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Mahajan H, Patel HS, Ray D, Aswal VK, Sharma RK, Tandel H. Mixed Pluronic/lecithin micelles formulation for oral bioavailability of candesartan cilexetil drug: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic investigations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:23-35. [PMID: 38079333 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2293122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a mixed polymeric micelle formulation incorporating candesartan cilexetil (CAND) drug to enhance its oral bioavailability for the better treatment of hypertension. METHODS A Box-Behnken design was utilized to optimize the CAND-incorporated mixed polymeric micelles formulation (CAND-PFLC) consisting of Pluronics (P123 and F68) and lecithin (LC). The optimized CAND-PFLC micelles formulation was characterized for size, shape, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (%EE). An in vitro release study, ex vivo permeability investigation, and an in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis were carried out to evaluate the performance of the formulation. RESULTS The optimized CAND-PFLC micelles formulation demonstrated a spherical shape, a particle size of 44 ± 2.03 nm, a zeta potential of -7.07 ± 1.39 mV, a PDI of 0.326 ± 0.06, and an entrapment efficiency of 87 ± 3.12%. The formulation exhibited excellent compatibility, better stability, and a noncrystalline nature. An in vitro release study revealed a faster drug release of 7.98% at gastric pH in 2 hrs and 94.45% at intestinal pH within 24 hrs. The ex vivo investigation demonstrated a significantly enhanced permeability of CAND, with 94.86% in the micelle formulation compared to 9.03% of the pure drug. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis showed a 4.11-fold increase in oral bioavailability of CAND compared to the marketed formulation. CONCLUSION The CAND-PFLC mixed micelle formulation demonstrated improved performance compared to pure CAND, indicating its potential as a promising oral drug delivery system for the effective treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homraj Mahajan
- Deartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemil S Patel
- Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Debes Ray
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh K Sharma
- Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemal Tandel
- Deartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Mateos-Maroto A, E F Rubio J, Prévost S, Maestro A, Rubio RG, Ortega F, Guzmán E. Probing the effect of the capping polyelectrolyte on the internal structure of Layer-by-Layer decorated nanoliposomes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:220-229. [PMID: 36863179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The internal organization of polyelectrolyte layers deposited on colloidal templates plays a very important role for the potential applications of these systems as capsules for drug delivery purposes. EXPERIMENTS The mutual arrangement of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte layers upon their deposition on positively charged liposomes has been studied by combining up three different scattering techniques and Electronic Spin Resonance, which has provided information about the inter-layer interactions and their effect on the final structure of the capsules. FINDINGS The sequential deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on the external leaflet of positively charged liposomes allows modulating the organization of the obtained supramolecular structures, impacting the packing and rigidity of the obtained capsules due to the change of the ionic cross-linking of the multi-layered film as a result of the specific charge of the last deposited layer. The possibility to modulate the properties of the LbL capsules by tuning the characteristics of the last deposited layers offers a very interesting route for the design of materials for encapsulation purposes with their properties controlled almost at will by changing the number of deposited layers and their chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mateos-Maroto
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - José E F Rubio
- Centro de Espectroscopía y Correlación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Armando Maestro
- Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018-San, Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009-Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ramón G Rubio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Materia Condensada. Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Materia Condensada. Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Patel HS, Shaikh SJ, Ray D, Aswal VK, Vaidya F, Pathak C, Varade D, Rahdar A, Sharma RK. Structural transitions in mixed Phosphatidylcholine/Pluronic micellar systems and their in vitro therapeutic evaluation for poorly water-soluble drug. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Calori IR, Pinheiro L, Braga G, de Morais FAP, Caetano W, Tedesco AC, Hioka N. Interaction of triblock copolymers (Pluronic®) with DMPC vesicles: a photophysical and computational study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 275:121178. [PMID: 35366523 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pluronic/lipid mix promises stealth liposomes with long circulation time and long-term stability for pharmaceutical applications. However, the influence of Pluronics on several aspects of lipid membranes has not been fully elucidated. Herein it was described the effect of Pluronics on the structured water, alkyl chain conformation, and kinetic stability of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes using interfacial and deeper fluorescent probes along with computational molecular modeling data. Interfacial water changed as a function of Pluronics' hydrophobicity with polypropylene oxide (PPO) anchoring the copolymers in the lipid bilayer. Pluronics with more than 30-40 PO units had facilitated penetration at the bilayer while shorter PPO favored a more interfacial interaction. Low Pluronic concentrations provided long-term stability of vesicles by steric effects of polyethylene oxide (PEO), but high amounts destabilized the vesicles as a sum of water-bridge cleavage at the polar head group and the reduced alkyl-alkyl interactions among the lipids. The high kinetic stability of Pluronic/DMPC vesicles is a proof-of-concept of its advantages and applicability in nanotechnology over conventional liposome-based pharmaceutical products for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Lukas Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná 97020-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná 97020-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Amanda Pedroso de Morais
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná 97020-900, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná 97020-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Maringá, Paraná 97020-900, Brazil
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Das M, Joshi A, Devkar R, Seshadri S, Thakore S. Vitamin-H Channeled Self-Therapeutic P-gp Inhibitor Curcumin-Derived Nanomicelles for Targeting the Tumor Milieu by pH- and Enzyme-Triggered Hierarchical Disassembly. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:369-385. [PMID: 35015523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An effective nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery to cancer cells primarily faces limitations like the presence of successive drug delivery barriers, insufficient circulation time, drug leakage, and decreased tumor penetration capacity. With the aim of addressing this paradox, a self-therapeutic, curcumin-derived copolymer was synthesized by conjugation with PEGylated biotin via enzyme- and acid-labile ester and acetal linkages. This copolymer is a prodrug of curcumin and self-assembles into ∼150-200 nm-sized nanomicelles; it is capable of encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) and hence can be designated as self-therapeutic. pH- and enzyme-responsive linkages in the polymer skeleton assist in its hierarchical disassembly only in the tumor microenvironment. Further, the conjugation of biotin and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) imparts features of tumor specificity and improved circulation times to the nanocarrier. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis supports this claim and demonstrates rapid swelling and disruption of micelles under acidic pH. UV-vis spectroscopy provided evidence of an accelerated acetal degradation at pH 4.0 and 5.0. The in vitro release studies revealed a controlled release of DOX under acidic conditions and curcumin release in response to the enzyme. The value of the combination index calculated on HepG2 cells was found to be <1, and hence, the drug pair curcumin and DOX acts synergistically for tumor regression. To prove the efficiency of acid-labile linkages and the prodrug strategy for effective cancer therapy, curcumin-derived polymers devoid of sensitive linkages were also prepared. The prodrug stimuli-responsive nanomicelles showed enhanced cell cytotoxicity and tumor penetration capability on HepG2 cells as well as drug-resistant MCF-7 cell lines and no effect on normal NIH/3T3 fibroblasts as compared to the nonresponsive micelles. The results were also supported by in vivo evidence on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced nude mice model. An evident decrease in MMP-2, MMP-9, and α-fetoprotein (AFP), the biomarkers specific to tumor progression, was observed along with metastasis upon treatment with the drug-loaded dual-responsive nanomicelles. These observations corroborated with the SGOT and SGPT data as well as the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India
| | - Apeksha Joshi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India
| | - Ranjitsinh Devkar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India
| | - Sriram Seshadri
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481, India
| | - Sonal Thakore
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India
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Patel D, Ray D, Tiwari S, Kuperkar K, Aswal VK, Bahadur P. SDS triggered transformation of highly hydrophobic Pluronics® nanoaggregate into polymer-rich and surfactant-rich mixed micelles. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yu J, Qiu H, Yin S, Wang H, Li Y. Polymeric Drug Delivery System Based on Pluronics for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2021; 26:3610. [PMID: 34204668 PMCID: PMC8231161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluronic polymers (pluronics) are a unique class of synthetic triblock copolymers containing hydrophobic polypropylene oxide (PPO) and hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) arranged in the PEO-PPO-PEO manner. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and amphiphilic properties, pluronics are an ideal and promising biological material, which is widely used in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and treatment, among other applications. Through self-assembly or in combination with other materials, pluronics can form nano carriers with different morphologies, representing a kind of multifunctional pharmaceutical excipients. In recent years, the utilization of pluronic-based multi-functional drug carriers in tumor treatment has become widespread, and various responsive drug carriers are designed according to the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, resulting in major progress in tumor therapy. This review introduces the specific role of pluronic-based polymer drug delivery systems in tumor therapy, focusing on their physical and chemical properties as well as the design aspects of pluronic polymers. Finally, using newer literature reports, this review provides insights into the future potential and challenges posed by different pluronic-based polymer drug delivery systems in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Yu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (J.Y.); (H.Q.); (S.Y.)
| | - Huayu Qiu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (J.Y.); (H.Q.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Materials Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (J.Y.); (H.Q.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hebin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741099, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (J.Y.); (H.Q.); (S.Y.)
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Singh Chauhan P, Abutbul Ionita I, Moshe Halamish H, Sosnik A, Danino D. Multidomain drug delivery systems of β-casein micelles for the local oral co-administration of antiretroviral combinations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 592:156-166. [PMID: 33652169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The antiretroviral (ARV) cocktailrevolved the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Drug combinations have been also tested to treat other infectious diseases, including the recentcoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. To simplify administration fixed-dose combinationshave been introduced, however, oral anti-HIV therapy still struggles with low oral bioavailability of many ARVs.This work investigated the co-encapsulation of two clinically relevant ARV combinations,tipranavir (TPV):efavirenz (EFV) anddarunavir (DRV):efavirenz (EFV):ritonavir (RTV),within the core of β-casein (bCN) micelles. Encapsulation efficiency in both systems was ~100%. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering of the ARV-loaded colloidaldispersions indicatefull preservation of the spherical morphology, and x-ray diffraction confirm that the encapsulated drugs are amorphous. To prolong the physicochemical stabilitythe formulations were freeze-driedwithout cryo/lyoprotectant, and successfully redispersed, with minor changes in morphology.Then, theARV-loaded micelles were encapsulated within microparticles of Eudragit® L100, which prevented enzymatic degradation and minimized drug release under gastric-like pH conditionsin vitro. At intestinal pH, the coating polymer dissolved and released the nanocarriers and content. Overall, our results confirm the promise of this flexible and modular technology platform for oral delivery of fixed dose combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakram Singh Chauhan
- CryoEM Laboratory of Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Inbal Abutbul Ionita
- CryoEM Laboratory of Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hen Moshe Halamish
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dganit Danino
- CryoEM Laboratory of Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515063, China.
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Calori IR, Caetano W, Tedesco AC, Hioka N. Determination of critical micelle temperature of Pluronic® in Pluronic/gel phase liposome mixtures using steady-state anisotropy. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Calori IR, Pazin WM, Brunaldi K, Pellosi DS, Caetano W, Tedesco AC, Hioka N. Laurdan as fluorescent probe to determinate the critical micelle temperature of polymers from Pluronic®-coated fluid phase liposomes. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chauhan PS, Kumarasamy M, Sosnik A, Danino D. Enhanced Thermostability and Anticancer Activity in Breast Cancer Cells of Laccase Immobilized on Pluronic-Stabilized Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39436-39448. [PMID: 31580644 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are multi-copper oxidase enzymes having widespread applications in various biotechnological fields. However, low stability of free enzymes restricts their industrial use. Development of effective methods to preserve and even increase the enzymatic activity is critical to maximize their use, though this remains a challenge. In the present study we immobilized Trametes versicolor laccase on pH-responsive (and charge-switchable) Pluronic-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPsTrp). Our results demonstrate that colloidal stabilization of AgNPsTrp with the amphiphilic copolymer Pluronic F127 enhances enzyme activity (AgNPsTrpF1 + Lac6) by changing the active site microenvironment, which is confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies reveal a facile strategy to improve the protein quality by lowering the activation energy and expanding the temperature window for substrate hydrolysis. The immobilized nanocomposite did not show any change in flow behavior which indirectly suggests that the enzyme stability is maintained, and the enzyme did not aggregate or unfold upon immobilization. Finally, assessing the anticancer efficacy of this nanocomposite in breast cancer MCF-7 cells shows the inhibition of cell proliferation through β-estradiol degradation and cells apoptosis. To understand the molecular mechanism involved in this process, semi qRT-PCR experiments were performed, which indicated significant decrease in the mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic genes, for example, BCL-2 and NF-kβ, and increase in the mRNA level of pro-apoptotic genes like p53 in treated cells, compared to control. Overall, this study offers a completely new strategy for tailoring nano-bio-interfaces with improved activity and stability of laccase.
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Rapid formation of Small Unilamellar Vesicles (SUV) through low-frequency sonication: An innovative approach. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:837-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Chen R, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic Processing Approach to Controlling Drug Delivery Properties of Curcumin-Loaded Block Copolymer Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4517-4528. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Matthew G. Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
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