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Davighi MG, Clemente F, Matassini C, Cardona F, Nielsen MB, Goti A, Morrone A, Paoli P, Cacciarini M. Photoswitchable inhibitors of human β-glucocerebrosidase. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1637-1641. [PMID: 35107482 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-switchable inhibitors of the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) have been developed by anchoring a specific azasugar to a dihydroazulene or an azobenzene responsive moiety. Their inhibitory effect towards human GCase, before and after irradiation are reported, and the effect on thermal denaturation of recombinant GCase and cytotoxicity were studied on selected candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Davighi
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
| | - Francesca Clemente
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
| | - Camilla Matassini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy. .,Associated with LENS, via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Andrea Goti
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy. .,Associated with LENS, via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Amelia Morrone
- Paediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Child Health. University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy.
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2
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ortho-Substituted 2-Phenyldihydroazulene Photoswitches: Enhancing the Lifetime of the Photoisomer by ortho-Aryl Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216462. [PMID: 34770871 PMCID: PMC8588411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochromic molecules are systems that undergo a photoisomerization to high-energy isomers and are attractive for the storage of solar energy in a closed-energy cycle, for example, in molecular solar thermal energy storage systems. One challenge is to control the discharge time of the high-energy isomer. Here, we show that different substituents in the ortho position of a phenyl ring at C-2 of dihydroazulene (DHA-Ph) significantly increase the half-life of the metastable vinylheptafulvene (VHF-Ph) photoisomer; thus, the energy-releasing VHF-to-DHA back-reaction rises from minutes to days in comparison to the corresponding para- and meta-substituted systems. Systems with two photochromic DHA-Ph units connected by a diacetylene bridge either at the para, meta and ortho positions and corresponding to a linear or to a cross-conjugated pathway between the two photochromes are also presented. Here, the ortho substitution was found to compromise the switching properties. Thus, irradiation of ortho-bridged DHA-DHA resulted in degradation, probably due to the proximity of the different functional groups that can give rise to side-reactions.
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3
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Petersen AU, Kirschner Solberg Hansen J, Sperling Andreasen E, Peder Christensen S, Tolstrup A, Bo Skov A, Vlasceanu A, Cacciarini M, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Multi-Photochromic Molecules Based on Dihydroazulene Units. Chemistry 2020; 26:13419-13428. [PMID: 32092209 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-photochromic systems incorporating individually addressable switching units are attractive for development of advanced data storage devices. Here, we present the synthesis and properties of a selection of such molecular systems incorporating the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photo-/thermoswitch. The influence of the linker (meta-phenylene vs. azulene-1,3-diyl vs. thiophene-2,5-diyl) separating two DHA units on the switching properties was investigated. An azulene-1,3-diyl spacer largely inhibited both the DHA-to-VHF photoisomerizations and the thermal VHF-to-DHA back-reactions; the latter occurred ten times slower than for the related compound with a meta-phenylene spacer. A DHA trimer containing three DHA units around a central benzene ring was found to undergo stepwise DHA-to-VHF photoisomerizations, whereas the thermal back-reactions occurred at similar rates for the three VHF entities. A meta-phenylene-bridged DHA dimer was subjected to further structural modifications at position C-1 of each DHA, having strong implications for the switching events, and synthetic steps for further functionalizations at position C-7 of each DHA were investigated. Finally, the molecular structure (from X-ray crystallographic analysis) between the meta-phenylene-bridged DHA dimer and CuI is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Søren Peder Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Tolstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Bo Skov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandru Vlasceanu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto F.No (FI), Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Brøndsted Nielsen M, Ree N, Mikkelsen KV, Cacciarini M. Tuning the dihydroazulene – vinylheptafulvene couple for storage of solar energy. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Liepuoniute I, Commins P, Karothu DP, Schramm S, Hara H, Naumov P. Reversible Multicolor Photochromism of Dihydroazulene Crystals. Chemistry 2019; 25:373-378. [PMID: 30388317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical conversion of 1,8a-dihydroazulene-1,1-dicarbonitrile (DHA) to vinylheptafulvene (VHF) is a positive T-type photoswitch that is well understood in solution, but has not been explored in the solid state. Upon excitation with UV light, DHA is converted into VHF in the solid state, with a distinct color change from yellow to deep-red, and retention of crystallinity. The structure of the ring-opened product was assigned to syn-VHF using variable-temperature infrared spectroscopy, and determined by X-ray photodiffraction in a crystal enriched with the product by two-photon excitation. A radical pathway becomes an observable photoreaction channel at low temperatures, and includes a strongly colored, short-lived diradical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Liepuoniute
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Stefan Schramm
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Bruker Japan K.K. 3-9, Moriya, Kanagawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhab, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Frandsen BN, Skov AB, Cacciarini M, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Kjaergaard HG. Computational and Experimental Evidence of Two Competing Thermal Electrocyclization Pathways for Vinylheptafulvene. Chem Asian J 2018; 14:1111-1116. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florence via della Lastruccia 3–13 50019 Sesto F. no (FI) Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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7
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Wang Z, Udmark J, Börjesson K, Rodrigues R, Roffey A, Abrahamsson M, Nielsen MB, Moth‐Poulsen K. Evaluating Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3049-3055. [PMID: 28644559 PMCID: PMC5655704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient solar energy storage is a key challenge in striving toward a sustainable future. For this reason, molecules capable of solar energy storage and release through valence isomerization, for so-called molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST), have been investigated. Energy storage by photoconversion of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photothermal couple has been evaluated. The robust nature of this system is determined through multiple energy storage and release cycles at elevated temperatures in three different solvents. In a nonpolar solvent such as toluene, the DHA/VHF system can be cycled more than 70 times with less than 0.01 % degradation per cycle. Moreover, the [Cu(CH3 CN)4 ]PF6 -catalyzed conversion of VHF into DHA was demonstrated in a flow reactor. The performance of the DHA/VHF couple was also evaluated in prototype photoconversion devices, both in the laboratory by using a flow chip under simulated sunlight and under outdoor conditions by using a parabolic mirror. Device experiments demonstrated a solar energy storage efficiency of up to 0.13 % in the chip device and up to 0.02 % in the parabolic collector. Avenues for future improvements and optimization of the system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Jonas Udmark
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
| | - Rita Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Anna Roffey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
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8
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Koerstz M, Elm J, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmark Study of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of a Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitch. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3148-3154. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Koerstz
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Petersen AU, Jevric M, Mandle RJ, Sims MT, Moore JN, Cowling SJ, Goodby JW, Nielsen MB. Photoswitching of Dihydroazulene Derivatives in Liquid-Crystalline Host Systems. Chemistry 2017; 23:5090-5103. [PMID: 28195368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitches and dyes in the liquid-crystalline nematic phase have the potential for use in a wide range of applications. A large order parameter is desirable to maximize the change in properties induced by an external stimulus. A set of photochromic and nonphotochromic dyes were investigated for these applications. It was found that a bent-shaped 7-substituted dihydroazulene (DHA) photoswitch exhibited liquid-crystalline properties. Further investigation demonstrated that this material actually followed two distinct reaction pathways on heating, to a deactivated form by a 1,5-sigmatropic shift and to a linear 6-substituted DHA. In addition, elimination of hydrogen cyanide from the photoactive DHA gave both bent and linear azulene dyes. In a nematic host that has no absorbance around 350 nm, it was found that only the linear DHA derivative has nematic properties; however, both 6- and 7-substituted DHAs were found to have large order parameters. In the nematic host, ring opening of either DHA to the corresponding vinylheptafulvene resulted in a decrease in dichroic order parameter and an unusually fast back-reaction to a mixture of both DHAs. Likewise, only the linear azulene derivative showed mesomorphic properties. In the same nematic host, large order parameters were also observed for these dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard J Mandle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark T Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John N Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stephen J Cowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John W Goodby
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Mattalia JMR. The reductive decyanation reaction: an overview and recent developments. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:267-284. [PMID: 28326136 PMCID: PMC5331330 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the reductive decyanation reaction with a special interest for recent developments. This transformation allows synthetic chemists to take advantages of the nitrile functional group before its removal. Mechanistic details and applications to organic synthesis are provided.
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11
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Skov AB, Petersen JF, Elm J, Frandsen BN, Santella M, Kilde MD, Kjaergaard HG, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Towards Storage of Solar Energy in Photochromic Molecules: Benzannulation of the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Couple. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Johannes F. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marco Santella
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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12
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Cacciarini M, Vlasceanu A, Jevric M, Nielsen MB. An effective trigger for energy release of vinylheptafulvene-based solar heat batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5874-5877. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy to activate the release of energy in dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene systems is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’
- Università di Firenze
- I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Alexandru Vlasceanu
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
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