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Tahir K, Ali AS, Ghani AA, Hussain M, Kim B, Lim Y, Lee DS. Enhanced bio-electrochemical performance of microbially catalysed anode and cathode in a microbial electrosynthesis system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137770. [PMID: 36621685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most bio-electrochemical systems (BESs) use biotic/abiotic electrode combinations, with platinum-based abiotic electrodes being the most common. However, the non-renewability, cost, and poisonous nature of such electrode systems based on noble metals are major bottlenecks in BES commercialisation. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES), which is a sustainable energy platform that simultaneously treats wastewater and produces chemical commodities, also faces the same problem. In this study, a dual bio-catalysed MES system with a biotic anode and cathode (MES-D) was tested and compared with a biotic cathode/abiotic anode system (MES-S). Different bio-electrochemical tests revealed improved BES performance in MES-D, with a 3.9-fold improvement in current density compared to that of MES-S. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) generation also increased 3.2-, 4.1-, and 1.8-fold in MES-D compared with that in MES-S for acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively. The improved performance of MES-D could be attributed to the microbial metabolism at the bioanode, which generated additional electrons, as well as accumulative VFA production by both the bioanode and biocathode chambers. Microbial community analysis revealed the enrichment of electroactive bacteria such as Proteobacteria (60%), Bacteroidetes (67%), and Firmicutes + Proteobacteria + Bacteroidetes (75%) on the MES-S cathode and MES-D cathode and anode, respectively. These results signify the potential of combined bioanode/biocathode BESs such as MES for application in improving energy and chemical commodity production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Tahir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Samee Ali
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahsan Abdul Ghani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolam Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Sharif HMA, Farooq M, Hussain I, Ali M, Mujtaba M, Sultan M, Yang B. Recent innovations for scaling up microbial fuel cell systems: Significance of physicochemical factors for electrodes and membranes materials. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Yang L, Wang A, Wen Q, Chen Y. Modified cobalt-manganese oxide-coated carbon felt anodes: an available method to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:2615-2625. [PMID: 34477974 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The novel MnCo2O4 (MCO/CF), CNTs-MnCo2O4 (CNTs-MCO/CF) and MnFe2O4-MnCo2O4 (MFO-MCO/CF) electrodes were prepared on carbon felt (CF) by simple hydrothermal and coating method as anodes for MFC. The modified anodes combine the electrocatalytic properties of transition metal oxides (TMOs), the high electrical conductivity of CNTs and the good biocompatibility of CF. These anodes play a synergistically role in the synthesis of structural, to realize high-efficiency electron transfer, low resistance and sufficient space for microbial colonization, while also ensuring high power density. The maximum power density of the composite electrodes CNTs-MCO/CF and MFO-MCO/CF were 4268 mW/m3 and 3660 mW/m3, respectively. The synergistic effect of multi-component effectively improves the performance of MFC. This work not only offers a good design and preparation concept for functional TMOs composite electrodes, but also provides an important guide for the fabrication of CNTs-doped MFC anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqingying Yang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aolin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qing Wen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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Gao X, Qiu S, Lin Z, Xie X, Yin W, Lu X. Carbon-Based Composites as Anodes for Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Advances and Challenges. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1322-1341. [PMID: 34363342 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the low price, chemical stability and good conductivity, carbon-based materials have been extensively applied as the anode in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this review, apart from the charge storage mechanism and anode requirements, the major work focuses on five categories of carbon-based anode materials (traditional carbon, porous carbon, nano-carbon, metal/carbon composite and polymer/carbon composite). The relationship is demonstrated in depth between the physicochemical properties of the anode surface/interface/bulk (porosity, surface area, hydrophilicity, partical size, charge, roughness, etc.) and the bioelectrochemical performances (electron transfer, electrolyte diffusion, capacitance, toxicity, start-up time, current, power density, voltage, etc.). An outlook for future work is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Gao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China.,MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem &, Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Qiu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Ziting Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjuan Xie
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Xihong Lu
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem &, Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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Khan N, Anwer AH, Khan MD, Azam A, Ibhadon A, Khan MZ. Magnesium ferrite spinels as anode modifier for the treatment of Congo red and energy recovery in a single chambered microbial fuel cell. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124561. [PMID: 33246812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium Ferrite (MgFe2O4) spinel structures prepared by a solid-state reaction was used as an anode modifier in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) treatment of Congo red dye. The performance of the reactors with unmodified stainless-steel mesh anode (CR-1) and MgFe2O4 coated stainless steel mesh anode (CR-2) were tested and compared followed by aerobic treatment. The peak power density was observed to be 295.936 (CR-1) and 430.336 mW/m2 (CR-2) revealing increased bioenergy output and better electron transfer in the reactor with the MgFe2O4 modified anode. The final decolourisation efficiencies were found to be 92.053% for CR-1 and 98.386% for CR-2. The formation of metabolites (diaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate, 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(naphthalene-2-yl) diazene, benzidine and phthalic acid, monoethyl ether) during the anaerobic-aerobic biotreatment of azo dye was confirmed using Gas chromatography coupled Mass spectrometry system. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed a uniform coating of MgFe2O4 on the anode surface with evidence of biofilm formation in the system. Electrochemical studies confirmed the superior performance of spinel coated anode with enhanced redox activity. In addition, the charge-discharge studies confirmed the high capacitive nature of the modified electrode improving the electrodes charge holding capacity. The study suggested an effective treatment strategy for the treatment of Congo red dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Abdul Hakeem Anwer
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Depatment of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Danish Khan
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Depatment of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Ameer Azam
- Department of Applied Physics, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India
| | - Alex Ibhadon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zain Khan
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India; Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Depatment of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, UP, India.
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Tahir K, Miran W, Jang J, Woo SH, Lee DS. Enhanced product selectivity in the microbial electrosynthesis of butyrate using a nickel ferrite-coated biocathode. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110907. [PMID: 33639146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a potential sustainable biotechnology for the efficient conversion of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate into useful chemical commodities. To date, acetate has been the main MES product; selective electrosynthesis to produce other multi-carbon molecules, which have a higher commercial value, remains a major challenge. In this study, the conventional carbon felt (CF) was modified with inexpensive nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4@CF) to realize enhanced butyrate production owing to the advantages of improved electrical conductivity, charge transfer efficiency, and microbial-electrode interactions with the selective microbial enrichment. Experimental results show that the modified electrode yielded 1.2 times the butyrate production and 2.7 times the cathodic current production of the CF cathode; product selectivity was greatly improved (from 37% to 95%) in comparison with CF. Microbial community analyses suggest that selective microbial enrichment was promoted as Proteobacteria and Thermotogae (butyrate-producing phyla) were dominant in the NiFe2O4@CF biofilm (~78%). These results demonstrate that electrode modification with NiFe2O4 can help realize greater selective carboxylate production with improved MES performance. Hence, this technology is expected to be greatly useful in future reactor designs for scaled-up technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Tahir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Waheed Miran
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jiseon Jang
- R&D Institute of Radioactive Wastes, Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, 174 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Han Woo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Tahir K, Miran W, Jang J, Maile N, Shahzad A, Moztahida M, Ghani AA, Kim B, Jeon H, Lim SR, Lee DS. Nickel ferrite/MXene-coated carbon felt anodes for enhanced microbial fuel cell performance. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128784. [PMID: 33131741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the modification of electrode materials for enhancing the power generation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has attracted considerable attention. In this study, a conventional carbon felt (CF) electrode was modified by NiFe2O4 (NiFe2O4@CF), MXene (MXene@CF), and NiFe2O4-MXene (NiFe2O4-MXene@CF) using facile dip-and-dry and hydrothermal methods. In these modified CF electrodes, the electrochemical performance considerably improved, while the highest power density (1385 mW/m2), which was 5.6, 2.8, and 1.4 times higher than those of CF, NiFe2O4@CF, and MXene@CF anodes, respectively, was achieved using NiFe2O4-MXene@CF. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry results confirmed the superior bioelectrochemical activity of a NiFe2O4-MXene@CF anode in a MFC. The improved performance could be attributed to the low charge transfer resistance, high conductivity and number of catalytically active sites of the NiFe2O4-MXene@CF anode. Microbial community analysis demonstrated the relative abundance of electroactive bacteria on a NiFe2O4-MXene@CF anodic biofilm rather than CF, MXene@CF, and NiFe2O4@CF anodes. Therefore, these results suggest that combining the favorable properties of composite materials such as NiFe2O4-MXene@CF anodes can open up new directions for fabricating novel electrodes for renewable energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Tahir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 1.5 KM Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Miran
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jiseon Jang
- R&D Institute of Radioactive Wastes, Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, 174 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagesh Maile
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Asif Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mokrema Moztahida
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahsan Adul Ghani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolam Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Rin Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Bimetallic oxide MnFe 2O 4 modified carbon felt anode by drip coating: an effective approach enhancing power generation performance of microbial fuel cell. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1119-1130. [PMID: 33555380 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The anode electrode of microbial fuel cell (MFC) is the key component to determine its power generation performance because it is the habitat and electron transfer center of the electricity-producing microorganisms. Carbon-based anodes have been confirmed to improve MFC performance. Its large surface area, excellent conductivity and low cost make it very suitable for electrode materials used in MFC. However, the low biocompatibility and instability of common carbon-based materials restrict their practical application in MFC. In this work, a bimetal oxide MnFe2O4 was prepared and used to modify carbon felt anode by a simple drop coating method. The influence of the amount of MnFe2O4 material on the performance of MFC was systematically studied. The results showed that the power density of the carbon felt anode with a MnFe2O4 modified amount of 1 mg/cm2 increased by 66.9% compared with the unmodified anode. Meanwhile, the MFC cycle using MnFe2O4 modified anode was more stable. After 6 months of long-term operation, the power density reached 3836 mW/m2. The anode modified by MnFe2O4 has capacitance characteristics, good biocompatibility and fast electron transmission rate, which significantly improves the power generation performance of MFC. In addition, the use of a simple drop coating method to prepare electrodes can reduce the difficulty of electrode fabrication and the cost of MFC, laying a certain foundation for the industrialization of MFC.
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Tahir K, Miran W, Jang J, Maile N, Shahzad A, Moztahida M, Ghani AA, Kim B, Lee DS. MnCo 2O 4 coated carbon felt anode for enhanced microbial fuel cell performance. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129098. [PMID: 33272661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient anode is very crucial for an improved microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance. In this study, a binder-free manganese cobalt oxide (MnCo2O4@CF) anode was synthesized using a conventional carbon felt (CF) by a facile hydrothermal method. A large electrochemically active and rough electrode surface area of MnCo2O4@CF anode improved the substrate fluxes and microbial adhesion/growth. Furthermore, the electrochemical tests on the synthesized anode confirmed the superior bioelectrochemical activity, reduced ion transfer resistance, and excellent capacitance. This resulted in an improved power density (945 mW/m2), which was 3.8 times higher than that of CF anode. The variable valence state, high stability and biocompatibility of MnCo2O4@CF resulted in continuous current density performance for five MFC cycles. High-throughput biofilm analysis revealed the enrichment of electricity producing phylum of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (∼90.0%), which signified that the modified MnCo2O4 anode accelerated the enrichment of electro-active microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Tahir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Waheed Miran
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jiseon Jang
- R&D Institute of Radioactive Wastes, Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, 174 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagesh Maile
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Asif Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mokrema Moztahida
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahsan Adul Ghani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bolam Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The world energy production trumped by the exhaustive utilization of fossil fuels has highlighted the importance of searching for an alternative energy source that exhibits great potential. Ongoing efforts are being implemented to resolve the challenges regarding the preliminary processes before conversion to bioenergy such as pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and cultivation of biomass. Nanotechnology has the ability to overcome the challenges associated with these biomass sources through their distinctive active sites for various reactions and processes. In this review, the potential of nanotechnology incorporated into these biomasses as an aid or addictive to enhance the efficiency of bioenergy generation has been reviewed. The fundamentals of nanomaterials along with their various bioenergy applications were discussed in-depth. Moreover, the optimization and enhancement of bioenergy production from lignocellulose, microalgae and wastewater using nanomaterials are comprehensively evaluated. The distinctive features of these nanomaterials contributing to better performance of biofuels, biodiesel, enzymes and microbial fuel cells are also critically reviewed. Subsequently, future trends and research needs are highlighted based on the current literature.
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