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Partitioning of Small Hydrophobic Molecules into Polydimethylsiloxane in Microfluidic Analytical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050713. [PMID: 35630180 PMCID: PMC9148048 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is ubiquitously used in microfluidics. However, PDMS is porous and hydrophobic, potentially leading to small molecule partitioning. Although many studies addressed this issue and suggested surface/bulk modifications to overcome it, most were not quantitative, did not address which variables besides hydrophobicity governed molecule absorption, and no modification has been shown to completely obviate it. We evaluated qualitatively (confocal microscopy) and quantitatively (fluorescence spectroscopy) the effects of solute/solvent pairings, concentration, and residence time on molecule partitioning into PDMS. Additionally, we tested previously reported surface/bulk modifications, aiming to determine whether reduced PDMS hydrophobicity was stable and hindered molecule partitioning. Partitioning was more significant at lower concentrations, with the relative concentration of rhodamine-B at 20 µM remaining around 90% vs. 10% at 1 µM. Solute/solvent pairings were demonstrated to be determinant by the dramatically higher partitioning of Nile-red in a PBS-based solvent as opposed to ethanol. A paraffin coating slightly decreased the partitioning of Nile-red, and a sol–gel modification hindered the rhodamine-B diffusion into the PDMS bulk. However, there was no direct correlation between reduced surface hydrophobicity and molecule partitioning. This work highlighted the need for pre-assessing the absorption of test molecules into the microfluidic substrates and considering alternative materials for fabrication.
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Lagowala DA, Kwon S, Sidhaye VK, Kim DH. Human microphysiological models of airway and alveolar epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1072-L1088. [PMID: 34612064 PMCID: PMC8715018 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00103.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human organ-on-a-chip models are powerful tools for preclinical research that can be used to study the mechanisms of disease and evaluate new targets for therapeutic intervention. Lung-on-a-chip models have been one of the most well-characterized designs in this field and can be altered to evaluate various types of respiratory disease and to assess treatment candidates prior to clinical testing. These systems are capable of overcoming the flaws of conventional two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture and in vivo animal testing due to their ability to accurately recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment of human tissue with tunable material properties, microfluidic integration, delivery of precise mechanical and biochemical cues, and designs with organ-specific architecture. In this review, we first describe an overview of currently available lung-on-a-chip designs. We then present how recent innovations in human stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication can be used to create more predictive human lung-on-a-chip models for studying respiratory disease. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions of lung-on-a-chip designs for in vitro disease modeling with a particular focus on immune and multiorgan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Anuj Lagowala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seoyoung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Venkataramana K Sidhaye
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Grant J, Özkan A, Oh C, Mahajan G, Prantil-Baun R, Ingber DE. Simulating drug concentrations in PDMS microfluidic organ chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3509-3519. [PMID: 34346471 PMCID: PMC8440455 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) cell culture devices are often fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) because it is biocompatible, transparent, elastomeric, and oxygen permeable; however, hydrophobic small molecules can absorb to PDMS, which makes it challenging to predict drug responses. Here, we describe a combined simulation and experimental approach to predict the spatial and temporal concentration profile of a drug under continuous dosing in a PDMS Organ Chip containing two parallel channels separated by a porous membrane that is lined with cultured cells, without prior knowledge of its log P value. First, a three-dimensional finite element model of drug loss into the chip was developed that incorporates absorption, adsorption, convection, and diffusion, which simulates changes in drug levels over time and space as a function of potential PDMS diffusion coefficients and log P values. By then experimentally measuring the diffusivity of the compound in PDMS and determining its partition coefficient through mass spectrometric analysis of the drug concentration in the channel outflow, it is possible to estimate the effective log P range of the compound. The diffusion and partition coefficients were experimentally derived for the antimalarial drug and potential SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic, amodiaquine, and incorporated into the model to quantitatively estimate the drug-specific concentration profile over time measured in human lung airway chips lined with bronchial epithelium interfaced with pulmonary microvascular endothelium. The same strategy can be applied to any device geometry, surface treatment, or in vitro microfluidic model to simulate the spatial and temporal gradient of a drug in 3D without prior knowledge of the partition coefficient or the rate of diffusion in PDMS. Thus, this approach may expand the use of PDMS Organ Chip devices for various forms of drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Grant
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Alican Özkan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Crystal Oh
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Beekman P, Enciso-Martinez A, Pujari SP, Terstappen LWMM, Zuilhof H, Le Gac S, Otto C. Organosilicon uptake by biological membranes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:704. [PMID: 34108634 PMCID: PMC8190035 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organosilicon compounds are ubiquitous in everyday use. Application of some of these compounds in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals is widespread on the assumption that these materials are not systemically absorbed. Here the interactions of various organosilicon compounds (simeticone, hexamethyldisilazane and polydimethylsiloxane) with cell membranes and models thereof were characterized with a range of analytical techniques, demonstrating that these compounds were retained in or on the cell membrane. The increasing application of organosilicon compounds as replacement of other plastics calls for a better awareness and understanding of these interactions. Moreover, with many developments in biotechnology relying on organosilicon materials, it becomes important to scrutinize the potential effect that silicone leaching may have on biological systems. Beekman et al. investigate whether low molecular weight organosilicon compounds leaching out of commonly used biological laboratory materials and household items can interact with molecules found in cellular membranes. The results suggest this is a passive process by physicochemical forces rather than active uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn Beekman
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sidharam P Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Medical Cell BioPhysics, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Cees Otto
- Medical Cell BioPhysics, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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PDMS/ceramic composite membrane synthesis and evaluation of ciprofloxacin removal efficiency. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McKenna E, Klein TJ, Doran MR, Futrega K. Integration of an ultra-strong poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) knitted mesh into a thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) PLGA porous structure to yield a thin biphasic scaffold suitable for dermal tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2019; 12:015015. [PMID: 31476748 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to capture the outstanding mechanical properties of meshes, manufactured using textile technologies, in thin biodegradable biphasic tissue-engineered scaffolds through encapsulation of meshes into porous structures formed from the same polymer. Our novel manufacturing process used thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), with ethylene carbonate (EC) as the solvent, to encapsulate a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) mesh into a porous PLGA network. Biphasic scaffolds (1 cm × 4 cm × 300 μm) were manufactured by immersing strips of PLGA mesh in 40 °C solutions containing 5% PLGA in EC, supercooling at 4 °C for 4 min, triggering TIPS by manually agitating the supercooled solution, and lastly eluting EC into 4 °C Milli-Q water. EC processing was rapid and did not compromise mesh tensile properties. Biphasic scaffolds exhibited a tensile strength of 40.7 ± 2.2 MPa, porosity of 94%, pore size of 16.85 ± 3.78 μm, supported HaCaT cell proliferation, and degraded in vitro linearly over the first ∼3 weeks followed by rapid degradation over the following three weeks. The successful integration of textile-type meshes yielded scaffolds with exceptional mechanical properties. This thin, porous, high-strength scaffold is potentially suitable for use in dermal wound repair or repair of tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn McKenna
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering (CPME), Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia. Doran Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia. Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Australia
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McLean IC, Schwerdtfeger LA, Tobet SA, Henry CS. Powering ex vivo tissue models in microfluidic systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1399-1410. [PMID: 29697131 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00241j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This Frontiers review analyzes the rapidly growing microfluidic strategies that have been employed in attempts to create physio relevant 'organ-on-chip' models using primary tissue removed from a body (human or animal). Tissue harvested immediately from an organism, and cultured under artificial conditions is referred to as ex vivo tissue. The use of primary (organotypic) tissue offers unique benefits over traditional cell culture experiments, and microfluidic technology can be used to further exploit these advantages. Defining the utility of particular models, determining necessary constituents for acceptable modeling of in vivo physiology, and describing the role of microfluidic systems in tissue modeling processes is paramount to the future of organotypic models ex vivo. Virtually all tissues within the body are characterized by a large diversity of cellular composition, morphology, and blood supply (e.g., nutrient needs including oxygen). Microfluidic technology can provide a means to help maintain tissue in more physiologically relevant environments, for tissue relevant time-frames (e.g., matching the natural rates of cell turnover), and at in vivo oxygen tensions that can be controlled within modern microfluidic culture systems. Models for ex vivo tissues continue to emerge and grow in efficacy as mimics of in vivo physiology. This review addresses developments in microfluidic devices for the study of tissues ex vivo that can serve as an important bridge to translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C McLean
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Tortolano L, Yen-Nicolaÿ S, Rogliano PF, Alkhashnam H, Honart JF, Manerlax K, Rimareix F, Lemare F, Yagoubi N. Permeability of expander breast implants: In vitro and in vivo analyses. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 78:427-432. [PMID: 29223731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biocompatibility of the polysiloxane breast implant has been studied moderately. The aging of these implants due to lipid penetration and the release of polymerization impurities, such as Platine or octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (named D4), has already been documented. Since these studies, manufacturing procedures have been improved; thus, the security of breast implants has also improved. Although polymerization and the choice of monomer influence the shell properties, few studies have compared these together in breast implants. Our study compares the permeability and mechanical resistance of 3 breast expander shells after in vivo and in vitro aging. RESULTS In vitro, all tested shells quickly sorbed linear molecules, such as fatty acids, and released siloxane impurities. The penetration of a molecule with steric hindrance, such as cholesterol, is slower. Allergan shells have the highest rates of molecule sorption and siloxane release. In vivo, after implantation, Allergan shells lost their initial mechanical properties over time. This observation was not found for mentor shells. For all brands, many biological molecules penetrate the shells, among which cholesterol and fatty acids are always present. DISCUSSION The aging of polysiloxane shells depends on the sorption of many biological molecules and the release of siloxane impurities. The siloxanes are impurities and / or degradation products that are due to aging. Moreover, according to our results, the shells act as matrices that separate molecules according to their chemical and physical properties. CONCLUSION Not all polysiloxane expander shells have the same properties during aging. The manufacturing procedures and the choice of siloxane monomers are the two most probative factors that explain the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tortolano
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil F-94010, France.
| | - Stéphanie Yen-Nicolaÿ
- UMS IPSIT, SAMM and Trans-Prot facilities, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
| | - Pierre-François Rogliano
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
| | - Heba Alkhashnam
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Plastie, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - Jean-François Honart
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Plastie, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - Katia Manerlax
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
| | - Françoise Rimareix
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Plastie, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - François Lemare
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Pharmacie Clinique, Villejuif F-94805, France; Chair of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy of Paris, Sorbonne-Paris University, Paris F-75006, France; EA 7348 (MOS) de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes de Santé Publique, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Najet Yagoubi
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
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Futrega K, Atkinson K, Lott WB, Doran MR. Spheroid Coculture of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Monolayer Expanded Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Polydimethylsiloxane Microwells Modestly Improves In Vitro Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Expansion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:200-218. [PMID: 28406754 PMCID: PMC5397247 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While two-dimensional (2D) monolayers of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to enhance hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion in vitro, expanded cells do not engraft long term in human recipients. This outcome is attributed to the failure of 2D culture to recapitulate the bone marrow (BM) niche signal milieu. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of a novel three-dimensional (3D) coculture system to support HSPC expansion in vitro. A high-throughput polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microwell platform was used to manufacture thousands of uniform 3D multicellular coculture spheroids. Relative gene expression in 3D spheroid versus 2D adherent BM-derived MSC cultures was characterized and compared with literature reports. We evaluated coculture spheroids, each containing 25-400 MSCs and 10 umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ progenitor cells. At low exogenous cytokine concentrations, 2D and 3D MSC coculture modestly improved overall hematopoietic cell and CD34+ cell expansion outcomes. By contrast, a substantial increase in CD34+CD38- cell yield was observed in PDMS microwell cultures, regardless of the presence or absence of MSCs. This outcome indicated that CD34+CD38- cell culture yield could be increased using the microwell platform alone, even without MSC coculture support. We found that the increase in CD34+CD38- cell yield observed in PDMS microwell cultures did not translate to enhanced engraftment in NOD/SCID gamma (NSG) mice or a modification in the relative human hematopoietic lineages established in engrafted mice. In summary, there was no statistical difference in CD34+ cell yield from 2D or 3D cocultures, and MSC coculture support provided only modest benefit in either geometry. While the high-throughput 3D microwell platform may provide a useful model system for studying cells in coculture, further optimization will be required to generate HSPC yields suitable for use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Futrega
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerry Atkinson
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - William B Lott
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael R Doran
- 1 Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia .,2 Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia
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Vernetti L, Gough A, Baetz N, Blutt S, Broughman JR, Brown JA, Foulke-Abel J, Hasan N, In J, Kelly E, Kovbasnjuk O, Repper J, Senutovitch N, Stabb J, Yeung C, Zachos NC, Donowitz M, Estes M, Himmelfarb J, Truskey G, Wikswo JP, Taylor DL. Functional Coupling of Human Microphysiology Systems: Intestine, Liver, Kidney Proximal Tubule, Blood-Brain Barrier and Skeletal Muscle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42296. [PMID: 28176881 PMCID: PMC5296733 DOI: 10.1038/srep42296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ interactions resulting from drug, metabolite or xenobiotic transport between organs are key components of human metabolism that impact therapeutic action and toxic side effects. Preclinical animal testing often fails to predict adverse outcomes arising from sequential, multi-organ metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Human microphysiological systems (MPS) can model these interactions and are predicted to dramatically improve the efficiency of the drug development process. In this study, five human MPS models were evaluated for functional coupling, defined as the determination of organ interactions via an in vivo-like sequential, organ-to-organ transfer of media. MPS models representing the major absorption, metabolism and clearance organs (the jejunum, liver and kidney) were evaluated, along with skeletal muscle and neurovascular models. Three compounds were evaluated for organ-specific processing: terfenadine for pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicity; trimethylamine (TMA) as a potentially toxic microbiome metabolite; and vitamin D3. We show that the organ-specific processing of these compounds was consistent with clinical data, and discovered that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) crosses the blood-brain barrier. These studies demonstrate the potential of human MPS for multi-organ toxicity and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), provide guidance for physically coupling MPS, and offer an approach to coupling MPS with distinct media and perfusion requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Baltimore, PA, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Baltimore, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Baetz
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Blutt
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Broughman
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nesrin Hasan
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie In
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Repper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nina Senutovitch
- University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Janet Stabb
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine Yeung
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, WA, USA.,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Nick C Zachos
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Estes
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - George Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Baltimore, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA, USA
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