A cobalt(II) coordination polymer-derived catalyst engineered via temperature-induced semi-reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) dehydration for efficient liquid-phase epoxidation of olefins

Single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformations provide more avenues for phase transitions, which have piqued great interest in crystal engineering. In this work, a 3D Co(II)-based coordination polymer (CP), {Co2(OH2)8(btec)}·4H2O (1), (where (btec)4- = 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate) undergoes SCSC transition upon heating at 180 °C to afford an anhydrous phase [Co2(btec)] (1'). Room-temperature water-vapour induced semi-reversible SCSC transformation of 1' involves condensation of two water molecules coordinating to the metal cluster, yielding a new framework [Co2(OH2)2(btec)] (2). These SCSC transitions were accomplished through a sequential bond breaking and new bond formation process which was accompanied by colour changes from orange (1) → violet (1') → pink (2). All materials were structurally elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and further established by various analytical techniques. According to SCXRD data, all the frameworks possess octahedral geometries around the cobalt(II) sphere. SCXRD studies further revealed that 1 is a polymeric architecture with a binodal 4-c sql topology while 1' and 2 possess (3,6)-c kgd and (4,6)-c scu 3D nets, respectively. By virtue of multitopicity exhibited by the tetracarboxylate, the coordination number of the linker around the Co(II) sphere increased from four (in 1) to eight (in 1') and then decreased to six (in 2). Most interestingly, permanent porosity could be observed for the dihydrate 2, originated from potential void space as substantiated by dinitrogen (N2) sorption isotherm. These porous frameworks were active catalysts for the aerobic epoxidation of the model substrate cyclohexene using molecular oxygen (O2) as the final oxidant in the presence of the sacrificial i-butyraldehyde (IBA) reductant. For using the dihydrous phase 2, cyclohexene and various other olefins were catalytically oxidised to their corresponding epoxides with up to 38.5% conversion and 99.0% selectivity. The catalyst 2 can be expediently recycled in four runs without significant loss of activity. This research demonstrates that a little innovation in the active-site-engineered organic-inorganic hybrid materials can significantly enhance the catalytic performance and selectivity of coordination polymer-derived heterogeneous catalysts.

Metal Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts in Olefin Epoxidation and Carbon Dioxide Cycloaddition

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a family of porous crystalline materials that serve in some cases as versatile platforms for catalysis. In this review, we overview the recent developments about the use of these species as heterogeneous catalysts in olefin epoxidation and carbon dioxide cycloaddition. We report the most important results obtained in this field relating them to the presence of specific organic linkers, metal nodes or clusters and mixed-metal species. Recent advances obtained with MOF nanocomposites were also described. Finally we compare the results and summarize the major insights in specific Tables, outlining the major challenges for this emerging field. This work could promote new research aimed at producing coordination polymers and MOFs able to catalyse a broader range of CO2 consuming reactions.

Luminescence, electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of sub-micron nickel(II) and cobalt(II) coordination polymers synthesized by sonochemical process

Submicron structures of Ni^II/Co^II-based coordination polymers (CPs) [Ni(L1)(mip)·H₂O]_n (1) and {[Co(L2)(mip)]·0·.5H₂O}_n(2) (L1=1,6-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)hexane, L2=1,6-bis(benzimidazole)hexane, H₂mip=5-methylisophthalic acid) were obtained by ultrasonic irradiation and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Structural analysis show that two CPs feature uninodal 3-connected 2D hcb layer, whilst CP 2 is further extended into a 3D complicated supramolecular network by C14-H14⋯O2 hydrogen bonds. Ultrasonic time and power influencing morphology of sub-micron sized CPs, were also discussed. Besides that, thermal stability, luminescence, electrochemical properties and photocatalytic activity of sub-micron sized 1 and 2 were presented in detail. Moreover, sub-micron sized 1 manifests the higher photocatalytic activity than sub-micron sized 2 for decomposition of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation.

A highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst of cobalt-based coordination polymers for aerobic epoxidation of cyclohexene

A novel heterogeneous catalyst of cobalt-based coordination polymers using a tyrosine-based derivative has been successfully constructed, and it exhibits high catalytic activity in changing the reaction pathway and lowering the activation energy to 25.5 kJ mol⁻¹.

Windmill-type mixed-metal clusters containing Schiff-base ligands as an efficient catalyst for cyclohexene oxidation

Two new mixed-metal clusters {CuM₂(H₂O)₂[Cu(C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₃)Cl]₆}·H₂O (M = Mn 1, Zn 2) were synthesized and the properties of cyclohexene oxidation were investigated.