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Ruan Y, Li J, Xiao Q, Wu Y, Shi M. High-Temperature Failure Evolution Analysis of K-Type Film Thermocouples. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2070. [PMID: 38004927 PMCID: PMC10672794 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ni90%Cr10% and Ni97%Si3% thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) were fabricated on a silicon substrate using magnetron sputtering technology. Static calibration yielded a Seebeck coefficient of 23.00 μV/°C. During staged temperature elevation of the TFTCs while continuously monitoring their thermoelectric output, a rapid decline in thermoelectric potential was observed upon the hot junction reaching 600 °C; the device had failed. Through three cycles of repetitive static calibration tests ranging from room temperature to 500 °C, it was observed that the thermoelectric performance of the TFTCs deteriorated as the testing progressed. Utilizing the same methodology, Ni-Cr and Ni-Si thin films corresponding to the positive and negative electrodes of the TFTCs were prepared. Their resistivity after undergoing various temperature annealing treatments was measured. Additionally, their surfaces were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The causes behind the decline in thermoelectric performance at elevated temperatures were analyzed from both chemical composition and microstructural perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ruan
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Department of Electronic Information, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China; (J.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Electronic Information, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China; (J.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yu Wu
- Qi Yuan Laboratory, Beijing 100094, China;
| | - Meng Shi
- MEMS Institute of Zibo National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Zibo 255000, China;
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2
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Wagner MFP, Paulus AS, Sigle W, Brötz J, Trautmann C, Voss KO, Völklein F, Toimil-Molares ME. Experimental evidence of a size-dependent sign change of the Seebeck coefficient of Bi nanowire arrays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8290. [PMID: 37217560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrical transport in bismuth nanowires is strongly influenced by both sample geometry and crystallinity. Compared to bulk bismuth, the electrical transport in nanowires is dominated by size effects and influenced by surface states, which gain increasing relevance with increasing surface-to-volume ratios, i.e. with decreasing wire diameter. Bismuth nanowires with tailored diameter and crystallinity constitute, therefore, excellent model systems, allowing to study the interplay of the different transport phenomena. Here, we present temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient and relative electrical resistance measurements of parallel bismuth nanowire arrays with diameters between 40 and 400 nm synthesized by pulsed electroplating in polymer templates. Both electrical resistance and Seebeck coefficient exhibit a non-monotonic temperature dependence, with the sign of the Seebeck coefficient changing from negative to positive with decreasing temperature. The observed behavior is size-dependent and is attributed to limitations of the mean free path of the charge carriers within the nanowires. The observed size-dependent Seebeck coefficient and in particular the size-dependent sign change opens a promising avenue for single-material thermocouples with p- and n-legs made from nanowires with different diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Sarina Paulus
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wilfried Sigle
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Brötz
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina Trautmann
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kay-Obbe Voss
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Friedemann Völklein
- Institute of Microtechnologies, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, 65428, Rüsselsheim, Germany
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3
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Lima ACP, Ribeiro RCB, Correa JH, Deus F, Figueira MS, Continentino MA. Thermoelectric properties of topological chains coupled to a quantum dot. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1508. [PMID: 36707603 PMCID: PMC9883525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Topological one-dimensional superconductors can sustain zero energy modes protected by different kinds of symmetries in their extremities. Observing these excitations in the form of Majorana fermions is one of the most intensive quests in condensed matter physics. We are interested in another class of one-dimensional topological systems in this work, namely topological insulators. Which present symmetry-protected end modes with robust properties and do not require the low temperatures necessary for topological superconductivity. We consider a device in the form of a single electron transistor coupled to the simplest kind of topological insulators, namely chains of atoms with hybridized sp orbitals. We study the thermoelectric properties of the device in the trivial, non-trivial topological phases and at the quantum topological transition of the chains. We show that the device's electrical conductance and the Wiedemann-Franz ratio at the topological transition have universal values at very low temperatures. The conductance and thermopower of the device with diatomic sp-chains, at their topological transition, give direct evidence of fractional charges in the system. The former has an anomalous low-temperature behavior, attaining a universal value that is a consequence of the double degeneracy of the system due to the presence of zero energy modes. On the other hand, the system can be tuned to exhibit high values of the thermoelectric figure of merit and the power factor at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. P. Lima
- grid.418228.50000 0004 0643 8134Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180 Brazil
| | - R. C. Bento Ribeiro
- grid.418228.50000 0004 0643 8134Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180 Brazil
| | - J. H. Correa
- grid.441911.80000 0001 1818 386XUniversidad Tecnológica Del Perú, Nathalio Sanchez, 125, 15046 Lima, Peru
| | - Fernanda Deus
- grid.412211.50000 0004 4687 5267Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 298, Resende, RJ 27537-000 Brazil
| | - M. S. Figueira
- grid.411173.10000 0001 2184 6919Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Litorânea s/N, Niterói, RJ 24210-340 Brazil
| | - Mucio A. Continentino
- grid.418228.50000 0004 0643 8134Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180 Brazil
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4
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Ruiz-Clavijo A, Caballero-Calero O, Manzano CV, Maeder X, Beardo A, Cartoixà X, Álvarez FX, Martín-González M. 3D Bi 2Te 3 Interconnected Nanowire Networks to Increase Thermoelectric Efficiency. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:13556-13566. [PMID: 35647490 PMCID: PMC9127787 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
3D interconnected nanowire scaffoldings are shown to increase the thermoelectric efficiency in comparison to similar diameter 1D nanowires and films grown under similar electrodeposition conditions. Bi2Te3 3D nanonetworks offer a reduction in thermal conductivity (κT) while preserving the high electrical conductivity of the films. The reduction in κT is modeled using the hydrodynamic heat transport equation, and it can be understood as a heat viscosity effect due to the 3D nanostructuration. In addition, the Seebeck coefficient is twice that of nanowires and films, and up to 50% higher than in a single crystal. This increase is interpreted as a nonequilibrium effect that the geometry of the structure induces on the distribution function of the phonons, producing an enhanced phonon drag. These thermoelectric metamaterials have higher performance and are fabricated with large areas by a cost-effective method, which makes them suitable for up-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ruiz-Clavijo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Manzano
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Maeder
- EMPA,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Albert Beardo
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Cartoixà
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Álvarez
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Martín-González
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac
Newton, 8, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Bulk CoCrFeNiNb0.45 eutectic high entropy alloy (EHEA) with ultrafine-lamellar microstructure shows outstanding thermal stability. The EHEA offers opportunities for the development of thermoelectric materials. In this paper, the thermoelectric properties of a CoCrFeNiNbx (x = 0, 0.25, and 0.45) EHEA system were investigated. The results indicated that the electrical conductivity decreased with a rise in Nb content in the CoCrFeNiNbx alloys, which resulted from the increased eutectic structure and phase interface. Moreover, the thermal conductivity increased with increased Nb content at low temperature (T ≤ 473 K), while thermal conductivity decreased at high temperature (T > 573 K). The CoCrFeNiNb0.45 full eutectic high entropy alloy exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity and higher thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) at a high temperature (T > 573 K), which shows great promise for the thermoelectric application at high temperature.
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Mao W, Son YJ, Yoo HS. Gold nanospheres and nanorods for anti-cancer therapy: comparative studies of fabrication, surface-decoration, and anti-cancer treatments. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14996-15020. [PMID: 32666990 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Various gold nanoparticles have been explored as cancer therapeutics because they can be widely engineered for use as efficient drug carriers and diagnostic agents, and in photo-irradiation therapy. In the current review, we focused on shape-dependent biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles including gold nanospheres and nanorods. Fabrication and functionalization strategies of two different gold nanoparticles for anti-cancer therapy are introduced and the distinguishing performance depending on the shape is discussed to suggest the best carrier shape for specific applications. Moreover, recent advances in anti-cancer immunotherapy using gold nano-carriers are discussed. Thus, this comparative review can be helpful in deciding on suitable shapes and surface-modification strategies for preparing various gold nanoparticle-based therapeutics in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Vandaele K, Otsuka M, Hasegawa Y, Heremans JP. Confinement effects, surface effects, and transport in Bi and Bi 1-x Sb x semiconducting and semimetallic nanowires. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:403001. [PMID: 30113014 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aada9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hicks and Dresselhaus predicted that quantum well and nanowire thermoelectric materials could show a meaningful enhancement of the heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency compared to their bulk counterparts. The unique transport properties of bismuth, specifically the low effective mass, high mobility, and large Bohr radius of its charge carriers, enabled the study of size-quantization effects in Bi nanowires following those theoretical predictions. In this review, the band structure of Bi and Bi1-x Sb x alloys is discussed as a function of their composition, temperature, and size-quantization effects. Further, the theoretical basis of the thermoelectric performance enhancement in Bi nanowires is reviewed and compared to experimental data. Single-wire conductivity and Hall data are reviewed. Finally, several synthesis routes for Bi1-x Sb x nanowire samples are discussed, including liquid pressure impregnation, vapor impregnation, electrochemical deposition and wet chemistry impregnation in a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vandaele
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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Mori T. Novel Principles and Nanostructuring Methods for Enhanced Thermoelectrics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28961360 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics (TE), the direct solid-state conversion of waste heat to electricity, is a promising field with potential wide-scale application for power generation. Intrinsic conflicts in the requirements for high electrical conductivity but (a) low thermal conductivity and (b) a large Seebeck coefficient have made enhancing TE performance difficult. Several recent striking advances in the field are reviewed. In regard to the former conflict, notable bottom-up nanostructuring methods for phonon-selective scattering are discovered, namely using nanosheets, dislocations, and most strikingly a process to fabricate nano-micropores leading to a 100% enhancement in the figure of merit (ZT ≈ 1.6) for rare-earth-free skutterudites. Porous materials are hitherto considered as having poor TE performance, so this is a new paradigm. In regard to the latter conflict, nanocomposite materials with hybrid effects and use of magnetism are emerging as novel bottom-up methods to enhance TE. Material informatics efforts to identify high-ZT materials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Mori
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8671, Japan
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