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Carter JL, Kelly CA, Marshall JE, Hammond V, Goodship V, Jenkins MJ. PEDOT:PSS Conductivity Enhancement through Addition of the Surfactant Tween 80. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235072. [PMID: 36501467 PMCID: PMC9736274 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of indium tin oxide with the intrinsically conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been of significant interest in recent years as a result of lower processing and material costs. In addition, the inclusion of additives has been reported to further enhance the conductivity, rheology, and wettability of PEDOT:PSS. In this study, Tween 80 was shown to decrease the sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS films from approximately 1000 to 76 Ω□-1 at a 2.67 wt% surfactant concentration. Through X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy, it was shown that the surfactant caused phase separation and structural ordering of the PEDOT and PSS components, leading to this improvement in conductivity. Furthermore, Tween 80 altered the rheological properties and decreased the surface tension of PEDOT:PSS, making coating common commodity polymers, often used as flexible substrates, more viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Carter
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine A. Kelly
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jean E. Marshall
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vicki Hammond
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vannessa Goodship
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mike J. Jenkins
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence:
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Campos-Arias L, del-Olmo R, Peřinka N, Casado N, Vilas-Vilela JL, Mecerreyes D, Javier-del-Campo F, Lanceros-Méndez S. PEDOT:PSS-based Screen-printable Inks for H2O2 Electrochemical Detection. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cao G, Cai S, Chen Y, Zhou D, Zhang H, Tian Y. Facile synthesis of highly conductive and dispersible PEDOT particles. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dauzon E, Sallenave X, Plesse C, Goubard F, Amassian A, Anthopoulos TD. Pushing the Limits of Flexibility and Stretchability of Solar Cells: A Review. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2101469. [PMID: 34297433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging forms of soft, flexible, and stretchable electronics promise to revolutionize the electronics industries of the future offering radically new products that combine multiple functionalities, including power generation, with arbitrary form factor. For example, skin-like electronics promise to transform the human-machine-interface, but the softness of the skin is incompatible with traditional electronic components. To address this issue, new strategies toward soft and wearable electronic systems are currently being pursued, which also include stretchable photovoltaics as self-powering systems for use in autonomous and stretchable electronics of the future. Here recent developments in the field of stretchable photovoltaics are reviewed and their potential for various emerging applications are examined. Emphasis is placed on the different strategies to induce stretchability including extrinsic and intrinsic approaches. In the former case, engineering and patterning of the materials and devices are key elements while intrinsically stretchable systems rely on mechanically compliant materials such as elastomers and organic conjugated polymers. The result is a review article that provides a comprehensive summary of the progress to date in the field of stretchable solar cells from the nanoscale to macroscopic functional devices. The article is concluded by discussing the emerging trends and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dauzon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Cedric Plesse
- LPPI, CY Cergy Paris Université, Cergy, 95000, France
| | | | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Shin H, Sharma BK, Lee SW, Lee JB, Choi M, Hu L, Park C, Choi JH, Kim TW, Ahn JH. Stretchable Electroluminescent Display Enabled by Graphene-Based Hybrid Electrode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:14222-14228. [PMID: 30912424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable alternating-current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices are required due to their potential in wearable, biomedical, e-skin, robotic, lighting, and display applications; however, one of the main hurdles is to achieve uniform electroluminescence with an optimal combination of transparency, conductivity, and stretchability in electrodes. We therefore propose a fabrication scheme involving strategically combining two-dimensional graphene layers with a silver nanowire (Ag NW)-embedded PEDOT:PSS film. The developed hybrid electrode overcomes the limitations of commonly known metallic NWs and ionic conductor-based electrodes for ACEL applications. Furthermore, the potential of the hybrid electrode is realized in demonstrating large-area stretchable ACEL devices composed of an 8 × 8 passive array. The prototype ACEL passive array demonstrates efficient and uniform electroluminescence under high levels of mechanical deformation such as bending, rolling, twisting, and stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin Hwan Choi
- Product Research Team, Display Research Center, Samsung Display , 1 Samsung-ro , Kiheung-Gu, Yongin 17113 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Product Research Team, Display Research Center, Samsung Display , 1 Samsung-ro , Kiheung-Gu, Yongin 17113 , Republic of Korea
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Pokpas K, Jahed N, Iwuoha E. Tuneable, Pre-stored Paper-Based Electrochemical Cells (μPECs): an Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Approach to Metal Analysis. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-019-00516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Moon S, Park HK, Song JH, Cho S, Kim JC, Kim J, Hwang H, Kim HS, Jeong U. Metal Deposition on a Self-Generated Microfibril Network to Fabricate Stretchable Tactile Sensors Providing Analog Position Information. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801408. [PMID: 29947105 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductors and sensors have attracted great attention for use in electronic skin and healthcare monitoring. Despite the development of many stretchable conductors, there are still very few studies that utilize the conventional methods making electrodes and circuits used in current industry. A method is proposed to fabricate a stretchable electrode pattern and a stretchable tactile sensor by simply depositing linear metal lines through a mask on a stretchable substrate. A method is developed of a self-generating microfibril network on the surface of stretchable block copolymer substrates. The formation mechanism of the microfibril network is studied with finite element method simulations. Metals (Au and Ag nanowires) are deposited directly on the substrate through a patterned mask. This study shows that strain-insensitive circuit and strain-sensitive sensor can be fabricated in a controlled way by adjusting the thickness of the deposited metal, which makes it easy to fabricate a tactile sensor by metal deposition. Also, by using the characteristic that the sensor has different sensitivity depending on the line pattern width, a novel sensor structure simultaneously providing analog-type position information and pressure value is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Kim
- Machine Intelligence Research Center, Korea Institute of Robot and Convergence (KIRO), Jigok-Ro 39, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37666, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Kim
- Machine Intelligence Research Center, Korea Institute of Robot and Convergence (KIRO), Jigok-Ro 39, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37666, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Hwang
- Machine Intelligence Research Center, Korea Institute of Robot and Convergence (KIRO), Jigok-Ro 39, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37666, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Cho SR, Porte Y, Kim YC, Myoung JM. Effect of Nonionic Surfactant Additive in PEDOT:PSS on PFO Emission Layer in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Light-Emitting Diode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:9612-9619. [PMID: 29480008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) has attracted significant interests owing to its versatility in electronic devices. However, changes in its optical properties caused by its various phases and the formation of oxidation defects limit the application of PFO in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We investigated the effects of the addition of Triton X-100 (hereinafter shortened as TX) in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to induce interlayer diffusion between PEDOT:PSS and PFO to enhance the stability of the PFO phase and suppress its oxidation. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement on PFO/TX-mixed PEDOT:PSS layers revealed that, upon increasing the concentration of TX in the PEDOT:PSS layer, the β phase of PFO could be suppressed in favor of the glassy phase and the wide PL emission centered at 535 nm caused by ketone defects formed by oxidation was decreased considerably. LEDs were then fabricated using PFO as an emission layer, TX-mixed PEDOT:PSS as hole-transport layer, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods as electron-transport layer. As the TX concentration reached 3 wt %, the devices exhibited dramatic increases in current densities, which were attributed to the enhanced hole injection due to TX addition, along with a shift in the dominant emission wavelength from a green electroluminescence (EL) emission centered at 518 nm to a blue EL emission centered at 448 nm. The addition of TX in PEDOT:PSS induced a better hole injection in the PFO layer, and through interlayer diffusion, stabilized the glassy phase of PFO and limited the formation of oxidation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Rae Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoann Porte
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Myoung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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