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Zaborowska M, Matyszewska D, Bilewicz R. Model Lipid Raft Membranes for Embedding Integral Membrane Proteins: Reconstitution of HMG-CoA Reductase and Its Inhibition by Statins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13888-13897. [PMID: 36335466 PMCID: PMC9671039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, HMG-CoA reductase, the membrane protein responsible for cholesterol synthesis, was incorporated into a lipid membrane consisting of DOPC:Chol:SM at a 1:1:1 molar ratio, which mimics the lipid rafts of cell membranes. The membrane containing the protein was generated in the form of either a proteoliposomes or a film obtained by spreading the proteoliposomes at the air-water interface to prepare a protein-rich and stable lipid layer over time. The lipid vesicle parameters were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence microscopy. The incorporation of HMG-CoA reductase was reflected in the increased size of the proteoliposomes compared to that of the empty liposomes of model rafts. Enzyme reconstitution was confirmed by measuring the activity of NADPH, which participates in the catalytic process. The thin lipid raft films formed by spreading liposomes and proteoliposomes at the air-water interface were investigated using the Langmuir technique. The activities of the HMG-CoA reductase films were preserved over time, and the two lipid raft systems, nanoparticles and films, were exposed to solutions of fluvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor commonly used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Both lipid raft systems constructed were useful membrane models for the determination of reductase activity and for monitoring the statin inhibitory effects and may be used for investigating other integral membrane proteins during exposure to inhibitors/activators considered to be potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Matyszewska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02089Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Molina BG, Lopes-Rodrigues M, Michaux C, Perpète EA, Zanuy D, Alemán C. Self-standing, conducting and capacitive biomimetic hybrid nanomembranes for selective molecular ion separation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16157-16164. [PMID: 34297025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid free-standing biomimetic materials are developed by integrating the VDAC36 β-barrel protein into robust and flexible three-layered polymer nanomembranes. The first and third layers are prepared by spin-coating a mixture of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). PVA nanofeatures are transformed into controlled nanoperforations by solvent-etching. The two nanoperforated PLA layers are separated by an electroactive layer, which is successfully electropolymerized by introducing a conducting sacrificial substrate under the first PLA nanosheet. Finally, the nanomaterial is consolidated by immobilizing the VDAC36 protein, active as an ion channel, into the nanoperforations of the upper layer. The integration of the protein causes a significant reduction of the material resistance, which decreases from 21.9 to 3.9 kΩ cm2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies using inorganic ions and molecular metabolites (i.e.l-lysine and ATP) not only reveal that the hybrid films behave as electrochemical supercapacitors but also indicate the most appropriate conditions to obtain selective responses against molecular ions as a function of their charge. The combination of polymers and proteins is promising for the development of new devices for engineering, biotechnological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edif. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Moreira J, Vale AC, Alves NM. Spin-coated freestanding films for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3778-3799. [PMID: 33876170 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spin-coating is a widely employed technique for the fabrication of thin-film coatings over large areas with smooth and homogeneous surfaces. In recent years, research has extended the scope of spin-coating by developing methods involving the interface of the substrate and the deposited solution to obtain self-supported films, also called freestanding films. Thereby, such structures have been developed for a wide range of areas. Biomedical applications of spin-coated freestanding films include wound dressings, drug delivery, and biosensing. This review will discuss the fundamental physical and chemical processes governing the conventional spin-coating as well as the techniques to obtain freestanding films. Furthermore, developments within this field with a primary focus on tissue engineering applications will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Moreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A Catarina Vale
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Natália M Alves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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4
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Metal-Insulator Transition of Ultrathin Sputtered Metals on Phenolic Resin Thin Films: Growth Morphology and Relations to Surface Free Energy and Reactivity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030589. [PMID: 33652867 PMCID: PMC7996922 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured metal assemblies on thin and ultrathin polymeric films enable state of the art technologies and have further potential in diverse fields. Rational design of the structure–function relationship is of critical importance but aggravated by the scarcity of systematic studies. Here, we studied the influence of the interplay between metal and polymer surface free energy and reactivity on the evolution of electric conductivity and the resulting morphologies. In situ resistance measurements during sputter deposition of Ag, Au, Cu and Ni films on ultrathin reticulated polymer films collectively reveal metal–insulator transitions characteristic for Volmer–Weber growth. The different onsets of percolation correlate with interfacial energy and energy of adhesion weakly but as expected from ordinary wetting theory. A more pronounced trend of lower percolation thickness for more reactive metals falls in line with reported correlations. Ex situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering experiments were performed at various thicknesses to gain an insight into cluster and film morphology evolution. A novel approach to interpret the scattering data is used where simulated pair distance distributions of arbitrary shapes and arrangements can be fitted to experiments. Detailed approximations of cluster structures could be inferred and are discussed in view of the established parameters describing film growth behavior.
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5
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Molina BG, Lopes-Rodrigues M, Estrany F, Michaux C, Perpète EA, Armelin E, Alemán C. Free-standing flexible and biomimetic hybrid membranes for ions and ATP transport. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Ruano G, Alemán C, Torras J. Study on the control of porosity in films of polythiophene derivatives. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Molina BG, Cuesta S, Puiggalí-Jou A, del Valle LJ, Armelin E, Alemán C. Perforated polyester nanomebranes as templates of electroactive and robust free-standing films. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Del Valle LJ, Alemán C. Biomimetic hybrid membranes: incorporation of transport proteins/peptides into polymer supports. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2722-2736. [PMID: 30869096 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02513d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular sensing, water purification and desalination, drug delivery, and DNA sequencing are some striking applications of biomimetic hybrid membranes. These devices take advantage of biomolecules, which have gained excellence in their specificity and efficiency during billions of years, and of artificial materials that load the purified biological molecules and provide technological properties, such as robustness, scalability, and suitable nanofeatures to confine the biomolecules. Recent methodological advances allow more precise control of polymer membranes that support the biomacromolecules, and are expected to improve the design of the next generation of membranes as well as their applicability. In the first section of this review we explain the biological relevance of membranes, membrane proteins, and the classification used for the latter. After this, we critically analyse the different approaches employed for the production of highly selective hybrid membranes, focusing on novel materials made of self-assembled block copolymers and nanostructured polymers. Finally, a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the different methodologies is presented and the main characteristics of biomimetic hybrid membranes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain. and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain. and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain. and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Lopes-Rodrigues M, Zanuy D, Alemán C, Michaux C, Perpète EA. 3D structure of a Brucella melitensis porin: molecular modelling in lipid membranes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3923-3935. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1529627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Lopes-Rodrigues
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Zanuy
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Michaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric A. Perpète
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Institute of Life-Earth-Environment, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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11
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Pawlowski J, del Valle LJ, Michaux C, Perpète EA, Sek S, Alemán C. Properties of Omp2a-Based Supported Lipid Bilayers: Comparison with Polymeric Bioinspired Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9003-9019. [PMID: 31459033 PMCID: PMC6645002 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Omp2a β-barrel outer membrane protein has been reconstituted into supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) to compare the nanomechanical properties (elastic modulus, adhesion forces, and deformation) and functionality of the resulting bioinspired system with those of Omp2a-based polymeric nanomembranes (NMs). Protein reconstitution into lipid bilayers has been performed using different strategies, the most successful one consisting of a detergent-mediated process into preformed liposomes. The elastic modulus obtained for the lipid bilayer and Omp2a are ∼19 and 10.5 ± 1.7 MPa, respectively. Accordingly, the protein is softer than the lipid bilayer, whereas the latter exhibits less mechanical strength than polymeric NMs. Besides, the function of Omp2a in the SLB is similar to that observed for Omp2a-based polymeric NMs. Results open the door to hybrid bioinspired substrates based on the integration of Omp2a-proteoliposomes and nanoperforated polymeric freestanding NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Pawlowski
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luis J. del Valle
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Michaux
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric A. Perpète
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Slawomir Sek
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Lopes-Rodrigues M, Puiggalí-Jou A, Martí-Balleste D, del Valle LJ, Michaux C, Perpète EA, Alemán C. Thermomechanical Response of a Representative Porin for Biomimetics. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7856-7867. [PMID: 31458928 PMCID: PMC6644815 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermomechanical response of Omp2a, a representative porin used for the fabrication of smart biomimetic nanomembranes, has been characterized using microcantilever technology and compared with standard proteins. For this purpose, thermally induced transitions involving the conversion of stable trimers to bigger aggregates, local reorganizations based on the strengthening or weakening of intermolecular interactions, and protein denaturation have been detected by the microcantilever resonance frequency and deflection as a function of the temperature. Measurements have been carried out on arrays of 8-microcantilevers functionalized with proteins (Omp2a, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin). To interpret the measured nanofeatures, the response of proteins to temperature has been also examined using other characterization techniques, including real time wide angle X-ray diffraction. Results not only demonstrate the complex behavior of porins, which exhibit multiple local thermal transitions before undergoing denaturation at temperatures higher than 105 °C, but also suggest a posttreatment to control the orientation of immobilized Omp2a molecules in functionalized biomimetic nanomembranes and, thus, increase their efficacy in ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Lopes-Rodrigues
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed.
I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, Unité de Chimie
Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed.
I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Didac Martí-Balleste
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed.
I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J. del Valle
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed.
I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Michaux
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, Unité de Chimie
Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric A. Perpète
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique des Biomolécules, Unité de Chimie
Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed.
I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Schuster C, Rodler A, Tscheliessnig R, Jungbauer A. Freely suspended perforated polymer nanomembranes for protein separations. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29535317 PMCID: PMC5849607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective removal of nanometer-sized compounds such as proteins from fluids is an often challenging task in many scientific and industrial areas. Addressing such tasks with highly efficient and selective membranes is desirable since commonly used chromatographic approaches are expensive and difficult to scale up. Nanomembranes, molecularly thin separation layers, have been predicted and shown to possess outstanding properties but in spite ultra-fast diffusion times and high-resolution separation, to date they generally lack either of two crucial characteristics: compatibility with biological fluids and low-cost production. Here we report the fast and easy fabrication of highly crosslinked polymer membranes based on a thermoset resin (poly[(o-cresyl glycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde (PCGF) cured with branched polyethyleneimine (PEI)) with nanoscale perforations of 25 nm diameter. During spin casting, microphase separation of a polylactide-co-glycolide induces the formation of nanometer sized domains that serve as templates for perforations which penetrate the 80 nm thick membranes. Ultrathin perforated nanomembranes can be freely suspended on the cm scale, exhibit high mechanical strength, low surface energies and a sharp permeability cutoff at a hydrodynamic diameter of 10 nm suitable for protein separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnes Rodler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alois Jungbauer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria. .,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Lanzalaco S, Armelin E. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Copolymers: A Review on Recent Progresses in Biomedical Applications. Gels 2017; 3:E36. [PMID: 30920531 PMCID: PMC6318659 DOI: 10.3390/gels3040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate ability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) thermo-responsive hydrogel to copolymerize and to graft synthetic polymers and biomolecules, in conjunction with the highly controlled methods of radical polymerization which are now available, have expedited the widespread number of papers published in the last decade-especially in the biomedical field. Therefore, PNIPAAm-based hydrogels are extensively investigated for applications on the controlled delivery of active molecules, in self-healing materials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, or in the smart encapsulation of cells. The most promising polymers for biodegradability enhancement of PNIPAAm hydrogels are probably poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and/or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), whereas the biocompatibility is mostly achieved with biopolymers. Ultimately, advances in three-dimensional bioprinting technology would contribute to the design of new devices and medical tools with thermal stimuli response needs, fabricated with PNIPAAm hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lanzalaco
- Industrial and Digital Innovation Department (DIID), Chemical Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/d'Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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