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Vyas A, Mondal S, Kumawat VS, Ghosh SB, Mishra D, Sen J, Khare D, Dubey AK, Nandi SK, Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh S. Biomineralized fluorocanasite-reinforced biocomposite scaffolds demonstrate expedited osteointegration of critical-sized bone defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35352. [PMID: 37982372 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of patient-specific bone scaffolds that can expedite bone regeneration has been gaining increased attention, especially for critical-sized bone defects or fractures. Precise adaptation of the scaffold to the region of implantation and reduced surgery times are also crucial at clinical scales. To this end, bioactive fluorcanasite glass-ceramic microparticulates were incorporated within a biocompatible photocurable resin matrix following which the biocomposite resin precursor was 3D-printed with digital light processing method to develop the bone scaffold. The printing parameters were optimized based on spot curing investigation, particle size data, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. In vitro cell culture with MG-63 osteosarcoma cell lines and pH study within simulated body fluid demonstrated a noncytotoxic response of the scaffold samples. Further, the in vivo bone regeneration ability of the 3D-printed biocomposite bone scaffolds was investigated by implantation of the scaffold samples in the rabbit femur bone defect model. Enhanced angiogenesis, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic activities were observed at the bone-scaffold interface, while examining through fluorochrome labelling, histology, radiography, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray microcomputed tomography. Overall, the results demonstrated that the 3D-printed biocomposite bone scaffolds have promising potential for bone loss rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Vyas
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Radiology & Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vijay Shankar Kumawat
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhaneshwar Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale Simulation Research Centre (MSRC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jayant Sen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Santokba Durlabji Memorial Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Khare
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Radiology & Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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2
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McKenzie T, Ayres N. Synthesis and Applications of Elastomeric Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions (PolyHIPEs). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20178-20195. [PMID: 37323392 PMCID: PMC10268022 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams (PFs) are among the most industrially produced polymeric materials, and they are found in applications including aerospace, packaging, textiles, and biomaterials. PFs are predominantly prepared using gas-blowing techniques, but PFs can also be prepared from templating techniques such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPEs have many experimental design variables which control the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the resulting PFs. Both rigid and elastic polyHIPEs can be prepared, but while elastomeric polyHIPEs are less commonly reported than hard polyHIPEs, elastomeric polyHIPEs are instrumental in the realization of new materials in applications including flexible separation membranes, energy storage in soft robotics, and 3D-printed soft tissue engineering scaffolds. Furthermore, there are few limitations to the types of polymers and polymerization methods that have been used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs due to the wide range of polymerization conditions that are compatible with the polyHIPE method. In this review, an overview of the chemistry used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs from early reports to modern polymerization methods is provided, focusing on the applications that flexible polyHIPEs are used in. The review consists of four sections organized around polymer classes used in the preparation of polyHIPEs: (meth)acrylics and (meth)acrylamides, silicones, polyesters and polyurethanes, and naturally occurring polymers. Within each section, the common properties, current challenges, and an outlook is suggested on where elastomeric polyHIPEs can be expected to continue to make broad, positive impacts on materials and technology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Ayres
- N.A.:
email, ; tel, +01 513 556 9280; fax, +01 513 556 9239
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3
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Yin Z, Zhang S, Liu X. Hierarchical Emulsion-Templated Monoliths (polyHIPEs) as Scaffolds for Covalent Immobilization of P. acidilactici. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081862. [PMID: 37112009 PMCID: PMC10145616 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilized cell fermentation technique (IMCF) has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its capacity to enhance metabolic efficiency, cell stability, and product separation during fermentation. Porous carriers used as cell immobilization facilitate mass transfer and isolate the cells from an adverse external environment, thus accelerating cell growth and metabolism. However, creating a cell-immobilized porous carrier that guarantees both mechanical strength and cell stability remains challenging. Herein, templated by water-in-oil (w/o) high internal phase emulsions (HIPE), we established a tunable open-cell polymeric P(St-co-GMA) monolith as a scaffold for the efficient immobilization of Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici). The porous framework's mechanical property was substantially improved by incorporating the styrene monomer and cross-linker divinylbenzene (DVB) in the HIPE's external phase, while the epoxy groups on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) supply anchoring sites for P. acidilactici, securing the immobilization to the inner wall surface of the void. For the fermentation of immobilized P. acidilactici, the polyHIPEs permit efficient mass transfer, which increases along with increased interconnectivity of the monolith, resulting in higher L-lactic acid yield compared to that of suspended cells with an increase of 17%. The relative L-lactic acid production is constantly maintained above 92.9% of their initial relative production after 10 cycles, exhibiting both its great cycling stability and the durability of the material structure. Furthermore, the procedure during recycle batch also simplifies downstream separation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiao Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Wang LS, Gopalakrishnan S, Gupta A, Banerjee R, Lee YW, Rotello VM. Porous Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions Prepared Using Proteins and Essential Oils for Antimicrobial Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11675-11682. [PMID: 36098991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) provide a versatile platform for encapsulating large volumes of therapeutics that are immiscible in water. A stable scaffold is obtained by polymerizing the external phase, resulting in polyHIPEs. However, fabrication of polyHIPEs usually requires using a considerable quantity of surfactants along with nonbiocompatible components, which hinders their biological applications, e.g., drug-eluting devices. We describe here a straightforward method for generating porous biomaterials by using proteins as both the emulsifier and the building blocks for the fabrication of polyHIPEs. We demonstrate the versatility of this method by using different essential oils as the internal phase. After the gelation of protein building blocks is triggered by the addition of reducing agents, a stable protein hydrogel containing essential oils can be formed. These oils can be either extracted to obtain protein-based porous scaffolds or slowly released for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sanjana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Aarohi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruptanu Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yi-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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5
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Utroša P, Gradišar Š, Onder OC, Žagar E, Pahovnik D. Synthetic Polypeptide–Polyester PolyHIPEs Prepared by Thiol–Ene Photopolymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Utroša
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Gradišar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Kim S, Kim JQ, Choi SQ, Kim K. Interconnectivity and morphology control of poly-high internal phase emulsions under photo-polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We here demonstrate that the interconnectivity and morphology of photo-polymerized HIPEs can be controlled by changing the type of initiators and stabilizers, and the intensity of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Q. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q. Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea
| | - KyuHan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Republic of Korea
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7
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Munive-Olarte A, Hidalgo-Moyle JJ, Velasquillo C, Juarez-Moreno K, Mota-Morales JD. Boosting cell proliferation in three-dimensional polyacrylates/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds synthesized by deep eutectic solvent-based emulsion templating. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:298-311. [PMID: 34509107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among three-dimensional (3D) scaffold fabrication methods, porous polymers templated using high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) have emerged as an attractive method due to the facile generation of interconnected porosity through a variety of synthetic routes. These include a bottom-up approach to selectively incorporate nanomaterials onto the inner walls in a nonaqueous environment. In this work, novel nonaqueous HIPEs made of different (meth)acrylate monomers and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) were formulated with nonfunctionalized nanohydroxyapatite (NHA), which also played the role of cosurfactant. Free radical polymerization of HIPEs yielded free-standing nanocomposites with 3D interconnected macroporosity and nonfunctionalized NHA selectively decorating the scaffolds' inner surface. The influence of different polymer functionalities, acrylate or methacrylate, their alkyl tail length, and the presence of NHA on MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cell proliferation in vitro, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were evaluated. All materials presented promising biocompatibility, non-hemolytic activity, negligible inflammatory response along to remarkably enhanced cell proliferation (e.g., up to 160-fold cell proliferation increase compared with polystyrene plate) in vitro, which open the path for the development of scaffolds in regenerative medicine. It is noteworthy that polyHIPEs studied here were obtained using a green synthetic protocol where nonfunctionalized nanoparticles can be selectively incorporated into a scaffolds' inner walls. This versatile technique allows for the simple construction of 3D bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds with varied compositions for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areli Munive-Olarte
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología (CNyN), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ensenada B.C. 22860, Mexico; Posgrado en Nanociencias, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada B.C. 22860, Mexico
| | - Joseline J Hidalgo-Moyle
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Cristina Velasquillo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Ciudad de México, CDMX 141389, Mexico
| | - Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología (CNyN), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ensenada B.C. 22860, Mexico.
| | - Josué D Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, QRO 76230, Mexico.
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8
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Kramer S, Cameron NR, Krajnc P. Porous Polymers from High Internal Phase Emulsions as Scaffolds for Biological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111786. [PMID: 34071683 PMCID: PMC8198890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), with densely packed droplets of internal phase and monomers dispersed in the continuous phase, are now an established medium for porous polymer preparation (polyHIPEs). The ability to influence the pore size and interconnectivity, together with the process scalability and a wide spectrum of possible chemistries are important advantages of polyHIPEs. In this review, the focus on the biomedical applications of polyHIPEs is emphasised, in particular the applications of polyHIPEs as scaffolds/supports for biological cell growth, proliferation and tissue (re)generation. An overview of the polyHIPE preparation methodology is given and possibilities of morphology tuning are outlined. In the continuation, polyHIPEs with different chemistries and their interaction with biological systems are described. A further focus is given to combined techniques and advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Kramer
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
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9
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Rajaraman V, Nallaswamy D, Ganapathy DM, Kachhara S. Osseointegration of Hafnium when Compared to Titanium - A Structured Review. Open Dent J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602115010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
This systematic review was conducted to analyse osseointegration of hafnium over conventional titanium.
Materials and Methods:
Search methodology was comprehended using PICO analysis and a comprehensive search was initiated in PubMed Central, Medline, Cochrane, Ovid, Science Direct, Copernicus and Google Scholar databases to identify the related literature. Randomised control trials, clinical studies, case control studies and animal studies were searched for osseointegration of hafnium coated titanium implants versus conventional titanium implants. Timeline was set to include all the manuscripts published till December 2018 in this review.
Clinical Significance:
Hafnium is a very promising surface coating intervention that can augment osseointegration in titanium implants. If research could be widened, including in vivo studies on hafnium as a metal for coating over dental implants or as a dental implant material itself to enhance better osseointegration, it could explore possibilities of this metal in the rehabilitation of both intra and extra oral defects and in medically compromised patients with poor quality of bone.
Results:
Out of the 25 articles obtained from the PICO based keyword search, 5 studies were excluded based on title and abstract. Out of the remaining 20 studies, 16 were excluded based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of our interest and finally, 4 were included on the basis of core data.
Conclusion:
This systematic review observed hafnium metal exhibited superior osseointegration than titanium. Owing to its biocompatibility, hafnium could be an alternative to titanium, in the near future.
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10
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Assessment of a PCL-3D Printing-Dental Pulp Stem Cells Triplet for Bone Engineering: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071154. [PMID: 33916576 PMCID: PMC8038447 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search of suitable combinations of stem cells, biomaterials and scaffolds manufacturing methods have become a major focus of research for bone engineering. The aim of this study was to test the potential of dental pulp stem cells to attach, proliferate, mineralize and differentiate on 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. A 100% pure Mw: 84,500 ± 1000 PCL was selected. 5 × 10 × 5 mm3 parallelepiped scaffolds were designed as a wood-pilled structure composed of 20 layers of 250 μm in height, in a non-alternate order ([0,0,0,90,90,90°]). 3D printing was made at 170 °C. Swine dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were extracted from lower lateral incisors of swine and cultivated until the cells reached 80% confluence. The third passage was used for seeding on the scaffolds. Phenotype of cells was determined by flow Cytometry. Live and dead, Alamar blue™, von Kossa and alizarin red staining assays were performed. Scaffolds with 290 + 30 μm strand diameter, 938 ± 80 μm pores in the axial direction and 689 ± 13 μm pores in the lateral direction were manufactured. Together, cell viability tests, von Kossa and Alizarin red staining indicate the ability of the printed scaffolds to support DPSCs attachment, proliferation and enable differentiation followed by mineralization. The selected material-processing technique-cell line (PCL-3D printing-DPSCs) triplet can be though to be used for further modelling and preclinical experiments in bone engineering studies.
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11
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Bahmaee H, Owen R, Boyle L, Perrault CM, Garcia-Granada AA, Reilly GC, Claeyssens F. Design and Evaluation of an Osteogenesis-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device Incorporating 3D Cell Culture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:557111. [PMID: 33015017 PMCID: PMC7509430 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.557111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic-based tissue-on-a-chip devices have generated significant research interest for biomedical applications, such as pharmaceutical development, as they can be used for small volume, high throughput studies on the effects of therapeutics on tissue-mimics. Tissue-on-a-chip devices are evolving from basic 2D cell cultures incorporated into microfluidic devices to complex 3D approaches, with modern designs aimed at recapitulating the dynamic and mechanical environment of the native tissue. Thus far, most tissue-on-a-chip research has concentrated on organs involved with drug uptake, metabolism and removal (e.g., lung, skin, liver, and kidney); however, models of the drug metabolite target organs will be essential to provide information on therapeutic efficacy. Here, we develop an osteogenesis-on-a-chip device that comprises a 3D environment and fluid shear stresses, both important features of bone. This inexpensive, easy-to-fabricate system based on a polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion (polyHIPE) supports proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix production of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (hES-MPs) over extended time periods (up to 21 days). Cells respond positively to both chemical and mechanical stimulation of osteogenesis, with an intermittent flow profile containing rest periods strongly promoting differentiation and matrix formation in comparison to static and continuous flow. Flow and shear stresses were modeled using computational fluid dynamics. Primary cilia were detectable on cells within the device channels demonstrating that this mechanosensory organelle is present in the complex 3D culture environment. In summary, this device aids the development of ‘next-generation’ tools for investigating novel therapeutics for bone in comparison with standard laboratory and animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Bahmaee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Owen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Boyle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile M Perrault
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Eden Microfluidics, Paris, France
| | | | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Fabrication of Poly(pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate)/dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-acrylate)HIPEs Macroporous Scaffold with Alpha Hydroxyapatite via Photopolymerization for Fibroblast Regeneration. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biomaterials that can be structured into porous scaffolds for support cell growth have played a role in developing the field of tissue engineering. This research focused on combination of biodegradable emulsion template along with the assisting of low-cost polymerization reaction. The appendage of ester-based surfactant, Hypermer B246, played a vital role which gave an outstanding dispersion in HIPEs system and degradability. PolyHIPEs were prepared by using domestic ultraviolet light source for producing a multiscale porosity material. The morphology showed a promising result of poly(pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate)/dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-acrylate)HIPEs with varied Hypermer B246 surfactant concentration resulting in the pores size increased in between 51.2 ± 9.8 µm to 131.4 ± 26.32 µm. Cellular moieties of poly(TT/DPEHA) HIPEs were confirmed by using SEM while inclusion of hydroxyapatite were confirmed by SEM, FTIR and EDX-SEM and quantified by thermogravimetric analysis. The maximum stress and compressive modulus of the obtained materials were significantly enhanced with HA up to five percent by weight. Poly(TT/DPEHA)HIPEs with HA showed the ability for the cell attachment and the adhesion/proliferation of the cells, suggested that poly(TT/DPEHA) HIPEs with HA were suitable for biomaterial application.
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13
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Aldemir Dikici B, Claeyssens F. Basic Principles of Emulsion Templating and Its Use as an Emerging Manufacturing Method of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:875. [PMID: 32903473 PMCID: PMC7435020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate critical size defects, which cannot heal naturally, by using highly porous matrices called TE scaffolds made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. There are various manufacturing techniques commonly used to fabricate TE scaffolds. However, in most cases, they do not provide materials with a highly interconnected pore design. Thus, emulsion templating is a promising and convenient route for the fabrication of matrices with up to 99% porosity and high interconnectivity. These matrices have been used for various application areas for decades. Although this polymer structuring technique is older than TE itself, the use of polymerised internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) in TE is relatively new compared to other scaffold manufacturing techniques. It is likely because it requires a multidisciplinary background including materials science, chemistry and TE although producing emulsion templated scaffolds is practically simple. To date, a number of excellent reviews on emulsion templating have been published by the pioneers in this field in order to explain the chemistry behind this technique and potential areas of use of the emulsion templated structures. This particular review focusses on the key points of how emulsion templated scaffolds can be fabricated for different TE applications. Accordingly, we first explain the basics of emulsion templating and characteristics of PolyHIPE scaffolds. Then, we discuss the role of each ingredient in the emulsion and the impact of the compositional changes and process conditions on the characteristics of PolyHIPEs. Afterward, current fabrication methods of biocompatible PolyHIPE scaffolds and polymerisation routes are detailed, and the functionalisation strategies that can be used to improve the biological activity of PolyHIPE scaffolds are discussed. Finally, the applications of PolyHIPEs on soft and hard TE as well as in vitro models and drug delivery in the literature are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Aldemir Dikici
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Cubo-Mateo N, Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM. Design of Thermoplastic 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Influence of Parameters of "Hidden" Importance in the Physical Properties of Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1546. [PMID: 32668729 PMCID: PMC7408024 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are becoming the approaches of choice for the construction of scaffolds in tissue engineering. However, the development of 3D printing in this field brings unique challenges, which must be accounted for in the design of experiments. The common printing process parameters must be considered as important factors in the design and quality of final 3D-printed products. In this work, we study the influence of some parameters in the design and fabrication of PCL scaffolds, such as the number and orientation of layers, but also others of "hidden" importance, such as the cooling down rate while printing, or the position of the starting point in each layer. These factors can have an important impact oin the final porosity and mechanical performance of the scaffolds. A pure polycaprolactone filament was used. Three different configurations were selected for the design of the internal structure of the scaffolds: a solid one with alternate layers (solid) (0°, 90°), a porous one with 30% infill and alternate layers (ALT) (0°, 90°) and a non-alternated configuration consisting in printing three piled layers before changing the orientation (n-ALT) (0°, 0°, 0°, 90°, 90°, 90°). The nozzle temperature was set to 172 °C for printing and the build plate to 40 °C. Strand diameters of 361 ± 26 µm for room temperature cooling down and of 290 ± 30 µm for forced cooling down, were obtained. A compression elastic modulus of 2.12 ± 0.31 MPa for n-ALT and 8.58 ± 0.14 MPa for ALT scaffolds were obtained. The cooling down rate has been observed as an important parameter for the final characteristics of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Cubo-Mateo
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Systems Department, Institute for Physical and Information Technologies, ITEFI-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, ICTP-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Owen R, Sherborne C, Evans R, Reilly GC, Claeyssens F. Combined Porogen Leaching and Emulsion Templating to produce Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Int J Bioprint 2020; 6:265. [PMID: 32782992 PMCID: PMC7415854 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v6i2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone has a hierarchy of porosity that is often overlooked when creating tissue engineering scaffolds where pore sizes are typically confined to a single order of magnitude. High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating produces polymerized HIPEs (polyHIPEs): highly interconnected porous polymers which have two length scales of porosity covering the 1-100 μm range. However, additional larger scales of porosity cannot be introduced in the standard emulsion formulation. Researchers have previously overcome this by additively manufacturing emulsions; fabricating highly microporous struts into complex macroporous geometries. This is time consuming and expensive; therefore, here we assessed the feasibility of combining porogen leaching with emulsion templating to introduce additional macroporosity. Alginate beads between 275 and 780 μm were incorporated into the emulsion at 0, 50, and 100 wt%. Once polymerized, alginate was dissolved leaving highly porous polyHIPE scaffolds with added macroporosity. The compressive modulus of the scaffolds decreased as alginate porogen content increased. Cellular performance was assessed using MLO-A5 post-osteoblasts. Seeding efficiency was significantly higher and mineralized matrix deposition was more uniformly deposited throughout porogen leached scaffolds compared to plain polyHIPEs. Deep cell infiltration only occurred in porogen leached scaffolds as detected by histology and lightsheet microscopy. This study reveals a quick, low cost and simple method of producing multiscale porosity scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Owen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, UK
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, UK
| | - Colin Sherborne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard Evans
- Bioengineering, Interdisciplinary Programmes Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, UK
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16
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Alginate hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, from injectables to bioprinting: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Agrawal M, Yadav A, Nandan B, Srivastava RK. Facile synthesis of templated macrocellular nanocomposite scaffold via emulsifier-free HIPE-ROP. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12604-12607. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05331g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
High internal phase emulsion (HIPE)-templated macrocellular nanocomposite scaffolds of crosslinked poly(ε-caprolactone) were produced using an emulsifier-free, single-step synthesis and showed superior resiliency and sorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Agrawal
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- Hauz Khas
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Anilkumar Yadav
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- Hauz Khas
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Bhanu Nandan
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- Hauz Khas
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Rajiv K. Srivastava
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- Hauz Khas
- New Delhi
- India
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18
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Corti M, Calleri E, Perteghella S, Ferrara A, Tamma R, Milanese C, Mandracchia D, Brusotti G, Torre ML, Ribatti D, Auricchio F, Massolini G, Tripodo G. Polyacrylate/polyacrylate-PEG biomaterials obtained by high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with tailorable drug release and effective mechanical and biological properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110060. [PMID: 31546370 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper focuses on the preparation of polyacrylate based biomaterials designed as patches for dermal/transdermal drug delivery using materials obtained by the high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) technique. In particular, butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate were selected, respectively, as backbone and functional monomer while two different crosslinkers, bifunctional or trifunctional, were used to form the covalent network. The influence of PEG on the main properties of the materials was also investigated. The obtained materials show a characteristic and interconnected internal structure as confirmed by SEM studies. By an industrial point of view, an interesting feature of this system is that it can be shaped as needed, in any form and thickness. The physiochemically characterized materials showed a tailorable curcumin (model of hydrophobic drugs) drug release, effective mechanical properties and cell viability and resulted neither pro nor anti-angiogenic as demonstrated in vivo by the chick embryo choriallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Based on these results, the obtained polyHIPEs could be proposed as devices for dermal/transdermal drug delivery and/or for the direct application on wounded skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Corti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrara
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari 70100, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- C.S.G.I. - Department of Chemistry, Physical-Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Delia Mandracchia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Gloria Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari 70100, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12-14, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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19
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Walter G, Toledo L, Urbano BF. Porous, bicontinuous, and cationic polyelectrolyte obtained by high internal phase emulsion polymerization. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Walter
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de PolímerosUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Leandro Toledo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de PolímerosUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Bruno F. Urbano
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de PolímerosUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
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20
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Sun P, Yang S, Sun X, Wang Y, Jia Y, Shang P, Tian H, Li G, Li R, Zhang X, Nie C. Preparation of PolyHIPE Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture and the Application in Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Cigarette Smoke. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060959. [PMID: 31159508 PMCID: PMC6631592 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene-based polyHIPE (polymerized high internal phase emulsion) materials were prepared by the copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in the continuous phase of a HIPE. The resultant polyHIPE materials were found to have an open-cellular morphology and high porosity, and the polyHIPE structure could be well adjusted by varying the water/oil (W/O) ratio and the amount of emulsifier in the HIPE. Cell culture results showed that the resultant polyHIPE materials, which exhibited larger voids and connected windows as well as high porosity, could promote cell proliferation on the 3D scaffold. A 3D cell cytotoxicity evaluation system was constructed with the polystyrene-based polyHIPE materials as scaffolds and the cigarette smoke cytotoxicity was evaluated. Results showed that the smoke cytotoxicity against A549 cells is much lower in the 3D cell platform compared to the traditional 2D system, showing the great potential of the polyHIPE scaffolds for 3D cell culture and the cytotoxic evaluation of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xuehui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yunzhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Haiying Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Guozheng Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Ruyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Cong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No.2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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21
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Nanoporous polymer networks of N − vinylpyrrolidone with dimethacrylates of various polarity. Synthesis, structure, and properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Ratcliffe JL, Walker M, Eissa AM, Du S, Przyborski SA, Laslett AL, Cameron NR. Optimized peptide functionalization of thiol‐acrylate emulsion‐templated porous polymers leads to expansion of human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L. Ratcliffe
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Marc Walker
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. Eissa
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Shengrong Du
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Department of BiosciencesDurham University South Road, Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Laslett
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
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23
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Eissa AM, Barros FSV, Vrljicak P, Brosens JJ, Cameron NR. Enhanced Differentiation Potential of Primary Human Endometrial Cells Cultured on 3D Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3343-3350. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Eissa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria Australia
- Department of Polymers, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth St. 33, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Flavio S. V. Barros
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Reproductive Health Unit, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry, and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - Pavle Vrljicak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Reproductive Health Unit, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry, and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J. Brosens
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Reproductive Health Unit, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick and Tommy’s National Centre for Miscarriage Research, University Hospitals Coventry, and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria Australia
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