ, White TA. Visible-Light-Driven Photosystems Using Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizers and Rh(III) Catalysts To Produce H 2. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2865-2875. [PMID: 29446925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new heteroleptic Cu(I) photosensitizers (PS), [Cu(Xantphos)(NN)]PF6 (NN = biq = 2,2'-biquinoline, dmebiq = 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dimethyl ester; Xantphos = 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene), along with the associated structural, photophysical, and electrochemical properties, are described. The biquinoline diimine ligand extends the PS light absorbing properties into the visible with a maximum absorption at 455 and 505 nm for NN = biq and dmebiq, respectively, in CH2Cl2 solvent. Following photoexcitation, both Cu(I) PS are emissive at low energy, albeit displaying stark differences in their excited state lifetimes (τMLCT = 410 ± 5 (biq) and 44 ± 4 ns (dmebiq)). Cyclic voltammetry indicates a Cu-based HOMO and NN-based LUMO for both complexes, whereby the methyl ester substituents stabilize the LUMO within [Cu(Xantphos)(dmebiq)]+ by ∼0.37 V compared to the unsubstituted analogue. When combined with H2O, N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) electron donor, and cis-[Rh(NN)2Cl2]PF6 (NN = Me2bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dmebpy = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dimethyl ester) water reduction catalysts (WRC), photocatalytic H2 evolution is only observed using the [Cu(Xantphos)(biq)]+ PS. Furthermore, the choice of cis-[Rh(NN)2Cl2]+ WRC strongly affects the catalytic activity with turnover numbers (TONRh = mol H2 per mol Rh catalyst) of 25 ± 3, 22 ± 1, and 43 ± 3 for NN = Me2bpy, bpy, and dmebpy, respectively. This work illustrates how ligand modification to carefully tune the PS light absorbing, excited state, and redox-active properties, along with the WRC redox potentials, can have a profound impact on the photoinduced intermolecular electron transfer between components and the subsequent catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J McCullough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Bertrand J Neyhouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Demi T Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Allen J Osinski
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Travis A White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
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35
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Garakyaraghi S, McCusker CE, Khan S, Koutnik P, Bui AT, Castellano FN. Enhancing the Visible-Light Absorption and Excited-State Properties of Cu(I) MLCT Excited States. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2296-2307. [PMID: 29393633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A computationally inspired Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophore, [Cu(sbmpep)2]+ (sbmpep = 2,9-di(sec-butyl)-3,8-dimethyl-4,7-di(phenylethynyl)-1,10-phenanthroline), was synthesized in seven total steps, prepared from either dichloro- or dibromophenanthroline precursors. Complete synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemistry, in addition to static and dynamic photophysical properties of [Cu(sbmpep)2]+, are reported on all relevant time scales. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy revealed significant increases in oscillator strength along with a concomitant bathochromic shift in the MLCT absorption bands with respect to structurally related model complexes (ε = 16 500 M-1 cm-1 at 491 nm). Strong red photoluminescence (Φ = 2.7%, λmax = 687 nm) was observed from [Cu(sbmpep)2]+, which featured an average excited-state lifetime of 1.4 μs in deaerated dichloromethane. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry revealed ∼300 mV positive shifts in the measured one-electron reversible reduction and oxidation waves in relation to a Cu(I) model complex possessing identical structural elements without the π-conjugated 4,7-substituents. The excited-state redox potential of [Cu(sbmpep)2]+ was estimated to be -1.36 V, a notably powerful reductant for driving photoredox chemistry. The combination of conventional and ultrafast transient absorption and luminescence spectroscopy successfully map the excited-state dynamics of [Cu(sbmpep)2]+ from initial photoexcitation to the formation of the lowest-energy MLCT excited state and ultimately its relaxation to the ground state. This newly conceived molecule appears poised for photosensitization reactions involving energy and electron-transfer processes relevant to photochemical upconversion, photoredox catalysis, and solar fuels photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Garakyaraghi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Catherine E McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Saba Khan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Petr Koutnik
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Anh Thy Bui
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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36
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Hayes D, Kohler L, Hadt RG, Zhang X, Liu C, Mulfort KL, Chen LX. Excited state electron and energy relays in supramolecular dinuclear complexes revealed by ultrafast optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:860-875. [PMID: 29629153 PMCID: PMC5873173 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of photoinduced electron and energy transfer in a family of tetrapyridophenazine-bridged heteroleptic homo- and heterodinuclear copper(i) bis(phenanthroline)/ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes were studied using ultrafast optical and multi-edge X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies. This work combines the synthesis of heterodinuclear Cu(i)-Ru(ii) analogs of the homodinuclear Cu(i)-Cu(i) targets with spectroscopic analysis and electronic structure calculations to first disentangle the dynamics at individual metal sites by taking advantage of the element and site specificity of X-ray absorption and theoretical methods. The excited state dynamical models developed for the heterodinuclear complexes are then applied to model the more challenging homodinuclear complexes. These results suggest that both intermetallic charge and energy transfer can be observed in an asymmetric dinuclear copper complex in which the ground state redox potentials of the copper sites are offset by only 310 meV. We also demonstrate the ability of several of these complexes to effectively and unidirectionally shuttle energy between different metal centers, a property that could be of great use in the design of broadly absorbing and multifunctional multimetallic photocatalysts. This work provides an important step toward developing both a fundamental conceptual picture and a practical experimental handle with which synthetic chemists, spectroscopists, and theoreticians may collaborate to engineer cheap and efficient photocatalytic materials capable of performing coulombically demanding chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugan Hayes
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Lars Kohler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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37
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Dicke B, Hoffmann A, Stanek J, Rampp MS, Grimm-Lebsanft B, Biebl F, Rukser D, Maerz B, Göries D, Naumova M, Biednov M, Neuber G, Wetzel A, Hofmann SM, Roedig P, Meents A, Bielecki J, Andreasson J, Beyerlein KR, Chapman HN, Bressler C, Zinth W, Rübhausen M, Herres-Pawlis S. Transferring the entatic-state principle to copper photochemistry. Nat Chem 2018; 10:355-362. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Colombo A, Ossola R, Magni M, Roberto D, Jacquemin D, Castellano C, Demartin F, Dragonetti C. Intriguing C–H⋯Cu interactions in bis-(phenanthroline)Cu(i) redox mediators for dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1018-1022. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, an anagostic interaction is found between a H atom of a methyl group and a copper site in the bis-2-tertbutyl(phenanthroline)Cu(i) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and UdR INSTM di Milano
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
- ISTM-CNR
| | - Rachele Ossola
- Department of Environmental Systems Science
- ETH
- 8092 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Mirko Magni
- Dipartimento di Chimica and UdR INSTM di Milano
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Dominique Roberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica and UdR INSTM di Milano
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
- ISTM-CNR
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM
- UMR CNRS 6230
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
| | - Carlo Castellano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and UdR INSTM di Milano
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Francesco Demartin
- Dipartimento di Chimica and UdR INSTM di Milano
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
| | - Claudia Dragonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica and UdR INSTM di Milano
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milano
- Italy
- ISTM-CNR
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39
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Kohler L, Hadt RG, Hayes D, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Synthesis, structure, and excited state kinetics of heteroleptic Cu(i) complexes with a new sterically demanding phenanthroline ligand. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13088-13100. [PMID: 28944388 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02476b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe the synthesis of a new phenanthroline ligand, 2,9-di(2,4,6-tri-isopropyl-phenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (bL2) and its use as the blocking ligand in the preparation of two new heteroleptic Cu(i)diimine complexes. Analysis of the CuHETPHEN single crystal structures shows a distinct distortion from an ideal tetrahedral geometry around the Cu(i) center, forced by the secondary phenanthroline ligand rotating to accommodate the isopropyl groups of bL2. The increased steric bulk of bL2 as compared to the more commonly used 2,9-dimesityl-1,10-phenanthroline blocking ligand prohibits intramolecular ligand-ligand interaction, which is unique among CuHETPHEN complexes. The ground state optical and redox properties of CuHETPHEN complexes are responsive to the substitution on the blocking ligand even though the differences in structure are far removed from the Cu(i) center. Transient optical spectroscopy was used to understand the excited state kinetics in both coordinating and non-coordinating solvents following visible excitation. Substitution of the blocking phenanthroline ligand has a significant impact on the 3MLCT decay and can be used to increase the excited state lifetime by 50%. Electronic structure calculations established relationships between ground and excited state properties, and general entatic state concepts are discussed for copper photosensitizers. This work contributes to the growing library of CuHETPHEN complexes and broadens the fundamental understanding of their ground and excited state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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40
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Song H, Wang X, Yang W, He G, Kuang Z, Li Y, Xia A, Zhong YW, Kong F. Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of amine-substituted bipyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Ponseca CS, Chábera P, Uhlig J, Persson P, Sundström V. Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10940-11024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlito S. Ponseca
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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