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Fan S, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Effect of Silyl Ether Bulk on Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer-Based Sensing of Extant Hydrogen Fluoride for G-Series Nerve Agent Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3921-3927. [PMID: 39133300 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence-based sensing provides a method for the rapid detection of nerve agents. Previous approaches have generally focused on sensing materials containing a nucleophilic group that can react with the electrophilic phosphorus atom found in nerve agents. Herein we report an alternative approach for the detection of phosphonofluoridate-based G-series nerve agents that utilizes the fact they contain hydrogen fluoride. We have developed silylated sensing materials based on an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reporter compound, 2-[benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl]phenol. Thin films of differently silylated 2-[benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl]phenol were found to react with the hydrogen fluoride found in di-iso-propyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a simulant of sarin (G-series nerve agent), and turn on the ESIPT emission of the reporter compound. The use of the ESIPT emission reduced the impact of background fluorescence and improved the sensitivity of the detection. The effectiveness of the approach was dependent on the stability of the silyl protecting group used, with the least sterically hindered (trimethylsilyl) found to be too unstable to the ambient environment while the most sterically hindered, e.g., tri-iso-propylsilyl and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl were found to be insufficiently reactive to be useful in a real detection scenario. The sensing material composed of the tert-butyl dimethylsilyl protected 2-[benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl]phenol was found to have the best balance between stability under ambient conditions, and reactivity and selectivity to hydrogen fluoride. In a 3 s exposure, it could detect hydrogen fluoride down to a concentration of around 23 ppm in DFP with 99% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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2
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Zhang G, Fan S, Hutchinson KL, Chu R, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Interplay between the Glass Transition Temperature, Analyte Diffusion, and Fluorescence Quenching for Detection of Nitro-Group Containing Explosives Using Organic Semiconducting Films. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22787-22796. [PMID: 39093837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Efficient detection of chemical analytes using fluorescence-based sensors necessitates an in-depth understanding of the physical interaction between the analyte molecules and the sensor films. This study explores the interplay between the thermal properties of a series of triphenylamine-centered fluorescent dendrimers with different glass transition temperatures (Tg) for detecting nitroaromatic explosives. When exposed to 4-nitrotoluene (pNT) vapors, biphasic diffusion kinetics were observed for all the dendrimers, corresponding to Super Case II kinetics, suggesting rapid film swelling during initial analyte uptake. The diffusion kinetics were further analyzed using a diffusion-relaxation model, where a strong Tg dependence was observed for both the initial concentration-driven diffusion phase and the slower film relaxation phase. Additionally, a difference in kinetics between analyte uptake and release was observed. The photoluminescence (PL) kinetics also showed a Tg dependence, with more efficient PL recovery observed for films composed of dendrimers that had a lower Tg. Rapid quenching of over 40% with little PL recovery was seen in the dendrimer with the highest Tg (107 °C), while a smaller quench with efficient PL recovery was observed in the dendrimer that had a Tg close to room temperature. The results highlight the critical role of the thermal properties of sensor films in achieving rapid and sensitive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kinitra L Hutchinson
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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3
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Huang R, Liu T, Peng H, Liu J, Liu X, Ding L, Fang Y. Molecular design and architectonics towards film-based fluorescent sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6960-6991. [PMID: 38836431 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed encouraging progress in the development of high-performance film-based fluorescent sensors (FFSs) for detecting explosives, illicit drugs, chemical warfare agents (CWAs), and hazardous volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), among others. Several FFSs have transitioned from laboratory research to real-world applications, demonstrating their practical relevance. At the heart of FFS technology lies the sensing films, which play a crucial role in determining the analytes and the resulting signals. The selection of sensing fluorophores and the fabrication strategies employed in film construction are key factors that influence the fluorescence properties, active-layer structures, and overall sensing behaviors of these films. This review examines the progress and innovations in the research field of FFSs over the past two decades, focusing on advancements in fluorophore design and active-layer structural engineering. It underscores popular sensing fluorophore scaffolds and the dynamics of excited state processes. Additionally, it delves into six distinct categories of film fabrication technologies and strategies, providing insights into their advantages and limitations. This review further addresses important considerations such as photostability and substrate effects. Concluding with an overview of the field's challenges and prospects, it sheds light on the potential for further development in this burgeoning area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Haonan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
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4
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Noh D, Oh E. Estimation of Environmental Effects and Response Time in Gas-Phase Explosives Detection Using Photoluminescence Quenching Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:908. [PMID: 38611166 PMCID: PMC11013195 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting the presence of explosives is important to protect human lives during military conflicts and peacetime. Gas-phase detection of explosives can make use of the change of material properties, which can be sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. This paper describes a remote-controlled automatic shutter method for the environmental impact assessment of photoluminescence (PL) sensors under near-open conditions. Utilizing the remote-sensing method, we obtained environmental effects without being exposed to sensing vapor molecules and explained how PL intensity was influenced by the temperature, humidity, and exposure time. We also developed a theoretical model including the effect of exciton diffusion for PL quenching, which worked well under limited molecular diffusions. Incomplete recovery of PL intensity or the degradation effect was considered as an additional factor in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daegwon Noh
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoon Oh
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sardelli L, Campanile M, Boeri L, Donnaloja F, Fanizza F, Perottoni S, Petrini P, Albani D, Giordano C. A novel on-a-chip system with a 3D-bioinspired gut mucus suitable to investigate bacterial endotoxins dynamics. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100898. [PMID: 38204482 PMCID: PMC10776420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The possible pathogenic impact of pro-inflammatory molecules produced by the gut microbiota is one of the hypotheses considered at the basis of the biomolecular dialogue governing the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Among these molecules, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative gut microbiota strains may have a potential key role due to their toxic effects in both the gut and the brain. In this work, we engineered a new dynamic fluidic system, the MINERVA device (MI-device), with the potential to advance the current knowledge of the biological mechanisms regulating the microbiota-gut molecular crosstalk. The MI-device supported the growth of bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiota under dynamic conditions within a 3D moving mucus model, with features comparable to the physiological conditions (storage modulus of 80 ± 19 Pa, network mesh size of 41 ± 3 nm), without affecting their viability (∼ 109 bacteria/mL). The integration of a fluidically optimized and user-friendly design with a bioinspired microenvironment enabled the sterile extraction and quantification of the LPS produced within the mucus by bacteria (from 423 ± 34 ng/mL to 1785 ± 91 ng/mL). Compatibility with commercially available Transwell-like inserts allows the user to precisely control the transport phenomena that occur between the two chambers by selecting the pore density of the insert membrane without changing the design of the system. The MI-device is able to provide the flow of sterile medium enriched with LPS directly produced by bacteria, opening up the possibility of studying the effects of bacteria-derived molecules on cells in depth, as well as the assessment and characterization of their effects in a physiological or pathological scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Campanile
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Perottoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D. Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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6
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Chen M, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Utilizing Different Diffusion Mechanisms for Thin Film Fluorescence-Based Detection and Discrimination of Illicit Drug Vapors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4607-4614. [PMID: 38051524 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Film-based fluorescence sensors have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for real-time detection of trace chemical vapors. While explosive vapor detection via fluorescence quenching has been widely explored, fluorescence-based real-time detection and identification of illicit drug vapors remains a challenge. Here, we report two perylene diimide-based sensing materials, P1 and P2, incorporating 2,2-dihexyloctanyl chains and 4-[tris(4-{tert-butyl}phenyl)methyl]phenyl moieties at the imide positions, respectively. Quartz crystal microbalance with in situ photoluminescence measurements showed that N-methylphenethylamine, a simulant of methamphetamine (MA), diffused into films of P1 and P2 via Fickian and case-II mechanisms, respectively. The difference in the analyte diffusion mechanism led to P2 showing significantly faster luminescence quenching but slower luminescence recovery compared to P1. Finally, the different diffusion mechanisms were used as the basis for developing a simple sensor array based on P1 and P2 that could selectively detect free-base illicit drugs (MA, cocaine, and tetrahydrocannabinol) from potential interferants (organic amines, alcohol, and cosmetics) within 40 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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7
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Chen M, Chu R, Kistemaker JCM, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Perylene Diimide Based Fluorescent Sensors for Drug Simulant Detection: The Effect of Alkyl-Chain Branching on Film Morphology, Exciton Diffusion, Vapor Diffusion, and Sensing Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56386-56396. [PMID: 37982219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence-based sensing has been demonstrated to be a powerful method for rapid trace detection of chemical vapors (analytes). Analyte diffusion has been shown to be the critical factor for real-time luminescence-based detection of explosive analytes via photoinduced electron transfer in amorphous films of conjugated polymers and dendrimers. However, similar studies to determine the critical factors for sensing have not been performed on materials that employ photoinduced hole transfer (PHT) to detect low electron affinity analytes such as illicit drugs. Nor have such studies been performed on semicrystalline sensing films. We have developed a family of perylene diimide-based sensing materials capable of undergoing PHT with amine-group containing analytes. It was found that the choice of branched alkyl chain [1-hexylheptyl (PHH), 2-hexyloctyl (PHO), or 2,2-dihexyloctyl (PDHO)] attached to the nitrogen atoms of the imide moiety strongly affected the solution-processed film morphology. PHH and PHO were found to contain crystalline phases, whereas PDHO was essentially amorphous. The degree of crystallinity strongly influenced exciton diffusion, with PHH and PHO exhibiting exciton diffusion coefficients that were 20× and 10× greater than the value of the amorphous PDHO. The degree of film crystallinity was also found to be critical when the films were applied to detect N-methylphenethylamine (MPEA), a simulant of methamphetamine. While PHH had the largest exciton diffusion coefficient [(1.0 ± 0.2) × 10-2 cm2 s-1] and analyte uptake (12.3 ± 1.8 ng) it showed the smallest quenching efficiency (2.6% ng-1). In contrast, PHO, which sorbed the least analyte (6.1 ± 0.4 ng) of the three compounds, had the largest quenching efficiency (7.1% ng-1) due to its molecular packing and hence exciton diffusion coefficient [(4.5 ± 1.4) × 10-3 cm2 s-1] not being affected by sorption of the analyte. These results show that when applying fluorescent films in practical detection scenarios there is a potential trade-off between a high exciton diffusion constant and analyte diffusion for semicrystalline sensing materials and that a high exciton diffusion coefficient in an as-cast film does not necessarily translate into a more efficient fluorescent quenching. The results also show that sensing materials that form semicrystalline films, whose packing is not disrupted by analyte diffusion, provide a route for overcoming these effects and achieving high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jos C M Kistemaker
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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Ogugu EB, Gillanders RN, Mohammed S, Turnbull GA. Thermal control of organic semiconductors for trace detection of explosives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29548-29555. [PMID: 37905793 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02868b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors can be applied as ultra-sensitive fluorescent sensors for detecting trace vapours of explosives. The detection of explosives is manifest by the fluorescence quenching of the sensors. However, for many organic fluorescent sensors, the fluorescence quenching is irreversible and imposes a limitation in terms of reusability. Here we present a study of the thermal control of thin-film fluorescent sensors made from the commercial fluorescent polymer Super Yellow (SY). Thermal control of the sensor's temperature results in the desorption of the absorbed analytes, nitroaromatic explosives (2,4-DNT and DNB), and a taggant molecule (DMDNB). The amount of photoluminescence (PL) quenching and the desorption temperature of analytes provides a route to discriminate between the analytes, and additonally make the SY sensors reusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Ogugu
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Ross N Gillanders
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Salam Mohammed
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
- Swedish EOD and Demining Centre-SWEDEC, Swedish Armed Forces, SE-575 28 Eksjö, Sweden
| | - Graham A Turnbull
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
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9
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Fan S, Loch AS, Vongsanga K, Dennison GH, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Differentiating Between V- and G-Series Nerve Agent and Simulant Vapours Using Fluorescent Film Responses. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301048. [PMID: 37932024 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In-field rapid and reliable identification of nerve agents is critical for the protection of Defence and National Security personnel as well as communities. Fluorescence-based detectors can be portable and provide rapid detection of chemical threats. However, most current approaches cannot differentiate between dilute vapors of nerve agent classes and are susceptible to false positives due to the presence of common acids. Here a fluorescence-based method is shown for rapid differentiation between the V-series and phosphonofluoridate G-series nerve agents and avoids false positives due to common acids. Differentiation is achieved through harnessing two different mechanisms. Detection of the V-series is achieved using photoinduced hole transfer whereby the fluorescence of the sensing material is quenched in the presence of the V-series agent. The G-series is detected using a turn-on mechanism in which a silylated excited state intramolecular proton transfer sensing molecule is selectively deprotected by hydrogen fluoride, which is typically found as a contaminant and/or breakdown product in G-series agents such as sarin. The strategy provided discrimination between classes, as the sensor for the G-series agent class is insensitive to the V-series agent, and vice versa, and neither responded to common acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alex S Loch
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kylie Vongsanga
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Electro Optic Sensing and Electromagnetic Warfare, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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10
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Mohammed MS, Kovalev IS, Slovesnova NV, Sadieva LK, Platonov VA, Novikov AS, Santra S, Morozova JE, Zyryanov GV, Charushin VN, Ranu BC. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)-Based Aza-POPOPs: Synthesis, Photophysical Studies, and Nitroanalyte Sensing Abilities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10084. [PMID: 37373234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
1,4-Bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)benzene (POPOP) is a common scintillation fluorescent laser dye. In this manuscript, the synthesis of 2-Ar-5-(4-(4-Ar'-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (Ar, Ar' = Ph, naphtalenyl-2, pyrenyl-1, triphenilenyl-2), as PAH-based aza-analogues of POPOP, by means of Cu-catalyzed click reaction between 2-(4-azidophenyl)-5-Ar-1,3,4-oxadiazole and terminal ethynyl-substituted PAHs is reported. An investigation of the photophysical properties of the obtained products was carried out, and their sensory response to nitroanalytes was evaluated. In the case of pyrenyl-1-substituted aza-POPOP, dramatic fluorescence quenching by nitroanalytes was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Mohammed
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor S Kovalev
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Natalya V Slovesnova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Ural Medical University, 3, Repina St., 620028 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Leila K Sadieva
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620137 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vadim A Platonov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Research Institute of Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Julia E Morozova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Grigory V Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620137 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620137 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Brindaban C Ranu
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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11
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Chen M, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Luminescence-based detection and identification of illicit drugs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13244-13259. [PMID: 37144605 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00524k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence-based sensing is capable of being used for the sensitive, rapid, and in some cases selective detection of chemicals. Furthermore, the method is amenable to incorporation into handheld low-power portable detectors that can be used in the field. Luminescence-based detectors are now commercially available for explosive detection with the technology built on a strong foundation of science. In contrast, there are fewer examples of luminescence-based detection of illicit drugs, despite the pervasive and global challenge of combating their manufacture, distribution and consumption and the need for handheld detection systems. This perspective describes the relatively nascent steps that have been reported in the use of luminescent materials for the detection of illicit drugs. Much of the published work has focused on detection of illicit drugs in solution with less work on vapour detection using thin luminescent sensing films. The latter are better suited for handheld sensing devices and detection in the field. Illicit drug detection has been achieved via different mechanisms, all of which change the luminescence of the sensing material. These include photoinduced hole transfer (PHT) leading to quenching of the luminescence, disruption of Förster energy transfer between different chromophores by a drug, and chemical reaction between the sensing material and a drug. The most promising of these is PHT, which can be used for rapid and reversible detection of illicit drugs in solution and film-based sensing of drugs in the vapour phase. However, there are still significant knowledge gaps, for example, how vapours of illicit drugs interact with the sensing films, and how to achieve selectivity for specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - P L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - P E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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12
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Random Copolymers of Styrene with Pendant Fluorophore Moieties: Synthesis and Applications as Fluorescence Sensors for Nitroaromatics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206957. [PMID: 36296548 PMCID: PMC9612241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five random copolymers comprising styrene and styrene with pendant fluorophore moieties, namely pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylamine, in molar ratios of 10:1, were synthesized and employed as fluorescent sensors. Their photophysical properties were investigated using absorption and emission spectral analyses in dichloromethane solution and in solid state. All copolymers possessed relative quantum yields up to 0.3 in solution and absolute quantum yields up to 0.93 in solid state, depending on their fluorophore components. Fluorescence studies showed that the emission of these copolymers is highly sensitive towards various nitroaromatic compounds, both in solution and in the vapor phase. The detection limits of these fluorophores for nitroaromatic compounds in dichloromethane solution proved to be in the range of 10−6 to 10−7 mol/L. The sensor materials for new hand-made sniffers based on these fluorophores were prepared by electrospinning and applied for the reliable detection of nitrobenzene vapors at 1 ppm in less than 5 min.
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13
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Expanding the Knowledge of the Selective-Sensing Mechanism of Nitro Compounds by Luminescent Terbium Metal-Organic Frameworks through Multiconfigurational ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7040-7050. [PMID: 36154179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current research shows that the excited-state dynamics of the antenna ligand, both in the interacting system sensor/analyte and in the sensor without analyte, is a safe tool for elucidating the detection principle of the luminescent lanthanide-based metal-organic framework sensors. In this report the detection principle of the luminescence quenching mechanism in two Tb-based MOFs sensors is elucidated. The first system is a luminescent Tb-MOF [Tb(BTTA)1.5(H2O)4.5]n (H2BTTA = 2,5-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) terephthalic acid) selective to nitrobenzene (NB), labeled as Tb-1. The second system is {[Tb(DPYT)(BPDC)1/2(NO3)]·H2O}n (DPYT = 2,5-di(pyridin-4-yl) terephthalic acid, BPDC = biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid), reported as a selective chemical sensor to nitromethane (NM) in situ, labeled as Tb-2. The luminescence quenching of the MOFs is promoted by intermolecular interactions with the analytes that induce destabilization of the T1 electronic state of the linker "antenna", altering thus the sensitization pathways of the Tb atoms. This study demonstrates the value of host-guest interaction simulations and the rate constants of the radiative and nonradiative processes in understanding and elucidating the sensing mechanism in Ln-MOF sensors.
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14
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Computational design of a nanoconjugate model of pyrene-linked CdTe quantum dot for the detection of trinitrotoluene. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Influence of Air Flow on Luminescence Quenching in Polymer Films towards Explosives Detection Using Drones. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030483. [PMID: 35160472 PMCID: PMC8839006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosive detection has become an increased priority in recent years for homeland security and counter-terrorism applications. Although drones may not be able to pinpoint the exact location of the landmines and explosives, the identification of the explosive vapor present in the surrounding air provides significant information and comfort to the personnel and explosives removal equipment operators. Several optical methods, such as the luminescence quenching of fluorescent polymers, have been used for explosive detection. In order to utilize sensing technique via unmanned vehicles or drones, it is very important to study how the air flow affects the luminescence quenching. We investigated the effects of air flow on the quenching efficiency of Poly(2,5-di(2′-ethylhexyl)-1,4-ethynylene) (PEE) by TNT molecules. We treated the TNT molecules incorporated into the polymer film as non-radiative recombination centers, and found that the time derivative of the non-radiative recombination rates was greater with faster air flows. Our investigations show that relatively high air flow into an optical sensing part is crucial to achieving fast PL quenching. We also found that a “continuous light excitation” condition during the exposure of TNT vapor greatly influences the PL quenching.
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16
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Asad M, Wang YJ, Wang S, Dong QG, Li LK, Majeed S, Wang QY, Zang SQ. Hydrazone connected stable luminescent covalent-organic polymer for ultrafast detection of nitro-explosives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39270-39277. [PMID: 35492474 PMCID: PMC9044423 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing promising luminescent probes for the selective sensing of nitro-explosives remains a challenging issue. Porous luminescent covalent–organic polymers are one of the excellent sensing probes for trace hazardous materials. Herein, fluorescent monomers 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-formyl-(1,1′-biphenyl))ethane (TFBE) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid trihydrazide (BTCH) were selected to build a novel hydrazone connected stable luminescent covalent–organic polymer (H-COP) of high stability by typical Schiff-base reaction. The N2 sorption study, BET surface area analysis, and TGA profile indicate the porosity and stability of this H-COP material. Such properties of the H-COP material enable a unique sensing platform for nitro-explosives with great sensitivity (Ksv ∼ 106 M) and selectivity up to μM. This polymer material shows attractive selectivity and sensitivity towards phenolic nitro-explosives and other common explosives among earlier reported COP-based sensors. A novel H-COP was synthesized through Schiff-base condensation reaction, which shows high sensitivity (Ksv ∼ 106 M−1) and selectivity (μM level) towards nitro-explosives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Qing-Guo Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Lin-Ke Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Saadat Majeed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan
| | - Qian-You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
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17
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Campbell IA, Turnbull GA. A kinetic model of thin-film fluorescent sensors for strategies to enhance chemical selectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10791-10798. [PMID: 33913452 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00835h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin film chemical sensors are widely used in environmental and industrial applications due to their scalable fabrication and high sensitivity, however they often suffer from low specificity limiting their ability to discriminate between analytes. In this paper we analyse the influence of molecular diffusion and binding interactions on the optical response of thin film fluorescent chemical sensors. We use a computational model to calculate the dynamics of fluorescence quenching due to sorption and desorption of analyte molecules, and compare this with experimental measurements of a conjugated polymer sensor for nitroaromatic vapour. We find that to increase selectivity, such sensors should use thinner films, analyses should concentrate on the recovery dynamics, and sensor materials should be chosen to provide sensor-analyte combinations where diffusion is hindered by strong sensor-analyte binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Campbell
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland.
| | - Graham A Turnbull
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland.
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18
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Chen Y. Recent progress in natural product-based inhibitor screening with enzymatic fluorescent probes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1778-1787. [PMID: 33885636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery is a complex process in which many challenges need to be overcome, from the discovery of a drug candidate to ensuring the efficacy and safety of the candidate in humans. Modern analytical methods allow tens of thousands of drug candidates to be screened for their inhibition of specific enzymes or receptors. In recent years, fluorescent probes have been used for the detection and diagnosis of human pathogens as well as high-throughput screening. This review focuses on recent progress in organic small-molecule based enzyme-activated fluorescent probes for screening of inhibitors from natural products. The contents include the construction of fluorescent probes, working mechanism and the process of inhibitor screening. The progress suggests that fluorescent probes are a vital and rapidly growing technology for inhibitor screening of enzymes, in particular, inhibitor screening in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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19
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Acid is a potential interferent in fluorescent sensing of chemical warfare agent vapors. Commun Chem 2021; 4:45. [PMID: 36697578 PMCID: PMC9814523 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of fluorescent sensing materials for detecting chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and simulants is the presence of nitrogen-based groups designed to nucleophilically displace a phosphorus atom substituent, with the reaction causing a measurable fluorescence change. However, such groups are also basic and so sensitive to acid. In this study we show it is critical to disentangle the response of a candidate sensing material to acid and CWA simulant. We report that pyridyl-containing sensing materials designed to react with a CWA gave a strong and rapid increase in fluorescence when exposed to Sarin, which is known to contain hydrofluoric acid. However, when tested against acid-free diethylchlorophosphate and di-iso-propylfluorophosphate, simulants typically used for evaluating novel G-series CWA sensors, there was no change in the fluorescence. In contrast, simulants that had been stored or tested under a standard laboratory conditions all led to strong changes in fluorescence, due to acid impurities. Thus the results provide strong evidence that care needs to be taken when interpreting the results of fluorescence-based solid-state sensing studies of G-series CWAs and their simulants. There are also implications for the application of these pyridyl-based fluorescence and other nucleophilic/basic sensing systems to real-world CWA detection.
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20
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de Souza JM, Abdiaj I, Chen J, Hanson K, de Oliveira KT, McQuade DT. Synthesis of multi-substituted pyridines from ylidenemalononitriles and their emission properties. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1991-1999. [PMID: 33575693 PMCID: PMC7986046 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous methodologies to obtain pyridines from ylidenemalononitriles are described in the literature. Nevertheless, they are limited to the use of microwave or conventional heat and few lead to 2,3,4 or 2,3,4,5-substituted pyridines as multi-proposal molecular scaffolds or even universal pyridines. Herein, we present a mild and facile solvent-free methodology to obtain a scope of multi-substituted pyridines at room temperature. We also report an example where one of the resulting amino-nicotinonitriles exhibits a preliminary evidence of aggregation-induced emission (AIE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M de Souza
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA. and Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Irini Abdiaj
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA.
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21
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Co-Bonded Hybrid Thermoplastic-Thermoset Composite Interphase: Process-Microstructure-Property Correlation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020291. [PMID: 33429962 PMCID: PMC7827092 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Co-bonding is an effective joining method for fiber-reinforced composites in which a prefabricated part bonds with a thermoset resin during the curing process. Manufacturing of co-bonded thermoset-thermoplastic hybrid composites is a challenging task due to the complexities of the interdiffusion of reactive thermoset resin and thermoplastic polymer at the interface between two plies. Herein, the interphase properties of co-bonded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic to unsaturated polyester thermoset are investigated for different processing conditions. The effect of processing temperature on the cure kinetics and interdiffusion kinetics are studied experimentally. The interphase thickness and microstructure are linked to the chemo-rheological properties of the materials. The interdiffusion mechanisms are explored and models are developed to predict the interphase thickness and microstructure for various process conditions. The temperature-dependent diffusivities were estimated by incorporating an inverse diffusion model. The mechanical response of interphases was analyzed by the Vickers microhardness test and was correlated to the processing condition and microstructure. It was observed that processing temperature has significant effect on the interdiffusion process and, consequently, on the interphase thickness, its microstructure and mechanical performance.
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22
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Glackin JME, Gillanders RN, Eriksson F, Fjällgren M, Engblom J, Mohammed S, Samuel IDW, Turnbull GA. Explosives detection by swabbing for improvised explosive devices. Analyst 2021; 145:7956-7963. [PMID: 33034590 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Swabs taken from the surface of a suspicious object are a standard method of identifying a concealed explosive device in security-conscious locations like airports. In this paper we demonstrate a sensitive method to collect and detect trace explosive residues from improvised explosive devices using swabs and an optical sensor element. Swabs coated with a commercial fluoropolymer are used to collect material and are subsequently heated to thermally desorb the explosives, causing the quenching of light emission from a thin film luminescent sensor. We report the sorption and desorption characteristics of swabs loaded with 2,4-DNT tested with Super Yellow fluorescent sensors in a laboratory setting, with detection that is up to three orders of magnitude more sensitive than standard colorimetric tests. The method was then applied in field tests with raw military-grade explosives TNT, PETN and RDX, on various objects containing the explosives, and post-blast craters. We show for the first time results using organic semiconductors to detect sub-milligram amounts of explosive sorbed onto a substrate from real explosives in the field, giving a promising new approach for IED detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M E Glackin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, Scotland.
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23
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Monfared Zanjani JS, Baran I, Akkerman R. Characterization of interdiffusion mechanisms during co-bonding of unsaturated polyester resin to thermoplastics with different thermodynamic affinities. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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de Souza JM, Abdiaj I, Chen J, Hanson K, de Oliveira KT, McQuade DT. Increasing Scope of Clickable Fluorophores: Electrophilic Substitution of Ylidenemalononitriles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11822-11834. [PMID: 32815730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that ylidenemalononitriles (YMs) react with amines to form cyclic amidines and that the starting linear YMs are nonemissive in solution and the cyclic amidines are fluorescent. These turn-on systems were of interest to us because of their potential as biosensors and synthons for accessing functionalized pyridines. While our original method was promising, several limitations persisted, including access to more functionalized and polar-solvent-soluble structures as well as increased control over the rate of cyclization. Herein, we report a new approach that allows the electrophilic substitution of YMs. These substituted YMs exhibit faster turn-on rates, color tunability, access to polar-solvent-soluble species, and increased control over cyclization rate. This allowed us to significantly expand the fluorophore's chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M de Souza
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States.,Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Irini Abdiaj
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
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25
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:670-700. [PMID: 33385149 PMCID: PMC7770463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature for the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues from 2016-2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/Resources/Documents#Publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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26
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Fan S, Zhang G, Dennison GH, FitzGerald N, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid-State Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905785. [PMID: 31692155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP)-based nerve agents are extremely toxic and potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and recent attacks involving nerve agents highlight the need for fast detection and intervention. Fluorescence-based detection, where the sensing material undergoes a chemical reaction with the agent causing a measurable change in the luminescence, is one method for sensing and identifying nerve agents. Most studies use the simulants diethylchlorophosphate and di-iso-propylfluorophosphate to evaluate the performance of sensors due to their reduced toxicity relative to OP nerve agents. While detection of nerve agent simulants in solution is relatively widely reported, there are fewer reports on vapor detection using solid-state sensors. Herein, progress in organic semiconductor sensing materials developed for solid-state detection of OP-based nerve agent vapors is reviewed. The effect of acid impurities arising from the hydrolysis of simulants and nerve agents on the efficacy and selectivity of the reported sensing materials is also discussed. Indeed, in some cases it is unclear whether it is the simulant that is detected or the acid hydrolysis products. Finally, it is highlighted that while analyte diffusion into the sensing film is critical in the design of fast, responsive sensing systems, it is an area that is currently not well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Nicholas FitzGerald
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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27
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Loch AS, Stoltzfus DM, Burn PL, Shaw PE. High-Sensitivity Poly(dendrimer)-Based Sensors for the Detection of Explosives and Taggant Vapors. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Loch
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dani M. Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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28
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Kim D, Hahm D, Kwon S, Lim J, Char K. Controlled Phase Separation in Poly( p-phenyleneethynylene) Thin Films and Its Relationship to Vapor-Sensing Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4011-4019. [PMID: 30779580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis and mesoporous film formation of hydrophobic rodlike poly( p-phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) and present porosity-dependent quenching studies using 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapors. Nonsolvent vapor-induced phase separation was used to induce pore formation during film casting, and the concentration of PPEs in the casting solution was controlled carefully to prevent excimer formation. We found that the structures of the sidechains of the PPEs strongly influence the range of relative humidity at which controlled pore generation occurs, which could be rationalized from interfacial energies calculated from contact angle measurements. Porosity of the PPE films resulted in increased efficiency of fluorescence quenching toward TNT vapors, which previously required very thin films (below 5 nm) for sensing applications. The control of the porous structure as well as film thickness constitutes a promising strategy for enhancing the efficiency of chemosensors and in more general applications requiring fine-tuned polymer-gas interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowan Kim
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, School of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Donghyo Hahm
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, School of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Soonhyoung Kwon
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, School of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry , Kyung Hee University , 26 Kyungheedae-ro , Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447 , Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, School of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
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Fan S, Lai J, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Solid-State Fluorescence-based Sensing of TATP via Hydrogen Peroxide Detection. ACS Sens 2019; 4:134-142. [PMID: 30624896 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fluorenylboronate ester chromophore-based thin films were investigated for the detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) vapors via the decomposition product, hydrogen peroxide. Sensing with a high level of sensitivity was achieved using a fluorescence "turn-on" mechanism based on the significant shifts in the absorption and photoluminescence spectra that occurs when the boronate esters were converted to phenoxides by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions. The addition of an organic base was found to be critical for achieving fast conversion reactions and the formation of the phenoxide anions. Addition of a nitrile group to the fluorenyl boronate ester moiety improved the stability of the material to photooxidation, increased the photoluminescence quantum yields, and enhanced the absorption and emission shifts to longer wavelengths. In real-time sensing measurements, films comprising the cyanofluorenyl boronate ester moiety and tetra- n-butylammonium hydroxide had a response time to acid-decomposed TATP vapor of seconds and a limit of detection of 40 ppb in 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Fan S, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Sensitive and fast fluorescence-based indirect sensing of TATP. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7032-7042. [PMID: 35518488 PMCID: PMC9061106 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of TATP vapours via the decomposition product, hydrogen peroxide, was achieved using a fluorescence “turn-on” mechanism through conversion of boronate esters to phenoxides under basic conditions in solid-state films. High sensitivity was achieved with two new fluorenylboronate esters comprising either 2,4-difluorophenyl or 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituents. The key to the sensitivity was the fact that the phenoxide anion products from the hydrogen peroxide oxidation absorbed at longer wavelengths than the starting boronate esters. Selective excitation of the phenoxide anions avoided the background fluorescence from the corresponding boronate esters. The use of the electron withdrawing substituents also led to greater photostability. The derivative containing the 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety was found to give the most stable phenoxide, and demonstrated fast fluorescence “turn-on” kinetics with a lower limit of detection of ≈2.5 ppb in 60 s. We report fast and sensitive fluorescence “turn-on” sensing of TATP via hydrogen peroxide detection using fluorinated fluorenylboronate ester derivatives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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31
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Zhao Z, Zhang F, Zhang Z. A facile fluorescent "turn-off" method for sensing paraquat based on pyranine-paraquat interaction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 199:96-101. [PMID: 29573700 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of a technically simple yet effective method for paraquat (PQ) detection is of great importance due to its high clinical and environmental relevance. In this study, we developed a pyranine-based fluorescent "turn-off" method for PQ sensing based on pyranine-PQ interaction. We investigated the dependence of analytical performance of this method on the experimental conditions, such as the ion strength, medium pH, and so on. Under the optimized conditions, the method is sensitive and selective, and could be used for PQ detection in real-world sample. This study essentially provides a readily accessible fluorescent system for PQ sensing which is cheap, robust, and technically simple, and it is envisaged to find more interesting clinical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzhi Zhao
- Anhui Medical University, School of Basic Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fengwei Zhang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Life Science, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zipin Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hefei 230012, China.
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32
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Dong W, Fei T, Scherf U. Conjugated polymers containing tetraphenylethylene in the backbones and side-chains for highly sensitive TNT detection. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5760-5767. [PMID: 35539570 PMCID: PMC9078185 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel polytriphenylamines derivatives PTPA1-TPE and PTPA2-TPE with TPE as side groups and bis(tert-butyl)-TPE in the backbones have been successfully synthesized via Yamamoto-type coupling under microwave heating. The incorporation of TPE units in the backbones and side-chains endows the polymers with a distinct AIE effect and high fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state. Meanwhile, nitroaromatic explosive detection based on dispersed, electron-rich PTPA1-TPE and PTPA2-TPE nanoaggregates in THF/water was carried out. Both of them show high sensitivity towards the TNT analyte, with a maximum Stern-Volmer quenching constant K sv of up to 8.3 × 104 M-1. In addition, the paper strip test demonstrates the promising practical application of the polymers as solid state sensors towards PL-based nitroaromatic explosive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro), Institute for Polymer Technology Gauss-Str. 20 D-42097 Wuppertal Germany
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