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Sen R, Goeppert A, Surya Prakash GK. Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO 2 and CO to Methanol: The Renaissance of Low-Temperature Catalysis in the Context of the Methanol Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207278. [PMID: 35921247 PMCID: PMC9825957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The traditional economy based on carbon-intensive fuels and materials has led to an exponential rise in anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Outpacing the natural carbon cycle, atmospheric CO2 levels increased by 50 % since the pre-industrial age and can be directly linked to global warming. Being at the core of the proposed methanol economy pioneered by the late George A. Olah, the chemical recycling of CO2 to produce methanol, a green fuel and feedstock, is a prime channel to achieve carbon neutrality. In this direction, homogeneous catalytic systems have lately been a major focus for methanol synthesis from CO2 , CO and their derivatives as potential low-temperature alternatives to the commercial processes. This Review provides an account of this rapidly growing field over the past decade, since its resurgence in 2011. Based on the critical assessment of the progress thus far, the present key challenges in this field have been highlighted and potential directions have been suggested for practically viable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Sen
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity ParkLos AngelesCA90089-1661USA
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity ParkLos AngelesCA90089-1661USA
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaUniversity ParkLos AngelesCA90089-1661USA
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2
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Prakash SG, Sen R, Goeppert A. Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO2 and CO to Methanol: The Renaissance of Low Temperature Catalysis in the Context of the Methanol Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surya G. Prakash
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute 837 Bloom WalkUniversity Park 90089-1661 Los Angeles UNITED STATES
| | - Raktim Sen
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Res. Inst., and Department box Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Alain Goeppert
- University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Res. Inst., and Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
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Chen S, Liao M, Li X, Li R, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Peng T. Metal center regulation of the porphyrin unit in covalent organic polymers for boosting the photocatalytic CO 2 reduction activity. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01473d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulating the porphyrin's metal center of metalloporphyrin(MPor)/Ru(ii)-pincer complex(RuN3) covalent organic polymers (COPs) effectively boosted the CO2 photoreduction by promoting charge separation and sacrificial electron donor oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Meijing Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Xinming Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Tianyou Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Chen S, Li K, Liu H, Zhang J, Peng T. Efficient CO2 reduction over a Ru-pincer complex/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst via direct Z-scheme mechanism. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solar-driven CO2 conversion to hydrocarbon fuels is a feasible way to solve the increasingly serious energy problem and greenhouse effect. Herein, we fabricate a novel hybrid photocatalyst for CO2 reduction...
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Bahuguna A, Sasson Y. Formate-Bicarbonate Cycle as a Vehicle for Hydrogen and Energy Storage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1258-1283. [PMID: 33231357 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogen has been considered a promising energy carrier for a sustainable energy economy in the future. An easy solution for the safer storage of hydrogen is challenging and efficient methods are still being explored in this direction. Despite having some progress in this area, no cost-effective and easily applicable solutions that fulfill the requirements of industry are yet to be claimed. Currently, the storage of hydrogen is largely limited to high-pressure compression and liquefaction or in the form of metal hydrides. Formic acid is a good source of hydrogen that also generates CO2 along with hydrogen on decomposition. Moreover, the hydrogenation of CO2 is thermodynamically unfavorable and requires high energy input. Alkali metal formates are alternative mild and noncorrosive sources of hydrogen. On decomposition, these metal formates release hydrogen and generate bicarbonates. The generated bicarbonates can be catalytically charged back to alkali formates under optimized hydrogen pressure. Hence, the formate-bicarbonate-based systems being carbon neutral at ambient condition has certain advantages over formic acid. The formate-bicarbonate cycle can be considered as a vehicle for hydrogen and energy storage. The whole process is carbon-neutral, reversible, and sustainable. This Review emphasizes the various catalytic systems employed for reversible formate-bicarbonate conversion. Moreover, a mechanistic investigation, the effect of temperature, pH, kinetics of reversible formate-bicarbonate conversion, and new insights in the field are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bahuguna
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Yoel Sasson
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Huang W, Qiu L, Ren F, He L. Advances on Transition-Metal Catalyzed CO 2 Hydrogenation. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Our planet urgently needs sustainable solutions to alleviate the anthropogenic global warming and climate change. Homogeneous catalysis has the potential to play a fundamental role in this process, providing novel, efficient, and at the same time eco-friendly routes for both chemicals and energy production. In particular, pincer-type ligation shows promising properties in terms of long-term stability and selectivity, as well as allowing for mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loading. Indeed, pincer complexes have been applied to a plethora of sustainable chemical processes, such as hydrogen release, CO2 capture and conversion, N2 fixation, and biomass valorization for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels. In this work, we show the main advances of the last five years in the use of pincer transition metal complexes in key catalytic processes aiming for a more sustainable chemical and energy production.
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Sen R, Goeppert A, Kar S, Prakash GKS. Hydroxide Based Integrated CO2 Capture from Air and Conversion to Methanol. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4544-4549. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Sen
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sayan Kar
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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Kar S, Goeppert A, Prakash GKS. Integrated CO 2 Capture and Conversion to Formate and Methanol: Connecting Two Threads. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2892-2903. [PMID: 31487145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The capture of CO2 from concentrated emission sources as well as from air represents a process of paramount importance in view of the increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and its associated negative consequences on the biosphere. Once captured using various technologies, CO2 is desorbed and compressed for either storage (carbon capture and storage (CCS)) or production of value-added products (carbon capture and utilization (CCU)). Among various products that can be synthesized from CO2, methanol and formic acid are of high interest because they can be used directly as fuels or to generate H2 on demand at low temperatures (<100 °C), making them attractive hydrogen carriers (12.6 and 4.4 wt % H2 in methanol and formic acid, respectively). Methanol is already produced in huge quantities worldwide (100 billion liters annually) and is also a raw material for many chemicals and products, including formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, light olefins, and gasoline. The production of methanol through chemical recycling of captured CO2 is at the heart of the so-called "methanol economy" that we have proposed with the late Prof. George Olah at our Institute. Recently, there has been significant progress in the low-temperature synthesis of formic acid (or formate salts) and methanol from CO2 and H2 using homogeneous catalysts. Importantly, several studies have combined CO2 capture and hydrogenation, where captured CO2 (including from air) was directly utilized to produce formate and CH3OH without requiring energy intensive desorption and compression steps. This Account centers on that topic. A key feature in the combined CO2 capture and conversion studies reported to date for the synthesis of formic acid and methanol is the use of an amine or alkali-metal hydroxide base for capturing CO2, which can assist the homogeneous catalysts in the hydrogenation step. We start this Account by examining the combined processes where CO2 is captured in amine solutions and converted to alkylammonium formate salts. The effect of amine basicity on the reaction rate is discussed along with catalyst recycling schemes. Next, methanol synthesis by this combined process, with amines as capturing agents, is explored. We also examine the system developments for effective catalyst and amine recycling in this process. We next go through the effect of catalyst molecular structure on methanol production while elucidating the main deactivating pathway involving carbonylation of the metal center. The recent advances in first-row transition metal catalysts for this process are also mentioned. Subsequently, we discuss the capture of CO2 using hydroxide bases and conversion to formate salts. The regeneration of the hydroxide base (NaOH or KOH) at low temperatures (80 °C) in cation-conducting direct formate fuel cells is presented. Finally, we review the challenges in the yet unreported integrated CO2 capture by hydroxide bases and conversion to methanol process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kar
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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Wang W, Qiu B, Yang X. Computational prediction of pentadentate iron and cobalt complexes as a mimic of mono-iron hydrogenase for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:8034-8038. [PMID: 31074752 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amidate-ligated pentadentate iron and cobalt complexes with N-heterocyclic pyridinol groups were proposed and computationally screened as potential catalysts for CO2 reduction. Density functional theory calculations reveal a ligand assisted heterolytic H2 cleavage mechanism with a total free energy barrier of 23.3 kcal mol-1 for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol catalysed by a pentadentate Co complex with a 2-[bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)]amino-N-3,9-purin-2-one ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bing Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xinzheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Onishi N, Kanega R, Fujita E, Himeda Y. Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation and Formic Acid Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes Bearing Pyridyl-pyrazole Ligands: Effect of an Electron-donating Substituent on the Pyrazole Ring on the Catalytic Activity and Durability. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Onishi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Kanega
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973-5000 United States
| | - Yuichiro Himeda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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Kar S, Goeppert A, Galvan V, Chowdhury R, Olah J, Prakash GKS. A Carbon-Neutral CO 2 Capture, Conversion, and Utilization Cycle with Low-Temperature Regeneration of Sodium Hydroxide. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16873-16876. [PMID: 30339394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient recyclable system for capture and subsequent conversion of CO2 to formate salts is reported that utilizes aqueous inorganic hydroxide solutions for CO2 capture along with homogeneous pincer catalysts for hydrogenation. The produced aqueous solutions of formate salts are directly utilized, without any purification, in a direct formate fuel cell to produce electricity and regenerate the hydroxide base, achieving an overall carbon-neutral cycle. The catalysts and organic solvent are recycled by employing a biphasic solvent system (2-MTHF/H2O) with no significant decrease in turnover frequency (TOF) over five cycles. Among different hydroxides, NaOH and KOH performed best in tandem CO2 capture and conversion due to their rapid rate of capture, high formate conversion yield, and high catalytic TOF to their corresponding formate salts. Among various catalysts, Ru- and Fe-based PNP complexes were the most active for hydrogenation. The extremely low vapor pressure, nontoxic nature, easy regenerability, and high reactivity of NaOH/KOH toward CO2 make them ideal for scrubbing CO2 even from low-concentration sources-such as ambient air-and converting it to value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kar
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , University Park , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Alain Goeppert
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , University Park , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Vicente Galvan
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , University Park , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Ryan Chowdhury
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , University Park , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Justin Olah
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , University Park , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - G K Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , University Park , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
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Recent progress for reversible homogeneous catalytic hydrogen storage in formic acid and in methanol. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wiedner ES, Linehan JC. Making a Splash in Homogeneous CO
2
Hydrogenation: Elucidating the Impact of Solvent on Catalytic Mechanisms. Chemistry 2018; 24:16964-16971. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Wiedner
- Catalysis Science Group Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - John C. Linehan
- Catalysis Science Group Pacific Northwest National Laboratory P.O. Box 999 Richland WA 99352 USA
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Zhuang C, Wang J, Zhou S, Peng T, Zhang J. Ruthenium(II) Pincer Complex Bearing N′NN′- and ONO-Type Ligands as a Titania Sensitizer for Efficient and Stable Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuangsheng Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jinming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Shengyin Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Supervision and; Inspection Research Institute for Products Quality; Wuhan 430061 P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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Li L, Luo Q, Cui H, Li R, Zhang J, Peng T. Air-stable Ruthenium(II)-NNN Pincer Complexes for the Efficient Coupling of Aromatic Diamines and Alcohols to 1H
-benzo[d
]imidazoles with the Liberation of H2. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- College of Chemistry&Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Qi Luo
- College of Chemistry&Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Huahua Cui
- College of Chemistry&Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Chemistry&Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry&Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Tianyou Peng
- College of Chemistry&Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
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Burgess SA, Appel AM, Linehan JC, Wiedner ES. Changing the Mechanism for CO 2 Hydrogenation Using Solvent-Dependent Thermodynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15002-15005. [PMID: 28961358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A critical scientific challenge for utilization of CO2 is the development of catalyst systems that function in water and use inexpensive and environmentally friendly reagents. We have used thermodynamic insights to predict and demonstrate that the HCoI (dmpe)2 catalyst system, previously described for use in organic solvents, can hydrogenate CO2 to formate in water with bicarbonate as the only added reagent. Replacing tetrahydrofuran as the solvent with water changes the mechanism for catalysis by altering the thermodynamics for hydride transfer to CO2 from a key dihydride intermediate. The need for a strong organic base was eliminated by performing catalysis in water owing to the change in mechanism. These studies demonstrate that the solvent plays a pivotal role in determining the reaction thermodynamics and thereby catalytic mechanism and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Burgess
- Catalysis Science Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Aaron M Appel
- Catalysis Science Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - John C Linehan
- Catalysis Science Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Eric S Wiedner
- Catalysis Science Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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18
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Changing the Mechanism for CO
2
Hydrogenation Using Solvent‐Dependent Thermodynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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