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Yu J, Wang Y, Wei W, Wang X. A review on lipid inclusion in preterm formula: Characteristics, nutritional support, challenges, and future perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2025; 24:e70099. [PMID: 39898899 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Revised: 12/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
The lack of nutrient accumulation during the last trimester and the physiological immaturity at birth make nutrition for preterm infants a significant challenge. Lipids are essential for preterm infant growth, neurodevelopment, immune function, and intestinal health. However, the inclusion of novel lipids in preterm formulas has rarely been discussed. This study discusses specific lipid recommendations for preterm infants according to authoritative legislation based on their physiological characteristics. The gaps in lipid composition, such as fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and complex lipids, between preterm formulas and human milk have been summarized. The focus of this study is mainly on the vital roles of lipids in nutritional support, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, structural lipids, milk fat global membrane ingredients, and other minor components. These lipids have potential applications in preterm formulas for improving lipid absorption, regulating lipid metabolism, and protecting against intestinal inflammation. The lipidome and microbiome can be used to provide adequately powered evidence of the effects of lipids. This study proposes nutritional strategies for preterm infants and suggests approaches to enhance their lipid quality in preterm formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Baumgartel K. Breastfeeding Measurement - Teleological Considerations: Human Milk Collection for Research. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:356-362. [PMID: 38855832 DOI: 10.1177/08903344241254827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the evolution and composition of breast milk and briefly describe how mammalian evolution resulted in lactation, which played a crucial role in infant growth and development. We focus on three teleological factors that significantly contribute to breast milk composition: (1) biological sex at birth, (2) gestational age, and (3) circadian rhythms. We also explain how these factors lead to variability in human milk composition. We emphasize the importance of standardizing the definitions of "preterm" and "term" to accurately study the effects of gestational age on milk composition. Finally, we discuss the role of the circadian clock in regulating lactation and the impact of breast milk on fetal and infant sleep. Investigators may integrate these critical factors when designing a research study that involves the collection of breast milk samples. Teleological factors greatly influence milk composition, and these factors may be considered when designing a study that requires breast milk. We provide both the rationale and application of solutions to address these factors.
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3
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O'Sullivan A, Brady E, Lafferty L, O'Shea F, O'Regan Z, Meurs N, Baldini M, Gengatharan J, Metallo CM, Wallace M. Long chain monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid levels in human milk vary with gestational weight gain. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2024; 201:102607. [PMID: 38277883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is an important determinant of infant health and there is immense interest in understanding its metabolite composition so that key beneficial components can be identified. The aim of this research was to measure the fatty acid composition of human milk in an Irish cohort where we examined changes depending on lactation stage and gestational weight gain trajectory. Utilizing a chromatography approach optimal for isomer separation, we identified 44 individual fatty acid species via GCMS and showed that monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids(mmBCFA's), C15:0 and C16:1 are lower in women with excess gestational weight gain versus low gestational weight gain. To further explore the potential contribution of the activity of endogenous metabolic pathways to levels of these fatty acids in milk, we administered D2O to C57BL/6J dams fed a purified lard based high fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet during gestation and quantified the total and de novo synthesized levels of fatty acids in their milk. We found that de novo synthesis over three days can account for between 10 and 50 % of mmBCFAs in milk from dams on the low-fat diet dependent on the branched-chain fatty acid species. However, HFD fed mice had significantly decreased de novo synthesized fatty acids in milk resulting in lower total mmBCFAs and medium chain fatty acid levels. Overall, our findings highlight the diverse fatty acid composition of human milk and that human milk mmBCFA levels differ between gestational weight gain phenotypes. In addition, our data indicates that de novo synthesis contributes to mmBCFA levels in mice milk and thus may also be a contributory factor to mmBCFA levels in human milk. Given emerging data indicating mmBCFAs may be beneficial components of milk, this study contributes to our knowledge around the phenotypic factors that may impact their levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O'Sullivan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer Brady
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucy Lafferty
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Shea
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zoe O'Regan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Baldini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Jivani Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, 10010N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland.
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4
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Lu H, Wang Z, Cao B, Cong F, Wang X, Wei W. Dietary sources of branched-chain fatty acids and their biosynthesis, distribution, and nutritional properties. Food Chem 2024; 431:137158. [PMID: 37604010 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) consist of a wide variety of fatty acids with alkyl branching of methyl group. The most common BCFAs are the types with one methyl group (mmBCFA) on the penultimate carbon (iBCFA) or the antepenultimate carbon (aiBCFA). Long-chain mmBCFAs are widely existing in animal fats, milks and are mostly derived from bacteria in the diet or animal digestive system. Recent studies show that BCFAs benefit human intestinal health and immune homeostasis, but the connection between their content, distribution in the human and their nutritional functions are not well established. In this paper, we reviewed BCFAs from various dietary sources focused on their molecular species. The BCFAs biosynthesis in bacteria, Caenorhabditis elegans, mammals and their distribution in human tissues are summarized. This paper also discusses the nutritional properties of BCFAs including influences on intestinal health, immunoregulatory effects, anti-carcinoma, and anti-obesity activities, by highlighting the most recent research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center, Shanghai 200137, China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Fang Cong
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center, Shanghai 200137, China.
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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5
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Mao S, Liu Z, Tian Y, Li D, Gao X, Wen Y, Peng T, Shen W, Xiao D, Wan F, Liu L. Branched-Long-Chain Monomethyl Fatty Acids: Are They Hidden Gems? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18674-18684. [PMID: 37982580 PMCID: PMC10705331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Branched-long-chain monomethyl fatty acids (BLCFA) are consumed daily in significant amounts by humans in all stages of life. BLCFA are absorbed and metabolized in human intestinal epithelial cells and are not only oxidized for energy. Thus far, BLCFA have been revealed to possess versatile beneficial bioactivities, including cytotoxicity to cancer cells, anti-inflammation, lipid-lowering, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders, maintaining normal β cell function and insulin sensitivity, regulation of development, and mitigating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, compared to other well-studied dietary fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), BLCFA has received disproportionate attention despite their potential importance. Here we outlined the major food sources, estimated intake, absorption, and metabolism in human cells, and bioactive properties of BLCFA with a focus on the bioactive mechanisms to advocate for an increased commitment to BLCFA investigations. Humans were estimated to absorb 6-5000 mg of dietary BLCFA daily from fetus to adult. Notably, iso-15:0 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer, liver cancer and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas in rodent models at the effective doses of 35-105 mg/kg/day, 70 mg/kg/day, and 70 mg/kg/day, respectively. Feeding formula prepared with 20% w/w BLCFA mixture to neonatal rats with enterocolitis mitigated the intestine inflammation. Iso-15:0 at doses of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg relieved brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. In the future, it is crucial to conduct research to establish the epidemiology of BLCFA intake and their impacts on health outcomes in humans as well as to fully uncover the underlying mechanisms for their bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziling Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yanqiong Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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6
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Gozdzik P, Magkos F, Sledzinski T, Mika A. Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids: Health effects and biological mechanisms. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101226. [PMID: 37094753 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are a group of lipids that are widely present in various organisms; they take part in numerous biochemical processes and affect multiple signaling pathways. However, BCFA are not well explored in terms of their effects on human health. Recently, they have been gaining interest, especially in relation to various human diseases. This review describes the occurrence of BCFA, their dietary sources, their potential health effects, and the current state of knowledge concerning their mechanism(s) of action. Many studies have been conducted so far in cellular and animal models, which reveal potent anti-cancer, lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. Research in humans is scarce. Therefore, further studies on animals and humans should be performed to confirm and expand these findings, and improve our understanding of the potential relevance of BCFA to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gozdzik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Fan X, Yuan X, Huang M, Wang C, Jiang H, Zhang X, Sun H. Goat milk powder supplemented with branched-chain fatty acid: influence on quality and microstructure. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2631-2640. [PMID: 36494899 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) is effective in preventing and helping to treat neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. It is essential to supplement goat-milk powder for formula-fed preterm infants with BCFA. In this study, the quality and microstructures of milk powders supplemented with different concentrations of BCFA were evaluated, using goat milk powder without BCFA as the control group (CG). RESULTS In comparison with the CG, goat milk powder supplemented with BCFA exhibited smaller fat globules and a significant drop in overall particle size. During 16 weeks of storage, BCFA-supplemented groups showed suitable moisture content and viscosity and good solubility. The BCFA also helped reduce the number of folds on the surface of the milk powder particles. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that goat milk powders with BCFA exhibit differences in quality and microstructure in comparison with ordinary goat milk powder, which is relevant for the future development and application of BCFA in foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Class 13 Grade 2022, High School Attached To Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengyao Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Cunfang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Research and Development Department, Linyi Gerui Food Co., Ltd, Linyi, China
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8
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Yang X, Karrar E, Cong F, Lu H, Jin Q, Xu X, Huppertz T, Wei W, Wang X. Identification and quantification of branched-chain fatty acids and odd-chain fatty acids of mammalian milk, dairy products, and vegetable oils using GC/TOF-MS. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Jiang Q, Li T, Chen W, Huo Y, Mou X, Zhao W. Microbial regulation of offspring diseases mediated by maternal-associated microbial metabolites. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955297. [PMID: 36406399 PMCID: PMC9672376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota plays a crucial role in individuals’ early and long-term health. Previous studies indicated that the microbial regulation of health may start before birth. As the in utero environment is (nearly) sterile, the regulation is probably be originated from maternal microbiota and mediated by their metabolites transferred across the placenta. After the birth, various metabolites are continuously delivered to offspring through human milk feeding. Meanwhile, some components, for example, human milk oligosaccharides, in human milk can only be fermented by microbes, which brings beneficial effects on offspring health. Hence, we speculated that human milk-derived metabolites may also play roles in microbial regulation. However, reports between maternal-associated microbial metabolites and offspring diseases are still lacking and sparsely distributed in several fields. Also, the definition of the maternal-associated microbial metabolite is still unclear. Thus, it would be beneficial to comb through the current knowledge of these metabolites related to diseases for assisting our goals of early prediction, early diagnosis, early prevention, or early treatment through actions only on mothers. Therefore, this review aims to present studies showing how researchers came to the path of investigating these metabolites and then to present studies linking them to the development of offspring asthma, type 1 diabetes mellitus, food allergy, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, or autism spectrum disorder. Potential English articles were collected from PubMed by searching terms of disease(s), maternal, and a list of microbial metabolites. Articles published within 5 years were preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingru Jiang
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingfang Huo
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Mou
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Xiangyu Mou,
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjing Zhao,
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Ni M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xu X, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang L, Chen J. Profiles of total and sn-2 fatty acid of human mature milk and their correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926429. [PMID: 36071934 PMCID: PMC9441907 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) in breast milk is beneficial to the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. However, the structure profiles of breast milk FAs and the influencing factors which are crucial for normal function have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the profiles of total and sn-2 FAs in human mature milk based on two representative urban areas in China and explore potential sociodemographic determinants. Mothers (n = 70) at 40–100 d postpartum from Beijing and Danyang were recruited according to unified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total and sn-2 FA compositions were examined by gas chromatography and quantified. Using the Spearman correlation and multiple regression model, we found that the location and maternal education level were the most conspicuous correlated factor. The milk of mothers from Beijing had higher levels of the n-6 series of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA, LA/ALA, and ARA/DHA) than that of Danyang, while the opposite was observed in the n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA). Compared to the milk of mothers with a high school degree or below, those with a bachelor's degree or above had lower SFAs (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and Total SFA), n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA), C18:1n-9t, and higher n-6 series of LCPUFA (C18:2n-6c, C20:2, C20:4n-6, Total n-6PUFA, and n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA). Maternal age, infant gender, pre-conception body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, and gestational weight gain were also associated with total FAs. However, fewer associations were found between the above factors and sn-2 FAs. This study will promote an understanding of human breast milk's lipid profile and help develop a formula more suitable for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China
- CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute) Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuexin Yang
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lishi Zhang
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Jinyao Chen
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Zheng AR, Wei CK, Ni ZJ, Thakur K, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Gut modulatory effects of flaxseed derived Maillard reaction products in Sprague-Dawley rats during sub-chronic toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Li W, Jie L, Yu R, Jin Q, Jiang S, Yin Q, Wei W, Wang X. Branched-chain fatty acids in the vernix caseosa and meconium of infants born at different gestational ages. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3549-3555. [PMID: 34262715 PMCID: PMC8269679 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional lipid components found in breast milk, vernix caseosa, and meconium are Branched-chain Fatty Acids (BCFA). The goal of this study was to establish the existence of BCFA in vernix and meconium in infants born at different gestational ages. TLC plates and GC-MS were examined for the lipids in vernix caseosa and meconium. The results indicated that there were nine BCFA in vernix caseosa, including iso-12:0, anteiso-13:0, iso-14:0, iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, iso-16:0, anteiso-17:0, iso-18:0, and iso-20:0. Five BCFA (iso-12:0, anteiso-13:0, iso-14:0, iso-15:0, and anteiso-15:0) were not contained in the meconium, suggesting that some of the BCFA may be digested and consumed by infants. In the vernix caseosa, the content of BCFA in triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) was 15.59% and 11.82%, respectively. The vernix caseosa's wax ester fraction contained the highest content of BCFA, reaching up to 16.81%. The carbon chain length of fatty acids (FA) ranged from 12 to 24 in the vernix caseosa and 14 to 22 in meconium samples. The gestational age was likely to affect BCFA concentrations, with the vernix caseosa and meconium BCFA content being significantly higher in full-term infants than in preterm infants (p < .001). Further research is required into the relationship between BCFA and gut microbiotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Liang Jie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy BiotechnologyShanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy BiotechnologySynergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and NutritionDairy Research InstituteBright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Renqiang Yu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Shanyu Jiang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Qitao Yin
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Wei Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
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Samuel TM, Zhou Q, Giuffrida F, Munblit D, Verhasselt V, Thakkar SK. Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors. Front Nutr 2020; 7:576133. [PMID: 33117843 PMCID: PMC7557356 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.576133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is dynamic and shows a high inter- and intra-individual variability. To characterize HM with precision, it is necessary to understand the factors that modulate its composition. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the maternal, infant and methodological factors that affect HM composition. We searched SCOPUS and PubMed databases for articles related to factors that are known to or could potentially influence HM composition and volume across lactation periods. Our comprehensive review encompasses various maternal-, infant-related, and methodological factors that modulate aspects of HM composition including macro- and micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, as well as volume. The most profound changes were observed in HM lipids and lipophiles. Evidence exists for many of the infant-related factors known to affect the nutritive and non-nutritive components of HM (e.g., birth weight, gestational age, infant age/stage of lactation). In contrast, less is known with respect to maternal factors; where there is either limited research or conflicting evidence (e.g., maternal lifestyle, obstetric history, medical conditions), except for the mother's diet, for which there is a relatively well-established understanding. Equally, although many of the methodological factors (e.g., HM sampling, handling and analytics) are known to impact HM composition, few studies have investigated this as a primary outcome, making it an important area of future research in HM. Here we propose a systematic capture of numerous maternal- and infant-related characteristics to facilitate associative comparisons of HM data within and across studies. Additionally, it would be prudent to standardize the methodological aspects known to affect HM composition in analytics, not only for HM lipids and lipophiles, but also for those nutrients whose variability is yet less well-understood. Defining the factors determining HM composition with accuracy will open perspectives for maternal intervention to optimize milk composition for specific needs of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Wang X, Xiaohan W, Chen Y, Jin W, Jin Q, Wang X. Enrichment of branched chain fatty acids from lanolin via urea complexation for infant formula use. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Human milk fat substitutes: Past achievements and current trends. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:69-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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