1
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Hlaváčová T, Skládal P. Photoelectrochemical Enzyme Biosensor for Malate Using Quantum Dots on Indium Tin Oxide/Plastics as a Sensing Surface. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 38248388 PMCID: PMC10813686 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical biosensor for malate was developed using an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer deposited on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastic sheet as a transparent electrode material for the immobilization of malate dehydrogenase together with CdTe quantum dots. Different approaches were compared for the construction of the bioactive layer; the highest response was achieved by depositing malate dehydrogenase together with CdTe nanoparticles and covering it with a Nafion/water (1:1) mixture. The amperometric signal of this biosensor was recorded during irradiation with a near-UV LED in the flow-through mode. The limit of detection was 0.28 mmol/L, which is adequate for analyzing malic acid levels in drinks such as white wines and fruit juices. The results confirm that the cheap ITO layer deposited on the plastic sheet after cutting into rectangular electrodes allows for the economic production of photoelectrochemical (bio)sensors. The combination of NAD+-dependent malate dehydrogenase with quantum dots was also compatible with such an ITO surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
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2
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Design of highly selective, and sensitive screen-printed electrochemical sensor for detection of uric acid with uricase immobilized polycaprolactone/polyethylene imine electrospun nanofiber. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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3
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Halicka K, Meloni F, Czok M, Spychalska K, Baluta S, Malecha K, Pilo MI, Cabaj J. New Trends in Fluorescent Nanomaterials-Based Bio/Chemical Sensors for Neurohormones Detection-A Review. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33749-33768. [PMID: 36188279 PMCID: PMC9520559 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of neurotransmitters and stress hormones allows the determination of indicators of the current stress load in the body. These species also create a proper strategy of stress protection. Nowadays, stress is a general factor that affects the population, and it may cause a wide range of serious disorders. Abnormalities in the level of neurohormones, caused by chronic psychological stress, can occur in, for instance, corporate employees, health care workers, shift workers, policemen, or firefighters. Here we present a new nanomaterials-based sensors technology development for the determination of neurohormones. We focus on fluorescent sensors/biosensors that utilize nanomaterials, such as quantum dots or carbon nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, owing to their diversity in size and shape, have been attracting increasing attention in sensing or bioimaging. They possess unique properties, such as fluorescent, electronic, or photoluminescent features. In this Review, we summarize new trends in adopting nanomaterials for applications in fluorescent sensors for neurohormone monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Halicka
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Meloni
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mateusz Czok
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Spychalska
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Baluta
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karol Malecha
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria I. Pilo
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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4
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Zhao S, Riedel M, Patarroyo J, Bastús NG, Puntes V, Yue Z, Lisdat F, Parak WJ. Tailoring of the photocatalytic activity of CeO 2 nanoparticles by the presence of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12048-12059. [PMID: 35946341 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates basic features of a photoelectrochemical system based on CeO2 nanoparticles fixed on gold electrodes. Since photocurrent generation is limited to the absorption range of the CeO2 in the UV range, the combination with metal nanoparticles has been studied. It can be shown that the combination of silver nanoparticles with the CeO2 can shift the excitation range into the visible light wavelength range. Here a close contact between both components has been found to be essential and thus, hybrid CeO2@Ag nanoparticles have been prepared and analyzed. We have collected arguments that electron transfer occurs between both compositional elements of the hybrid nanoparticles.The photocurrent generation can be rationalized on the basis of an energy diagram underlying the necessity of surface plasmon excitation in the metal nanoparticles, which is also supported by wavelength-dependent photocurrent measurements. However, electrochemical reactions seem to occur at the CeO2 surface and consequently, the catalytic properties of this material can be exploited as exemplified with the photoelectrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide. It can be further demonstrated that the layer-by layer technique can be exploited to create a multilayer system on top of a gold electrode which allows the adjustment of the sensitivity of the photoelectrochemical system. Thus, with a 5-layer electrode with hybrid CeO2@Ag nanoparticles submicromolar hydrogen peroxide concentrations can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | - Javier Patarroyo
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus G Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zhao Yue
- Department of Microelectronics, Nankai University, 30071 Tianjin, China.
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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5
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Wang Z, Fan C, Zheng X, Jin Z, Bei K, Zhao M, Kong H. Roles of Surfactants in Oriented Immobilization of Cellulase on Nanocarriers and Multiphase Hydrolysis System. Front Chem 2022; 10:884398. [PMID: 35402378 PMCID: PMC8983819 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.884398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, especially non-ionic surfactants, play an important role in the preparation of nanocarriers and can also promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. A broad overview of the current status of surfactants on the immobilization of cellulase is provided in this review. In addition, the restricting factors in cellulase immobilization in the complex multiphase hydrolysis system are discussed, including the carrier structure characteristics, solid-solid contact obstacles, external diffusion resistance, limited recycling frequency, and nonproductive combination of enzyme active centers. Furthermore, promising prospects of cellulase-oriented immobilization are proposed, including the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction of surfactants and cellulase in the oil-water reaction system, the reversed micelle system of surfactants, and the possible oriented immobilization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Fan
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyong Zheng
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhan Jin
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Bei
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hainan Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Wang N, Pan R, Ji L, Jiang D, Chen HY. Photoelectrochemical analysis of the alkaline phosphatase activity in single living cells. Analyst 2021; 146:5528-5532. [PMID: 34515710 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis mostly utilizes photoactive material modified planar indium tin oxides (ITOs) to obtain photocurrent responses for the measurement of analytes in solution. In this work, a CdS quantum dot (QD) modified nanopipette was prepared for the PEC analysis of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in single MCF-7 cells. The nanopipette was filled with ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP) that was egressed outside the nanopipette by electrochemical pumping. Next, AAP was catalyzed by ALP to generate ascorbic acid (AA), which is an efficient electron donor for CdS QDs under illumination. Based on the result that the nanopipette showed a linear photocurrent response to AA, a nearly linear correlation between the photocurrent and the activity of ALP was established. Accordingly, using these CdS QD modified nanopipettes, the ALP activity in single MCF-7 cells was determined to be 0.12 U mL-1 by PEC analysis. This work does not expand the application of PEC bioanalysis, but offers a new strategy for single cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210092, China.
| | - Rongrong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210092, China.
| | - Lina Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210092, China.
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210092, China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210092, China.
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7
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Qiu Z, Tang D. Nanostructure-based photoelectrochemical sensing platforms for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2541-2561. [PMID: 32162629 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02844g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a newly developed and powerful analytical method, the use of photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors opens up new opportunities to provide wide applications in the early diagnosis of diseases, environmental monitoring and food safety detection. The properties of diverse photoactive materials are one of the essential factors, which can greatly impact the PEC performance. The continuous development of nanotechnology has injected new vitality into the field of PEC biosensors. In many studies, much effort on PEC sensing with semiconductor materials is highlighted. Thus, we propose a systematic introduction to the recent progress in nanostructure-based PEC biosensors to exploit more promising materials and advanced PEC technologies. This review briefly evaluates the several advanced photoactive nanomaterials in the PEC field with an emphasis on the charge separation and transfer mechanism over the past few years. In addition, we introduce the application and research progress of PEC sensors from the perspective of basic principles, and give a brief overview of the main advances in the versatile sensing pattern of nanostructure-based PEC platforms. This last section covers the aspects of future prospects and challenges in the nanostructure-based PEC analysis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Qiu
- Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China and Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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8
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Riedel M, Höfs S, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Lisdat F. A Tandem Solar Biofuel Cell: Harnessing Energy from Light and Biofuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2078-2083. [PMID: 33006812 PMCID: PMC7894536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on a photobioelectrochemical fuel cell consisting of a glucose‐oxidase‐modified BiFeO3 photobiocathode and a quantum‐dot‐sensitized inverse opal TiO2 photobioanode linked to FAD glucose dehydrogenase via a redox polymer. Both photobioelectrodes are driven by enzymatic glucose conversion. Whereas the photobioanode can collect electrons from sugar oxidation at rather low potential, the photobiocathode shows reduction currents at rather high potential. The electrodes can be arranged in a sandwich‐like manner due to the semi‐transparent nature of BiFeO3, which also guarantees a simultaneous excitation of the photobioanode when illuminated via the cathode side. This tandem cell can generate electricity under illumination and in the presence of glucose and provides an exceptionally high OCV of about 1 V. The developed semi‐artificial system has significant implications for the integration of biocatalysts in photoactive entities for bioenergetic purposes, and it opens up a new path toward generation of electricity from sunlight and (bio)fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Soraya Höfs
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,PPG (Deutschland) Business Support GmbH, EMEA Packaging Coatings, Erlenbrunnenstr. 20, 72411, Bodelshausen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
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9
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Zhao S, Riedel M, Patarroyo J, Bastus N, Puntes V, Yue Z, Lisdat F, Parak WJ. Introducing visible-light sensitivity into photocatalytic CeO 2 nanoparticles by hybrid particle preparation exploiting plasmonic properties of gold: enhanced photoelectrocatalysis exemplified for hydrogen peroxide sensing. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:980-990. [PMID: 33367345 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this report we combine the catalytic properties of CeO2 nanoparticles with their transduction ability for photoelectrochemical sensing. This study highlights the usage of CeO2 providing catalytic activity towards H2O2, but only with a limited excitation range in the UV for the construction of a sensing system. In order to improve the photoelectrocatalysis of CeO2 nanoparticles by extending their excitation to visible light, Au/CeO2 core/shell hybrid nanoparticles have been synthesized. The hybrid nanoparticles are fixed on electrodes, allowing for the generation of photocurrents, the direction of which can be controlled by the electrode potential (without bias). The application of the hybrid nanoparticles results in an enhanced photocurrent amplitude under white light illumination as compared to the pure CeO2 nanoparticles. Wavelength-dependent measurements confirm the participation of the Au core in the signal transduction. This can be explained by improved charge carrier generation within the hybrid particles. Thus, by using a plasmonic element the photoelectochemical response of a catalytic nanoparticle (i.e. CeO2) has been spectrally extended. The effect can be exploited for sensorial hydrogen peroxide detection. Here higher photocatalytic current responses have been found for the hybrid particles fixed to gold electrodes although the catalytic reduction has been comparable for both types of nanoparticles. Thus, it can be demonstrated that Au/CeO2 core-shell nanoparticles allow the utilization of visible light for photoelectrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection with improved sensitivity under white light illumination or application of such particles with only visible light excitation, which is not possible for pure CeO2. With help of the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique for nanoparticle immobilization, the electrode response can be adjusted and with a 5 layers electrode a low detection limit of about 3 μM H2O2 with a linear detection range up to 2000 μM is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Weliwatte NS, Grattieri M, Minteer SD. Rational design of artificial redox-mediating systems toward upgrading photobioelectrocatalysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1333-1356. [PMID: 34550560 PMCID: PMC8455808 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photobioelectrocatalysis has recently attracted particular research interest owing to the possibility to achieve sunlight-driven biosynthesis, biosensing, power generation, and other niche applications. However, physiological incompatibilities between biohybrid components lead to poor electrical contact at the biotic-biotic and biotic-abiotic interfaces. Establishing an electrochemical communication between these different interfaces, particularly the biocatalyst-electrode interface, is critical for the performance of the photobioelectrocatalytic system. While different artificial redox mediating approaches spanning across interdisciplinary research fields have been developed in order to electrically wire biohybrid components during bioelectrocatalysis, a systematic understanding on physicochemical modulation of artificial redox mediators is further required. Herein, we review and discuss the use of diffusible redox mediators and redox polymer-based approaches in artificial redox-mediating systems, with a focus on photobioelectrocatalysis. The future possibilities of artificial redox mediator system designs are also discussed within the purview of present needs and existing research breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Degli Studi Di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy ,IPCF-CNR Istituto Per I Processi Chimico Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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11
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Riedel M, Höfs S, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Lisdat F. A Tandem Solar Biofuel Cell: Harnessing Energy from Light and Biofuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau Hochschulring 1 15745 Wildau Germany
| | - Soraya Höfs
- Biosystems Technology Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau Hochschulring 1 15745 Wildau Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
- PPG (Deutschland) Business Support GmbH EMEA Packaging Coatings Erlenbrunnenstr. 20 72411 Bodelshausen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau Hochschulring 1 15745 Wildau Germany
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12
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Review on surface modification of nanocarriers to overcome diffusion limitations: An enzyme immobilization aspect. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Riedel M, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Lisdat F, Conzuelo F. Light-controlled imaging of biocatalytic reactions via scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy for multiplexed sensing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5147-5150. [PMID: 32255137 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A light-controlled multiplexing platform has been developed on the basis of a quantum dot-sensitized inverse opal TiO2 electrode with integrated biocatalytic reactions. Spatially resolved illumination enables multiplexed sensing and imaging of enzymatic oxidation reactions at relatively negative applied potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, Technical University Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745 Wildau, Germany.
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14
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PQQ-GDH - Structure, function and application in bioelectrochemistry. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 134:107496. [PMID: 32247165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the basic features of the PQQ-GDH enzyme as one of the sugar converting biocatalysts. Focus is on the membrane -bound and the soluble form. Furthermore, the main principles of enzymatic catalysis as well as studies on the physiological importance are reviewed. A short overview is given on developments in protein engineering. The major part, however, deals with the different fields of application in bioelectrochemistry. This includes approaches for enzyme-electrode communication such as direct electron transfer, mediator-based systems, redox polymers or conducting polymers and holoenzyme reconstitution, and covers applied areas such as biosensing, biofuel cells, recycling schemes, enzyme competition, light-directed sensing, switchable detection schemes, logical operations by enzyme electrodes and immune sensing.
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15
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Utterback JK, Ruzicka JL, Keller HR, Pellows LM, Dukovic G. Electron Transfer from Semiconductor Nanocrystals to Redox Enzymes. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2020; 71:335-359. [PMID: 32074472 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-050317-014232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in understanding electron transfer from photoexcited nanocrystals to redox enzymes. The combination of the light-harvesting properties of nanocrystals and the catalytic properties of redox enzymes has emerged as a versatile platform to drive a variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with light. Transfer of a photoexcited charge from a nanocrystal to an enzyme is a critical first step for these reactions. This process has been studied in depth in systems that combine Cd-chalcogenide nanocrystals with hydrogenases. The two components can be assembled in close proximity to enable direct interfacial electron transfer or integrated with redox mediators to transport charges. Time-resolved spectroscopy and kinetic modeling have been used to measure the rates and efficiencies of the electron transfer. Electron transfer has been described within the framework of Marcus theory, providing insights into the factors that can be used to control the photochemical activity of these biohybrid systems. The range of potential applications and reactions that can be achieved using nanocrystal-enzyme systems is expanding, and numerous fundamental and practical questions remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Utterback
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , , .,Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Jesse L Ruzicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , ,
| | - Helena R Keller
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA;
| | - Lauren M Pellows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , ,
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; , ,
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16
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Immobilization of fenugreek β-amylase onto functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) using Box-Behnken design: Its biochemical, thermodynamic and kinetic studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Sun D, Li P, Liu Q, Liu T, Gu M, Wang GL. Versatile enzymatic assays by switching on the fluorescence of gold nanoclusters. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1095:219-225. [PMID: 31864626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present a general and turn-on strategy for enzymatic bioassays on the basis of redox state dependent emission of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). The photoluminescence of AuNCs was quenched obviously by the oxidative ferricyanide while unaffected by its corresponding reduced state, i.e., ferrocyanide. The distinctive quenching abilities for AuNCs by the redox couple (ferricyanide/ferrocyanide) enabled their utility as new fluorescent sensing platforms to detect redox-related phenomena. The proposed protocols were conducted by using the model oxidoreductases of glucose oxidase (GOx) and the enzyme cascade of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/diaphorase to catalytically convert ferricyanide to ferrocyanide, which switched on fluorescence of the detection systems. The detection limit for glucose and lactate was found to be as low as 0.12 and 0.09 μM, respectively. This work features the first use of the redox couple of ferricyanide/ferrocyanide in fluorescent bioanalysis, which enables versatile, signal on and highly sensitive/selective detections as compared to the state of the art fluorescently enzymatic sensing platforms. Importantly, considering the significance of ferricyanide/ferrocyanide involves in numerous other oxidoreductases mediated biocatalysis, this protocol has wide versatility that enables combination with oxidoreductases related reactions for biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ping Li
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengmeng Gu
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guang-Li Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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18
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Kulkami T, Slaughter G. A hybrid glucose fuel cell based on electrodeposited carbon nanotubes and platinized carbon. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2019:1167-1170. [PMID: 31946101 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on a hybrid fuel cell using electrodeposited multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a bioanode template for the immobilization of pyrolloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) and electrodeposited platinized screen printed carbon nanotubes as the cathode. By depositing these nanostructures, high surface area is realized, wherein efficient direct electron transfer and excellent bioelectrocatalytic performance is achieved. The hybrid fuel cell comprised Nafion/PQQ-GDH/MWCNTs as the bioanode and a platinized carbon as the cathode to oxidize the glucose fuel and reduce oxygen, respectively. The hybrid fuel cell generated an open circuit voltage and a short circuit current density of 345 mV and 352.48 μA/cm2, respectively. The maximum power density of 58.08 μW/cm2 at a cell voltage of 198.5 mV is achieved at physiological conditions. This hybrid glucose fuel cell may be helpful for exploiting novel nanostructure carbon and platinum derived electrode substrate framework that incorporates the advantages of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose fuel cells. The method employed herein further shows promise in the development of biomedical power source to drive bio-implantable devices without the use of batteries.
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19
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Zhao S, Völkner J, Riedel M, Witte G, Yue Z, Lisdat F, Parak WJ. Multiplexed Readout of Enzymatic Reactions by Means of Laterally Resolved Illumination of Quantum Dot Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21830-21839. [PMID: 31117441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triggering electrochemical reactions with light provides a powerful tool for the control of complex reaction schemes on photoactive electrodes. Here, we report on the light-directed, multiplexed detection of enzymatic substrates using a nonstructured gold electrode modified with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and two enzymes, glucose oxidase (GOx) and sarcosine oxidase (SOx). While QDs introduce visible-light sensitivity into the electrode architecture, GOx and SOx allow for a selective conversion of glucose and sarcosine, respectively. For the QD immobilization to the gold electrode, a linker-assisted approach using trans-4,4'-stilbenedithiol has been used, resulting in the generation of a photocurrent. Subsequently, GOx and SOx have been immobilized in spatially separated spots onto the QD electrode. For the local readout of the QD electrode, a new measurement setup has been developed by moving a laser pointer across the surface to defined positions on the chip surface. The amplitudes of the photocurrents upon illumination of the GOx or SOx spot depend in a concentration-dependent manner on the presence of glucose and sarcosine, respectively. This measurement also allows for a selective detection in the presence of other substances. The setup demonstrates the feasibility of multiplexed measurements of enzymatic reactions using a focused light pointer, resulting in an illumination area with a diameter of 0.3 mm for analyzing spots of different enzymes. Moving the laser pointer in the x- and y-direction and simultaneously detecting the local photocurrent also allow a spatial imaging of enzyme immobilization. Here, not only the spot dimensions but also the activity of the enzyme can be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN , Universität Hamburg , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Johannes Völkner
- Fachbereich Physik , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies , Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau , Hochschulring 1 , 15745 Wildau , Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Fachbereich Physik , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5 , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Zhao Yue
- Department of Microelectronics , Nankai University , 300350 Tianjin , China
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedical Technologies , Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau , Hochschulring 1 , 15745 Wildau , Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN , Universität Hamburg , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
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20
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Torbensen K, Patel AN, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Bataille L, Michon T, Grelet E. Immuno-Based Molecular Scaffolding of Glucose Dehydrogenase and Ferrocene Mediator on fd Viral Particles Yields Enhanced Bioelectrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Torbensen
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Anisha N. Patel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université − UMR 7591 CNRS, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 CEDEX 13 Paris, France
| | - Laure Bataille
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032-33882 CEDEX Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032-33882 CEDEX Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Eric Grelet
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, UMR 5031 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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21
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Xue TY, Mei LP, Xu YT, Liu YL, Fan GC, Li HY, Ye D, Zhao WW. Nanoporous Semiconductor Electrode Captures the Quantum Dots: Toward Ultrasensitive Signal-On Liposomal Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3795-3799. [PMID: 30789708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis has recently emerged and exhibited great potential in sensitive biomolecular detection. Exploration of the facile and efficient route for advanced liposomal PEC bioanalysis is highly appealing. In this work, we report the split-type liposomal PEC immunoassay system consisting of sandwich immunorecognition, CdS quantum dots (QDs)-loaded liposomes (QDLL), and the release and subsequent capture of the QDs by a separated TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) electrode. The system elegantly operated upon the protein binding and lysis treatment of CdS QDLL labels within the 96-well plate, and then the CdS QDs-enabled sensitization of TiO2 NTs electrode. Exemplified by cardiac markers troponin I (cTnI) as target, the proposed system achieved efficient activation of TiO2 NTs electrode and thus the signal generation toward the split-type PEC immunoassay. This work features the first use of QDs for liposomal PEC bioanalysis and is expected to inspire more interests in the design and implementation of numerous QDs-involved liposomal PEC bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Li-Ping Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yi-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Gao-Chao Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Heng-Ye Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Yancheng Institute of Technology , Yancheng 224051 , China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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22
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Optical Sensors Based on II-VI Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020192. [PMID: 30717393 PMCID: PMC6410100 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamentals of quantum dots (QDs) sensing phenomena show the predominance of these fluorophores over standard organic dyes, mainly because of their unique optical properties such as sharp and tunable emission spectra, high emission quantum yield and broad absorption. Moreover, they also indicate no photo bleaching and can be also grown as no blinking emitters. Due to these properties, QDs may be used e.g., for multiplex testing of the analyte by simultaneously detecting multiple or very weak signals. Physico-chemical mechanisms used for analyte detection, like analyte stimulated QDs aggregation, nonradiative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) exhibit a number of QDs, which can be applied in sensors. Quantum dots-based sensors find use in the detection of ions, organic compounds (e.g., proteins, sugars, volatile substances) as well as bacteria and viruses.
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23
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Seo D, Lim SY, Lee J, Yun J, Chung TD. Robust and High Spatial Resolution Light Addressable Electrochemistry Using Hematite (α-Fe 2O 3) Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33662-33668. [PMID: 30230316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light addressable/activated electrochemistry (LAE) has recently attracted attention as it can provide spatially resolved electrochemical information without using pre-patterned electrodes whose sizes and positions are unchangeable. Here, we propose hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the photoanode for LAE, which does not require any sort of surface modification for protection or facilitating charge transfer. As experimentally confirmed with various redox species, hematite is stable enough to be used for repetitive electroanalytical measurements. More importantly, it offers exceptionally high spatial resolution so that the "virtual electrode" is exactly as large as the light spot owing to the short diffusion length of the minority carriers. Quantitative analysis of dopamine in this study shows that the hematite-based photoanode is a promising platform for many potential LAE applications including spatially selective detection of oxidizable biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Seo
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Sung Yul Lim
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Jeongse Yun
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon-si , Gyeonggi-do 16229 , Korea
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24
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Kim J, Lee SH, Tieves F, Choi DS, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Park CB. Biocatalytic C=C Bond Reduction through Carbon Nanodot-Sensitized Regeneration of NADH Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13825-13828. [PMID: 30062834 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven activation of redox enzymes is an emerging route for sustainable chemical synthesis. Among redox enzymes, the family of Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) dependent on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor (NADH) catalyzes the stereoselective reduction of α,β-unsaturated hydrocarbons. Here, we report OYE-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation through light-driven regeneration of NADH and its analogues (mNADHs) by N-doped carbon nanodots (N-CDs), a zero-dimensional photocatalyst. Our spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical analyses verified the transfer of photo-induced electrons from N-CDs to an organometallic electron mediator (M) for highly regioselective regeneration of cofactors. Light triggered the reduction of NAD+ and mNAD+ s with the cooperation of N-CDs and M, and the reduction behaviors of cofactors were dependent on their own reduction peak potentials. The regenerated cofactors subsequently delivered hydrides to OYE for stereoselective conversions of a broad range of substrates with excellent biocatalytic efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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25
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Kim J, Lee SH, Tieves F, Choi DS, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Park CB. Biocatalytic C=C Bond Reduction through Carbon Nanodot‐Sensitized Regeneration of NADH Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305–701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sahng Ha Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305–701 Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Tieves
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Da Som Choi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305–701 Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305–701 Republic of Korea
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26
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Shi XM, Wang CD, Zhu YC, Zhao WW, Yu XD, Xu JJ, Chen HY. 3D Semiconducting Polymer/Graphene Networks: Toward Sensitive Photocathodic Enzymatic Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9687-9690. [PMID: 30078328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the development of three-dimensional (3D) semiconducting polymer/graphene (SP/G) networks toward sensitive photocathodic enzymatic bioanalysis. Specifically, the porous 3D graphene was first synthesized via the hydrothermal and freeze-dry processes and then mixed with semiconducting polymer to obtain the designed hierarchical structure with unique porosity and large surface area. Afterward, the as-prepared hybrid was immobilized onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) for further characterizations. Exemplified by sarcosine oxidase (SOx) as a model biocatalyst, an innovative 3D SP/G-based photocathodic bioanalysis capable of sensitive and specific sarcosine detection was achieved. The suppression of cathodic photocurrent was observed in the as-developed photocathodic enzymatic biosystem due to the competition of oxygen consumption between the enzyme-biocatalyst process and O2-dependent photocathodic electrode. This work not only presented a unique protocol for 3D SP/G-based photocathodic enzymatic bioanalysis but also provided a new horizon for the design, development, and utilization of numerous 3D platforms in the broad field of general photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Chao-De Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210023 , China
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27
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Shi XM, Mei LP, Zhang N, Zhao WW, Xu JJ, Chen HY. A Polymer Dots-Based Photoelectrochemical pH Sensor: Simplicity, High Sensitivity, and Broad-Range pH Measurement. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8300-8303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li-Ping Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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28
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Riedel M, Parak WJ, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Lisdat F. Light as Trigger for Biocatalysis: Photonic Wiring of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase to Quantum Dot-Sensitized Inverse Opal TiO2 Architectures via Redox Polymers. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik und Chemie, CHyN, University Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University Wildau, Hochschulring 1, D-15745 Wildau, Germany
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29
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Cong X, Zhou M, Hou T, Xu Z, Yin Y, Wang X, Yin M. A Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for miRNA-21 Based on the Sensitization Effect of CdSe Quantum Dots. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Cong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Minfeng Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ting Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Yizhi Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Miao Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences; Shandong Normal University; Jinan 250014 China
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30
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Riedel M, Lisdat F. Integration of Enzymes in Polyaniline-Sensitized 3D Inverse Opal TiO 2 Architectures for Light-Driven Biocatalysis and Light-to-Current Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:267-277. [PMID: 29220151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, coupling of artificial light-sensitive entities with biocatalysts in a biohybrid format can result in advanced photobioelectronic systems. Herein, we report on the integration of sulfonated polyanilines (PMSA1) and PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) into inverse opal TiO2 (IO-TiO2) electrodes. While PMSA1 introduces sensitivity for visible light into the biohybrid architecture and ensures the efficient wiring between the IO-TiO2 electrode and the biocatalytic entity, PQQ-GDH provides the catalytic activity for the glucose oxidation and therefore feeds the light-driven reaction with electrons for an enhanced light-to-current conversion. Here, the IO-TiO2 electrodes with pores of around 650 nm provide a suitable interface and morphology needed for the stable and functional assembly of polymer and enzyme. The IO-TiO2 electrodes have been prepared by a template approach applying spin coating, allowing an easy scalability of the electrode height and surface area. The successful integration of the polymer and the enzyme is confirmed by the generation of an anodic photocurrent, showing an enhanced magnitude with increasing glucose concentrations. Compared to flat and nanostructured TiO2 electrodes, the three-layered IO-TiO2 electrodes give access to a 24-fold and 29-fold higher glucose-dependent photocurrent due to the higher polymer and enzyme loading in IO films. The three-dimensional IO-TiO2|PMSA1|PQQ-GDH architecture reaches maximum photocurrent densities of 44.7 ± 6.5 μA cm-2 at low potentials in the presence of glucose (for a three TiO2 layer arrangement). The onset potential for the light-driven substrate oxidation is found to be at -0.315 V vs Ag/AgCl (1 M KCl) under illumination with 100 mW cm-2, which is more negative than the redox potential of the enzyme. The results demonstrate the advantageous properties of IO-TiO2|PMSA1|PQQ-GDH biohybrid architectures for the light-driven glucose conversion with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University Wildau , Hochschulring 1, D-15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, Technical University Wildau , Hochschulring 1, D-15745 Wildau, Germany
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Zhang N, Ruan YF, Zhang LB, Zhao WW, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Nanochannels Photoelectrochemical Biosensor. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2341-2347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ruan
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Bin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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Shu J, Tang D. Current Advances in Quantum-Dots-Based Photoelectrochemical Immunoassays. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2780-2789. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shu
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (MOE & Fujian Province); Collaborative Innovation Center of Detection Technology for Haixi Food Safety and Products (Fujian Province); State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350108 People's Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (MOE & Fujian Province); Collaborative Innovation Center of Detection Technology for Haixi Food Safety and Products (Fujian Province); State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350108 People's Republic of China
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Riedel M, Hölzel S, Hille P, Schörmann J, Eickhoff M, Lisdat F. InGaN/GaN nanowires as a new platform for photoelectrochemical sensors - detection of NADH. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:298-304. [PMID: 28315593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructures are presented as nanophotonic probes for the light-triggered photoelectrochemical detection of NADH. We demonstrate that photogenerated electron-hole pairs give rise to a stable anodic photocurrent whose potential- and pH-dependences exhibit broad applicability. In addition, the simultaneous measurement of the photoluminescence provides an additional tool for the analysis and evaluation of light-triggered reaction processes at the nanostructured interface. InGaN/GaN nanowire ensembles can be excited over a wide wavelength range, which avoids interferences of the photoelectrochemical response by absorption properties of the compounds to be analyzed by adjusting the excitation wavelength. The photocurrent of the nanostructures shows an NADH-dependent magnitude. The anodic current increases with rising analyte concentration in a range from 5µM to 10mM, at a comparatively low potential of 0mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Here, the InGaN/GaN nanowires reach high sensitivities of up to 91µAmM-1cm-2 (in the linear range) and provide a good reusability for repetitive NADH detection. These results demonstrate the potential of InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructures for the defined conversion of this analyte paving the way for the realization of light-switchable sensors for the analyte or biosensors by combination with NADH producing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riedel
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - S Hölzel
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - P Hille
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J Schörmann
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - M Eickhoff
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - F Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
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Zhang N, Zhang L, Ruan YF, Zhao WW, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Quantum-dots-based photoelectrochemical bioanalysis highlighted with recent examples. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:207-218. [PMID: 28285198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis is a newly developed methodology that provides an exquisite route for innovative biomolecular detection. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals with unique photophysical properties that have attracted tremendous attentions among the analytical community. QDs-based PEC bioanalysis comprises an important research hotspot in the field of PEC bioanalysis due to its combined advantages and potentials. Currently, it has ignited increasing interests as demonstrated by increased research papers. This review aims to cover the most recent advances in this field. With the discussion of recent examples of QDs-PEC bioanalysis from the literatures, special emphasis will be placed on work reporting on fundamental advances in the signaling strategies of QDs-based PEC bioanalysis from 2013 to now. Future prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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