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Sivák L, Šubr V, Kovářová J, Dvořáková B, Šírová M, Říhová B, Randárová E, Kraus M, Tomala J, Studenovský M, Vondráčková M, Sedláček R, Makovický P, Fučíková J, Vošáhlíková Š, Špíšek R, Kostka L, Etrych T, Kovář M. Polymer-ritonavir derivate nanomedicine with pH-sensitive activation possesses potent anti-tumor activity in vivo via inhibition of proteasome and STAT3 signaling. J Control Release 2021; 332:563-580. [PMID: 33722611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a promising strategy for identifying new applications for approved drugs. Here, we describe a polymer biomaterial composed of the antiretroviral drug ritonavir derivative (5-methyl-4-oxohexanoic acid ritonavir ester; RD), covalently bound to HPMA copolymer carrier via a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond (P-RD). Apart from being more potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein in comparison to ritonavir, we found RD to have considerable cytostatic activity in six mice (IC50 ~ 2.3-17.4 μM) and six human (IC50 ~ 4.3-8.7 μM) cancer cell lines, and that RD inhibits the migration and invasiveness of cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, RD inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation in CT26 cells in vitro and in vivo, and expression of the NF-κB p65 subunit, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in vitro. RD also dampens chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like proteasome activity and induces ER stress as documented by induction of PERK phosphorylation and expression of ATF4 and CHOP. P-RD nanomedicine showed powerful antitumor activity in CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, which, moreover, synergized with IL-2-based immunotherapy. P-RD proved very promising therapeutic activity also in human FaDu xenografts and negligible toxicity predetermining these nanomedicines as side-effect free nanosystem. The therapeutic potential could be highly increased using the fine-tuned combination with other drugs, i.e. doxorubicin, attached to the same polymer system. Finally, we summarize that described polymer nanomedicines fulfilled all the requirements as potential candidates for deep preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Sivák
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Kovářová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořáková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Šírová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Říhová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Randárová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kraus
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tomala
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Studenovský
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vondráčková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedláček
- Czech Center of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Makovický
- Czech Center of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Jankovcova 1518, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Radek Špíšek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Jankovcova 1518, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kovář
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Chytil P, Kostka L, Etrych T. HPMA Copolymer-Based Nanomedicines in Controlled Drug Delivery. J Pers Med 2021; 11:115. [PMID: 33578756 PMCID: PMC7916469 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous polymer materials have been employed as drug carrier systems in medicinal research, and their detailed properties have been thoroughly evaluated. Water-soluble polymer carriers play a significant role between these studied polymer systems as they are advantageously applied as carriers of low-molecular-weight drugs and compounds, e.g., cytostatic agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, antimicrobial molecules, or multidrug resistance inhibitors. Covalent attachment of carried molecules using a biodegradable spacer is strongly preferred, as such design ensures the controlled release of the drug in the place of a desired pharmacological effect in a reasonable time-dependent manner. Importantly, the synthetic polymer biomaterials based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers are recognized drug carriers with unique properties that nominate them among the most serious nanomedicines candidates for human clinical trials. This review focuses on advances in the development of HPMA copolymer-based nanomedicines within the passive and active targeting into the place of desired pharmacological effect, tumors, inflammation or bacterial infection sites. Specifically, this review highlights the safety issues of HPMA polymer-based drug carriers concerning the structure of nanomedicines. The main impact consists of the improvement of targeting ability, especially concerning the enhanced and permeability retention (EPR) effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.C.); (L.K.)
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6
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Rani S, Gupta U. HPMA-based polymeric conjugates in anticancer therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:997-1012. [PMID: 32334073 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer therapeutics has gained prominence due to an attractive structural polymer chemistry and its applications in diseases therapy. In this review, we discussed the development and capabilities of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) and HPMA-drug conjugates in cancer therapy. The design, architecture, and structural properties of HPMA make it a versatile system for the synthesis of polymeric conjugations for biomedical applications. Research suggests that HPMA could be a possible alternative for polymers such polyethylene glycol (PEG) in biomedical applications. Although numerous clinical trials of HPMA-drug conjugates are ongoing, yet no product has been successfully brought to the market. Thus, further research is required to develop HPMA-drug conjugates as successful cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rani
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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7
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Böhmová E, Pola R, Pechar M, Parnica J, Machová D, Janoušková O, Etrych T. Polymer Cancerostatics Containing Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Internalization Efficacy Depends on Peptide Type and Spacer Length. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E59. [PMID: 31936737 PMCID: PMC7023232 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are commonly used substances enhancing the cellular uptake of various cargoes that do not easily cross the cellular membrane. CPPs can be either covalently bound directly to the cargo or they can be attached to a transporting system such as a polymer carrier together with the cargo. In this work, several CPP-polymer conjugates based on copolymers of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (pHPMA) with HIV-1 Tat peptide (TAT), a minimal sequence of penetratin (PEN), IRS-tag (RYIRS), and PTD4 peptide, and the two short hydrophobic peptides VPMLK and PFVYLI were prepared and characterized. Moreover, the biological efficacy of fluorescently labeled polymer carriers decorated with various CPPs was compared. The experiments revealed that the TAT-polymer conjugate and the PEN-polymer conjugate were internalized about 40 times and 15 times more efficiently than the control polymer, respectively. Incorporation of dodeca(ethylene glycol) spacer improved the cell penetration of both studied polymer-peptide conjugates compared to the corresponding spacer-free polymer conjugates, while the shorter tetra(ethylene glycol) spacer improved only the penetration of the TAT conjugate but it did not improve the penetration of the PEN conjugate. Finally, a significantly improved cytotoxic effect of the polymer conjugate containing anticancer drug pirarubicin and TAT attached via a dodeca(ethylene glycol) was observed when compared with the analogous polymer-pirarubicin conjugate without TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Böhmová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (M.P.); (J.P.); (D.M.); (O.J.); (T.E.)
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9
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Etrych T, Janoušková O, Chytil P. Fluorescence Imaging as a Tool in Preclinical Evaluation of Polymer-Based Nano-DDS Systems Intended for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E471. [PMID: 31547308 PMCID: PMC6781319 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery using nano-sized carrier systems with targeting functions to malignant and inflammatory tissue and tailored controlled drug release inside targeted tissues or cells has been and is still intensively studied. A detailed understanding of the correlation between the pharmacokinetic properties and structure of the nano-sized carrier is crucial for the successful transition of targeted drug delivery nanomedicines into clinical practice. In preclinical research in particular, fluorescence imaging has become one of the most commonly used powerful imaging tools. Increasing numbers of suitable fluorescent dyes that are excitable in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths of the spectrum and the non-invasive nature of the method have significantly expanded the applicability of fluorescence imaging. This chapter summarizes non-invasive fluorescence-based imaging methods and discusses their potential advantages and limitations in the field of drug delivery, especially in anticancer therapy. This chapter focuses on fluorescent imaging from the cellular level up to the highly sophisticated three-dimensional imaging modality at a systemic level. Moreover, we describe the possibility for simultaneous treatment and imaging using fluorescence theranostics and the combination of different imaging techniques, e.g., fluorescence imaging with computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Janoušková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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BÖHMOVÁ E, MACHOVÁ D, PECHAR M, POLA R, VENCLÍKOVÁ K, JANOUŠKOVÁ O, ETRYCH T. Cell-Penetrating Peptides: a Useful Tool for the Delivery of Various Cargoes Into Cells. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S267-S279. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating compounds are substances that enhance the cellular uptake of various molecular cargoes that do not easily cross the cellular membrane. The majority of cell-penetrating compounds described in the literature are cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). This review summarizes the various structural types of cell-penetrating compounds, with the main focus on CPPs. The authors present a brief overview of the history of CPPs, discuss the various types of conjugation of CPPs to biologically active cargoes intended for cell internalization, examine the cell-entry mechanisms of CPPs, and report on the applications of CPPs in research and in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. BÖHMOVÁ
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Nanotherapeutics with suitable properties for advanced anticancer therapy based on HPMA copolymer-bound ritonavir via pH-sensitive spacers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 131:141-150. [PMID: 30075311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ritonavir (RIT) is a widely used antiviral drug that acts as an HIV protease inhibitor with emerging potential in anticancer therapies. RIT causes inhibition of P-glycoprotein, which plays an important role in multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells when overexpressed. Moreover, RIT causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to decreased ATP production and reduction of caveolin I expression, which can affect cell migration and tumor progression. To increase its direct antitumor activity, decrease severe side effects induced by the use of free RIT and improve its pharmacokinetics, ritonavir 5-methyl-4-oxohexanoate (RTV) was synthesized and conjugated to a tumor-targeted polymer carrier based on a N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer. Here we demonstrated that polymer-bound RTV enhanced the internalization of polymer-RTV conjugates, differing in RTV content from 4 to 15 wt%, in HeLa cancer cells compared with polymer without RTV. The most efficient influx and internalization properties were determined for the polymer conjugate bearing 11 wt% of RTV. This conjugate was internalized by cells using both caveolin- and clathrin-dependent endocytic pathways in contrast to the RTV-free polymer, which was preferentially internalized only by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, we found the co-localization of the RTV-conjugate with mitochondria and a significant decrease of ATP production in treated cells. Thus, the impact on mitochondrial mechanism can influence the function of ATP-dependent P-glycoprotein and also the cell viability of MDR cancer cells. Overall, this study demonstrated that the polymer-RTV conjugate is a promising polymer-based nanotherapeutic, suitable for antitumor combination therapy with other anticancer drugs and a potential mitochondrial drug delivery system.
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