Ligand Assisted Co(II)-Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles and Pyridines

Herein, we describe a sustainable Co(II)-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles and pyridines. Using a Co(II)-catalyst [CoII 2(La)2Cl2] (1 a) bearing redox-active 2-(phenyldiazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline) (La) scaffold, various substituted pyrroles and pyridines were synthesized in good yields, taking alcohol as one of the primary feedstock. Pyrroles were synthesized by the equimolar reaction of 2-amino and secondary alcohols. A series of 2,4,6-substituted symmetrical pyridines were prepared via a three-component reaction of NH4OAc with 1 : 2.2 molar primary and secondary alcohols, respectively. Unsymmetrically substituted 2,4,6-trisubstituted, 2,4,5,6-tetrasubstituted, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentasubstituted pyridines were achieved via a multi-component coupling reaction of alcohols and NH4OAc. Catalyst 1 a showed encouraging results during the gram-scale synthesis of these N-heterocycles. Mechanistic investigation revealed synergistic involvement of cobalt metal and the ligand during the catalytic reactions.

Sustainable Synthesis of Substituted 1,3,5-Triazines by [ONO]-Pincer-Supported Nickel(II) Complexes via an Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling Strategy

A facile, cost-effective, and sustainable synthesis of substituted triazines from primary alcohols by newly synthesized nickel pincer-type complexes (1-3) has been described. Herein, we report the synthesis of a set of three well-defined Ni(II) O^N^O pincer-type complexes, structurally characterized by analytical, spectral, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Further, the nickel complexes are explored as efficient catalysts (4 mol %) for the construction of 2,4,6-substituted 1,3,5-triazines from readily available alcohols via an acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) strategy. A wide range of substituted triazine derivatives (33 examples) has been synthesized from the coupling of alcohols and benzamidine/guanidine hydrochloride with a maximum isolated yield of 92% under mild conditions, with eco-friendly H2O and H2 gas as the only byproducts. A plausible mechanism has been proposed based on a sequence of control experiments. Interestingly, the short synthesis of the antiulcer drug irsogladine and the large-scale synthesis of 2,4-diphenyl-6-(p-tolyl)-1,3,5-triazine highlight the convenience of the current methodology.

An NNN Pd(II) pincer complex with 1,1-diaminoazine: a versatile catalyst for acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling reactions

An azine-based, non-palindromic, neutral NNN-pincer ligand was synthesised in a single step with an yield of 85%. The palladation of the ligand, using Pd(OAc)2, was performed in acetonitrile at room temperature to obtain the pincer complex in 88% yield through a simple, cost-effective, and straightforward synthetic procedure. The structure of the complex was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry. The variable temperature NMR spectra revealed the stability of the complex even at higher temperatures, a characteristic feature of pincer complexes. The generated complex proved to be a versatile catalyst for Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling (ADC) to synthesize N-heterocycles: (i) 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles, (ii) 2-phenylquinolines, (iii) 2-phenylquinoxalines and (iv) 2-phenylquinazolinones. Since the side products of the reactions are H2O and H2 gas, the catalysis can be considered as a green catalytic process. Quantum chemical calculations indicated the participation of a possible nitrene-imide conversion process during the Metal-Ligand Cooperation (MLC) in ADC reactions.

Silver Nanoparticles Incorporated Covalent Organic Framework Catalyzed Sustainable Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates and Oxazolidinones Under Atmospheric CO2 Pressure: A Novel Approach of CO2 Utilization

This work presents the facile synthesis of Ag nanoparticles‐decorated porous crystalline covalent organic frameworks (namely, Ag@TPT‐TP COF) having exceptional surface area and CO2 uptake capacity to facilitate CO2‐cyclization reactions to produce highly value‐added compounds. Several characterization techniques have been used to thoroughly analyze the as‐synthesized nanomaterial, Ag@TPT‐TP COF. The synthesized Ag NPs‐embedded 2D COF serves as a stable and active porous catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from a variety of epoxides and derivatives of 2‐oxazolidinone from propargyl alcohols and amines with high yield and selectivity of the corresponding products via fixation of CO2 (1 atm) under sustainable reaction conditions. The functionalized porous catalyst (Ag@TPT‐TP COF) exhibited exceptional recyclability for both reactions up to six consecutive runs without any visible deterioration in the catalytic activity. Consequently, formation of wide range of compounds are dramatically expanded by these organic transformations and provide a possible pathway for CO2 functionalization to get beyond the energy barrier in this area.

Cu-ABNO Catalyst for the Synthesis of Quinolines and Pyrazines via Aerobic Double Dehydrogenation of Alcohols

In this report, a new imidazole- and amide-functionalized pincer-like Cu(II) complex (1) was synthesized and characterized. By employing 1 and 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane NH-Oxyl (ABNOH), a catalytic protocol for alcohol oxidation and the subsequent alcohol oxidation-triggered synthesis of quinolines and pyrazines were explored. Alcohols such as 2-aminoaryl alcohols were also oxidized efficiently. As carbonyls from 2-arylaminobenzyl alcohols and secondary alcohols are synthons for quinolines, we explored their synthesis directly from alcohols. The protocol was quite efficient and completed the reaction in only ∼5-10 h. Combinations such as (a) primary 2-arylaminobenzyl alcohols with secondary alcohols or their ketones and (b) secondary 2-arylaminobenzyl alcohols with secondary alcohols or their ketones were found to be very effective for the synthesis of quinolines. The protocol was also successful for the synthesis of various pyrazines from 1,2-diols and 1,2-diaminobenzenes in 10 h. Mechanistic investigations showed that the generated complex acted as an active catalyst: it activated O2 and subsequently with the cooperation of 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-Oxyl (ABNO•) activated the α-CH hydrogen of coordinated alkoxide. Then, Cu(II)/Cu(I) reduction led to the formation of carbonyl compounds, which via successive C-C/C-N coupling reactions resulted in heterocycles in the presence of KOtBu and 1.

Regioselective intermolecular carboamination of allylamines via nucleopalladation: empowering three-component synthesis of vicinal diamines

An intermolecular carboamination reaction of allyl amines under Pd(ii)-catalysis is reported, expediting the synthesis of valuable vicinal diamines embedded in a functionally enriched linear carbon framework with high yields and exclusive Markovnikov selectivity. Central to our approach is the strategic use of a removable picolinamide auxiliary, which directs the regioselectivity during aminopalladation and stabilizes the crucial 5,5-palladacycle intermediate. This stabilization facilitates oxidative addition to carbon electrophiles, enabling the simultaneous incorporation of diverse aryl/styryl groups as well as important amine motifs, such as sulfoximines and anilines, across carbon-carbon double bonds. The protocol features broad substrate compatibility, tolerance to various functional groups, and scalability. The utility of this method is further demonstrated by the site-selective diversification of pharmaceutical agents. Additionally, these products serve as versatile intermediates for synthesizing heterocycles and function as effective ligands in catalytic transfer hydrogenation reactions. Notably, this work represents a rare instance of nucleopalladation-guided intermolecular carboamination of allylamines.

Influence of triphosphine ligand coordination geometry in Mn(I) hydride complexes [(P∩P∩P)(CO)2MnH] on their kinetic hydricity

Octahedral Mn(I) complexes bearing tridentate donor ligands [(L∩L'∩L'')(CO)2MnX] have recently emerged as major players in catalytic (de)hydrogenation processes. While most of these systems are still based on structurally rigid pincer scaffolds imposing a meridional coordination mode, for some more flexible tridentate ligands a facial arrangement of donor moieties becomes possible. Accordingly, the geometry of the corresponding Mn(I) hydrides [(L∩L'∩L'')(CO)2MnH] directly involved in the catalytic processes, namely the nature of the donor extremity located in the trans-position of the hydride (CO and L for mer- and fac-configurations, respectively) may influence their hydride transfer ability. Herein, low-temperature IR and NMR spectroscopy studies of two model Mn(I) complexes, mer-[(L1)(CO)2MnH] and fac-[(L2)(CO)2MnH], bearing similar triphosphine ligands (L1 = PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2; L2 = MeC(CH2PPh2)3) in the presence of B(C6F5)3 as the H- abstractor revealed for the first time a higher kinetic hydricity of the tripodal system. Even for the pincer complex, hydride transfer proceeds from the non-covalent adduct fac-[(L1)(CO)2MnH]⋯B(C6F5)3 with the facial geometry arising from the mer-to-fac isomerization of the initial mer-[(L1)(CO)2MnH]. The higher reactivity of the fac-hydride derivatives was found to be consistent with the catalytic performance of the corresponding Mn(I) bromide complexes in the benchmark ester hydrosilylation.

Zn(II)-Stabilized Azo-Anion Radical-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Synthesis of Olefins

Herein, we describe a Zn-catalyzed atom-economical, inexpensive, and sustainable method for preparing a broad spectrum of substituted olefins utilizing alcohols as the main precursor. Using a Zn(II) complex [ZnLCl2] (1) of the redox-noninnocent ligand 2-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L), various (E)-olefins were prepared in good yields by coupling alcohols with sulfones and aryl cyanides under an inert atmosphere. Under an aerial atmosphere, vinyl nitriles were isolated in up to 82% yield reacting alcohols with benzyl cyanides in the presence of 1. Control experiments and mechanistic investigation indicate the active involvement of the aryl-azo ligand as an electron and hydrogen reservoir, permitting 1 to perform as a promising catalyst.

Double dehydrogenative coupling of amino alcohols with primary alcohols under Mn(I) catalysis

Herein, we unveil a method for synthesizing substituted pyrrole and pyrazine compounds via a double dehydrogenative coupling of amino alcohols with primary alcohols, facilitated by Mn(I)-PNP catalysis, which uniquely enables the simultaneous formation of C-C and C-N bonds.

A Phosphine-Free Air-Stable Mn(II)-Catalyst for Sustainable Synthesis of Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones, Quinolines, and Quinoxalines in Water

The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application of a new phosphine-free, well-defined, water-soluble, and air-stable Mn(II)-catalyst [Mn(L)(H2O)2Cl](Cl) ([1]Cl) featuring a 1,10-phenanthroline based tridentate pincer ligand, 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L), in dehydrogenative functionalization of alcohols to various N-heterocycles such as quinazolin-4(3H)-ones, quinolines, and quinoxalines are reported here. A wide array of multisubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared in water under air following two pathways via the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols with 2-aminobenzamides and 2-aminobenzonitriles, respectively. 2-Aminobenzyl alcohol and ketones bearing active methylene group were used as coupling partners for synthesizing quinoline derivatives, and various quinoxaline derivatives were prepared by coupling vicinal diols and 1,2-diamines. In all cases, the reaction proceeded smoothly using our Mn(II)-catalyst [1]Cl in water under air, affording the desired N-heterocycles in satisfactory yields starting from cheap and readily accessible precursors. Gram-scale synthesis of the compounds indicates the industrial relevance of our synthetic strategy. Control experiments were performed to understand and unveil the plausible reaction mechanism.

Experimental and theoretical insights for designing Zn2+ complexes to trigger chemo-selective hetero-coupling of alcohols

Designing well-defined Zn-complexes for sustainable dehydrogenative catalysis overcoming the difficulties associated with activating Zn2+(d10)-metal species is considered paramount goal in catalysis. Herein, we explore the plausibility of β-alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols by well-defined 3d10 Zn-complexes. Detailed organometallic and catalytic investigations, in conjunction with computational analyses, were conducted to ascertain the potential involvement of the catalyst at various stages of the catalytic process.

Catalytic utility of PNN-based MnI pincer complexes in the synthesis of quinolines and transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl derivatives

This manuscript describes the synthesis of a triazolyl-pyridine-based phosphine, N-((diphenylphosphaneyl)methyl)-N-methyl-6-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-amine, [2,6-{(PPh2)CH2N(Me)(C5H3N)(C2HN3C6H5)}] (1) (here onwards referred to as PNN) and its cationic and neutral MnI complexes and catalytic applications. The reaction of 1 with Mn(CO)5Br afforded a cationic complex [Mn(CO)3(PNN)]Br (2), which is highly stable in solid state, but in solution it gradually loses one of the CO groups to form a neutral complex [Mn(CO)2(PNN)Br] (3). Complex 2 on treatment with AgBF4 also yielded a cationic complex [Mn(CO)3(PNN)]BF4 (4). These complexes efficiently promoted the synthesis of quinoline derivatives via acceptor-less dehydrogenative coupling of 2-aminobenzyl alcohol and ketones, with complex 3 showing the highest activity with a very low catalyst loading (0.03 mol%) at 110 °C. Complex 3 (0.5 mol%) also showed excellent catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes to form respective secondary and primary alcohols.

Well-Defined Mn(II)-complex Catalyzed Switchable De(hydrogenative) Csp3 -H Functionalization of Methyl Heteroarenes: A Sustainable Approach for Diversification of Heterocyclic Motifs

Catalytic activities of Mn(I) complexes derived from expensive MnBr(CO)5 salt have been explored in various dehydrogenative transformations. However, the reactivity and selectivity of inexpensive high spin Mn(II) complexes are uncommon. Herein, we have synthesized four new Mn(II) complexes and explored switchable alkenylation and alkylation of methyl heteroarenes employing a single Mn(II)catalyst. The developed protocol selectively furnishes a series of functionalized E-heteroarenes and C-alkylated heteroarenes with good to excellent yields. Various medicinally and synthetically useful compounds are successfully synthesized using our developed protocol. Various controls and kinetics experiments were executed to shed light on the mechaism,which reveals that α-C-H bond breaking of alcohol is the slowest step.

The Catalysts-Based Synthetic Approaches to Quinolines: A Review

The most common heterocyclic aromatic molecule with potential uses in industry and medicine is quinoline. Its chemical formula is C9H7N, and it has a distinctive double-ring structure with a pyridine moiety fused with a benzene ring. Various synthetic approaches synthesize quinoline derivatives. These approaches include solvent-free synthetic approach, mechanochemistry, ultrasonic, photolytic synthetic approach, and microwave and catalytic synthetic approaches. One of the important synthetic approaches is a catalyst-based synthetic approach in which different catalysts are used such as silver-based catalysts, titanium-based nanoparticle catalysts, new iridium catalysts, barium-based catalysts, iron-based catalysts, gold-based catalysts, nickel-based catalyst, some metal-based photocatalyst, α-amylase biocatalyst, by using multifunctional metal-organic framework-metal nanoparticle tandem catalyst etc. In the present study, we summarized different catalyst-promoted reactions that have been reported for the synthesis of quinoline. Hopefully, the study will be helpful for the researchers.

From Conventional to Sustainable Catalytic Approaches for Heterocycles Synthesis

Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is fundamental for all the research area in chemistry, from drug synthesis to material science. In this framework, catalysed synthetic methods are of great interest to effective reach such important building blocks. In this review, we will report on some selected examples from the last five years, of the major improvement in the field, focusing on the most important conventional catalytic systems, such as transition metals, organocatalysts, to more sustainable ones such as photocatalysts, iodine-catalysed reaction, electrochemical reactions and green innovative methods.

Room-Temperature Synthesis of Biogenic δ-MnO2 NPs for the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Diamines with Alcohols for Benzimidazole and Quinoxaline Synthesis: An Efficient Catalyst for Electrochemical Applications

An efficient, unique, and eco-friendly biogenic synthesis of single-crystalline δ-phase manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) using Gliricidia sepium leaves (GSL) extract at room temperature has been revealed for the first time. The active chemicals present in the GSL extract were found to serve as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The catalyst shows an excellent surface area of 301.13 m2 g-1, a mean pore diameter of 4.01 nm, and 39.97% w/w of active metal content. The reactivity of the synthesized catalyst was demonstrated by achieving a one-pot synthesis of benzimidazoles and quinoxalines via an acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling strategy utilizing biorenewable alcohols. The release of hydrogen gas was observed as the only side product and proven by its successful utilization for alkene reduction which supports the mechanistic elucidation. The release of hydrogen gas as a useful byproduct highlights the scientific importance of the present methodology. Additionally, gram-scale synthesis and catalyst recyclability studies are deliberated. Importantly, the δ-MnO2 NP catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity and high durability toward hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media, highlighting the dual use of the catalyst. The δ-MnO2 NPs attain the current density of 10 mA/cm2 at an overpotential of 154 mV with a Tafel slope of 119 mV/dec.

Synchronous Proton-Hydride Transfer by a Pyrazole-Functionalized Protic Mn(I) Complex in Catalytic Alcohol Dehydrogenative Coupling

A series of Mn(I) complexes Mn(L1 )(CO)3 Br, Mn(L2 )(CO)3 Br, Mn(L1 )(CO)3 (OAc) and Mn(L3 )(CO)3 Br [L1 =2-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine, L2 =2-(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine, L3 =2-(5-tert-butyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine] were synthesized and fully characterized. The acid-base equilibrium between the pyrazole and the pyrazolato forms of Mn(L1 )(CO)3 Br was studied by 1 H NMR and UV-vis spectra. These complexes are screened as catalysts for acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) of primary alcohols and aromatic diamines for the synthesis of benzimidazole and quinoline derivatives with the release of H2 and H2 O as byproducts. The protic complex Mn(L1 )(CO)3 Br shows the highest catalytic activity for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives with broad substrate scope, whereas a related complex [Mn(L3 )(CO)3 Br], which is devoid of the proton responsive β-NH unit, shows significantly reduced catalytic efficiency validating the crucial role of the β-NH functionality for the alcohol dehydrogenation reactions. Control experiments, kinetic and deuterated studies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a synchronous hydride-proton transfer by the metal-ligand construct in the alcohol dehydrogenation step.

Zn(II)-Catalyzed Multicomponent Sustainable Synthesis of Pyridines in Air

Herein, we report a Zn(II)-catalyzed solvent-free sustainable synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines using alcohols as the primary feedstock and NH₄OAc as the nitrogen source. Using a well-defined air-stable Zn(II)-catalyst, 1a, featuring a redox-active tridentate azo-aromatic pincer, 2-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L^a), a wide variety of unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were prepared by three-component coupling of primary and secondary alcohols with NH₄OAc. Catalyst 1a is equally compatible with the four-component coupling. Unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were also prepared via a four-component coupling of a primary alcohol with two different secondary alcohols and NH₄OAc. A series of tetra-substituted pyridines were prepared up to 67% yield by coupling primary and secondary alcohols with 1-phenylpropan-1-one or 1,2-diphenylethan-1-one and NH₄OAc. The 1a-catalyzed reactions also proceeded efficiently upon replacing the secondary alcohols with the corresponding ketones, producing the desired tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines in higher yields in a shorter reaction time. A few control experiments were performed to unveil the mechanistic aspects, which indicates that the active participation of the aryl-azo ligand during catalysis enables the Zn(II)-complex to act as an efficient catalyst for the present multicomponent reactions. Aerial oxygen acts as an oxidant during the Zn(II)-catalyzed dehydrogenation of alcohols, producing H₂O and H₂O₂ as byproducts.

Sustainable synthesis of azobenzenes, quinolines and quinoxalines via oxidative dehydrogenative couplings catalysed by reusable transition metal oxide–Bi(iii) cooperative catalysts

Heterogeneous catalytic oxidative dehydrogenative processes for N-heterocycles are presented, which enable waste-minimized (additive-, oxidant-, base-free), efficient cyclisations/couplings via transition metal oxide–Bi(iii) cooperative catalysis.

Constructing a metal-free 2D covalent organic framework for visible-light-driven photocatalytic reduction of CO2: a sustainable strategy for atmospheric CO2 utilization

A 2D polyimide-linked covalent organic framework (COF) with band gap energy of 2.2 eV is developed as a stable and efficient porous photocatalyst which shows CO2 reduction to formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol.

N,S-Chelating triazole-thioether palladium for the one-pot synthesis of biaryls

In this work, for the one-pot two-step coupling reaction of aryl halides with bis(pinacol)diboron, we first applied a phosphorus-free N,S-chelated triazole sulfide palladium-catalyzed system. At the same time, we also carried out careful ligand design to explore the effect of the environment around the coordinating sulfur atom on the reaction. Experiments have shown that the N2-thioether substituted 1,2,3-triazlole palladium is an optimal catalyst The reaction could also reach up to quantitative yield in 4 h with only 1 mol% catalyst. Moreover, some low-activity aryl chlorides can also be coupled with bis(pinacolato)diboron under this catalytic system. We were able to obtain biaryls containing various functional groups in good to excellent yields.

Dehydrogenative Synthesis of Quinolines and Quinazolines via Ligand-Free Cobalt-Catalyzed Cyclization of 2-Aminoaryl Alcohols with Ketones or Nitriles

We present a convenient and efficient protocol to synthesize quinolines and quinazolines in one pot under mild conditions. A variety of substituted quinolines were synthesized in good to excellent yields (up to 97% yield) from the dehydrogenative cyclizations of 2-aminoaryl alcohols and ketones catalyzed by readily available Co(OAc)₂·4H₂O. This cobalt catalytic system also showed high activity in the reactions of 2-aminobenzyl alcohols with nitriles, affording various quinazoline derivatives (up to 95% yield). The present protocol offers an environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of N-heterocycles by employing an earth-abundant cobalt salt under ligand-free conditions.

Single and double deprotonation/dearomatization of the N,S-donor pyridinophane ligand in ruthenium complexes

We report a series of ruthenium complexes with a tetradentate N,S-donor ligand, 2,11-dithia[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (N₂S₂), that undergo single and double deprotonation in the presence of a base leading to the deprotonation of one or both pyridine rings. Both singly and doubly deprotonated complexes were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The NMR spectra are indicative of the dearomatization of one or both pyridine rings upon the deprotonation of the CH₂-S arm, similar to the dearomatization of phosphine-containing pincer ligands. The deprotonated (N₂S₂)Ru complexes did not show appreciable catalytic or stoichiometric reactivity in transfer hydrogenation, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of alcohols, and attempted activation of H₂, CO₂, and other substrates. Such a lack of reactivity is likely due to the low stability of the deprotonated species as evident from the structural characterization of one of the decomposition products in which shrinkage of the macrocyclic ring occurs via picolyl arm migration.

Porphyrin-Based Nanoparticles: A Promising Phototherapy Platform

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, is an emerging form of non-invasive treatment. The combination of imaging technology and phototherapy is becoming an attractive development in the treatment of cancer, as it allows for highly effective therapeutic results through image-guided phototherapy. Porphyrins have attracted significant interest in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer due to their excellent phototherapeutic effects in phototherapy and their remarkable imaging capabilities in fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and photoacoustic imaging. However, porphyrins suffer from poor water solubility, low near-infrared absorption and insufficient tumor accumulation. The development of nanotechnology provides an effective way to improve the bioavailability, phototherapeutic effect and imaging capability of porphyrins. This review highlights the research results of porphyrin-based small molecule nanoparticles in phototherapy and image-guided phototherapy in the last decade and discusses the challenges and directions for the development of porphyrin-based small molecule nanoparticles in phototherapy.

Well-Defined Phosphine-Free Manganese(II)-Complex-Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinolines, Pyrroles, and Pyridines

Herein, we report a simple, phosphine-free, and inexpensive catalytic system based on a manganese(II) complex for synthesizing different important N-heterocycles such as quinolines, pyrroles, and pyridines from amino alcohols and ketones. Several control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations were carried out to support the plausible reaction mechanism. We also detected two potential intermediates in the catalytic cycle using ESI-MS analysis. Based on these studies, a metal-ligand cooperative mechanism was proposed.

A theoretical study of asymmetric ketone hydrogenation catalyzed by Mn complexes: from the catalytic mechanism to the catalyst design

Herein, a density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to investigate asymmetric ketone hydrogenation (AKH) catalyzed by Mn complexes, from the catalytic mechanism to the catalyst design. The calculated results indicated that the Mn(CO)₂-PSiNSiP (A1, PSiNSiP = P(Ph)₂Si(CH₃)₂NSi(CH₃)₂P(Ph)₂) pincer complex has potential high catalytic activity for ketone hydrogenation. The Mn(CO)-LYB (B, LYB = P(Ph)₂Si(CH₃)₂NSi(CH₃)₂P(Me)₂) pincer complex was then designed to catalyze AKH with good stereoselectivity. The hydrogen transfer (HT) step is the chirality-determining step. To avoid the enantiomer of Mn(CO)₂-LYB, which could eliminate the high stereoselectivity during AKH, novel Mn complexes with quadridentate ligands, such as Mn(CO)-LYC (C, LYC = P(CH₃)₂CH₂Si(CH₃)NSi(CH₃)(Si(CH₃)CH₂P(CH₃)₂)CH₂P(Ph)₂) and Mn(CO)-LYD (D, LYD = P(CH₃)₂CH₂Si(CH₃)NSi(CH₃)(Si(CH₃)CH₂P(CH₃)₂)CH₂P(Cy)₂), were designed to drive AKH with medium stereoselectivity. In order to increase the stereoselectivity of AKH, Mn(CO)-LYE (E, LYE = PH₂CH₂Si(CH₃)NSi(CH₃)(Si(CH₃)CH₂P(CH₃)₂)CH₂P(Ph)₂) and Mn(CO)-LYF (F, LYF = PH₂CH₂Si(CH₃)NSi(CH₃)(Si(CH₃)CH₂P(CH₃)₂)CH₂P(Cy)₂) were further designed and showed very good stereoselectivity, which is due to the lower deformation energy and stronger interactions between the ketone substrates and catalysts. This work may shed light on the design of cheap metal catalysts with a new ligand framework for the asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) of CX bonds (X = O, N).

Manganese-catalyzed hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and hydroelementation reactions

The emerging field of organometallic catalysis has shifted towards research on Earth-abundant transition metals due to their ready availability, economic advantage, and novel properties. In this case, manganese, the third most abundant transition-metal in the Earth's crust, has emerged as one of the leading competitors. Accordingly, a large number of molecularly-defined Mn-complexes has been synthesized and employed for hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and hydroelementation reactions. In this regard, catalyst design is based on three pillars, namely, metal-ligand bifunctionality, ligand hemilability, and redox activity. Indeed, the developed catalysts not only differ in the number of chelating atoms they possess but also their working principles, thereby leading to different turnover numbers for product molecules. Hence, the critical assessment of molecularly defined manganese catalysts in terms of chelating atoms, reaction conditions, mechanistic pathway, and product turnover number is significant. Herein, we analyze manganese complexes for their catalytic activity, versatility to allow multiple transformations and their routes to convert substrates to target molecules. This article will also be helpful to get significant insight into ligand design, thereby aiding catalysis design.

A conjugated 2D covalent organic framework as a drug delivery vehicle towards triple negative breast cancer malignancy

Cancer, one of the deadliest diseases for both sexes, has always demanded updated treatment strategies with time. Breast cancer is responsible for the highest mortality rate among females worldwide and requires treatment with advanced regimens due to the higher probability of breast cancer cells to develop drug cytotoxicity followed by resistance. Covalent organic framework (COF) materials with ordered nanoscale porosity can serve as drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatible nature and large internal void spaces. In this research work, we have employed a novel biocompatible COF, TRIPTA, as a drug delivery carrier towards breast cancer cells. It served as a drug delivery vehicle for cisplatin in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. We have checked the potency of TRIPTA in combating the proliferation of metastatic TNBC cells. Our results revealed that cisplatin loaded over TRIPTA-COF exhibited a greater impact on the CD44+/CD24- cancer stem cell niche of breast cancer. Retarded migration of cancer cells has also been observed with the dual treatment of TRIPTA and cisplatin compared to that of cisplatin alone. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been minimized by the combinatorial treatment of cisplatin carried by the carrier material in comparison to cisplatin alone. The epithelial marker E-cadherin is significantly increased in cells treated with cisplatin together with the carrier COF, and the expression of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin is lower. The transcriptional factor Snail has been observed under the same treatment. The carrier material is also internalized by the cancer cells in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that the organic carrier can serve as a specific drug delivery vehicle. Our experimental results suggested that TRIPTA-COF can serve as a potent nanocarrier for cisplatin, showing higher detrimental effects on the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells by increasing the cytotoxicity of cisplatin.

Well-Defined NNS-Mn Complex Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of C-3 Alkylated Indoles and Bisindolylmethanes Using Alcohols

Herein, we demonstrated Mn-catalyzed selective C-3 functionalization of indoles with alcohols. The developed catalyst can also furnish bis(indolyl)methanes from the same set of substrates under slightly modified reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal that the C-3 functionalization of indoles is going via a borrowing hydrogen pathway. To highlight the practical utility, a diverse range of substrates including nine structurally important drug molecules are synthesized. Furthermore, we also introduced a one-pot cascade strategy for synthesizing C-3 functionalized indoles directly from 2-aminophenyl ethanol and alcohol.

An overview of quinoxaline synthesis by green methods: recent reports

Quinoxalines and their derivatives belong to an important class of bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic system, also known as benzopyrazines, containing a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. They have attracted considerable attention over the years due to their potential biological and pharmaceutical properties. A wide range of synthetic strategies is reported in this significant area of research. The present review showcases recent research advances in the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives following environmentally benign approaches.

Well-defined manganese complex catalyzed dehydrogenative synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides

The synthesis of N-heterocycles has been considered an emerging topic of chemical research due to its widespread usage in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and natural product synthesis.

Iron-catalysed quinoline synthesis via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling

An iron-catalysed atom-economical and straightforward methodology for the synthesis of quinolines from α-2-aminoaryl alcohols and secondary alcohols is presented.

Sustainable synthesis of pyrazoles using alcohols as the primary feedstock by an iron catalyzed tandem C–C and C–N coupling approach

We report two new efficient iron-catalyzed synthetic strategies for multicomponent synthesis of tri-substituted pyrazoles using biomass-derived alcohols as the primary feedstock.

Polyoxometalate-Covalent Organic Framework Hybrid Materials for the pH-Responsive Photothermal Tumor Therapy

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has become one of the most effective methods for tumor treatment. With the development of medicine, studies focusing primarily on the therapeutic and diagnostic agents with desirable...

Ruthenium pincer complex catalyzed efficient synthesis of quinoline, 2-styrylquinoline and quinazoline derivatives via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling reactions

The synthesis of N-heterocycles has been considered an emerging area of chemical research due to their extensive utilization in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and natural product synthesis.

Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks: from controlled synthesis to cancer therapy

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a new type of crystalline porous materials, mainly consist of light-weight elements (H, B, C, N and O) linked by dynamic covalent bonds to form periodical structures of two or three dimensions. As an attribute of their low density, large surface area, and excellent adjustable pore size, COFs show great potential in many fields including energy storage and separation, catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine. However, compared with metal organic frameworks (MOFs), the relatively large size and irregular morphology of COFs affect their biocompatibility and bioavailability in vivo, thus impeding their further biomedical applications. This Review focuses on the controlled design strategies of nanoscale COFs (NCOFs), unique properties of NCOFs for biomedical applications, and recent progress in NCOFs for cancer therapy. In addition, current challenges for the biomedical use of NCOFs and perspectives for further improvements are presented.

A phosphine-free Mn(I)-NNS catalyst for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone: a theoretical prediction

The density functional theory (DFT) method was employed to investigate the reaction mechanism of the hydrogen activation and asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of acetophenone catalyzed by a well-defined phosphine-free Mn(I)-NNS complex. The calculation results indicate that the Mn-NNS complex has potential high catalytic hydrogenation activity. Meanwhile, the hydrogen transfer step of this reaction is proposed to be a concerted but asynchronous process, and the hydride transfer precedes proton transfer. This work also pointed out that the stereoselectivity of ATH catalyzed by the Mn(I)-NNS complex mainly originates from the noncovalent interaction between the substrate and the catalyst. Additionally, the catalytic activities of Mn-NNS complexes with different X ligands (X = CO, Cl, H, OMe, NCMe, CCMe, and CHCHMe) were compared, and the calculated total reaction energy barriers were all viable, which indicates that these Mn-NNS complexes show higher CO bond hydrogenation activity under mild conditions. This theoretical study predicts that the reactions catalyzed by complexes with H and NCMe ligands exhibit high stereoselectivity with enantiomeric excess (ee) values of 97% and 93%, respectively.

Manganese catalyzed switchable C-alkylation/alkenylation of fluorenes and indene with alcohols

The usage of earth-abundant, nontoxic transition metals in place of rare noble metals is a central goal in catalysis. This would be especially interesting when the reactivity and selectivity patterns can be tuned. Herein, we introduced the first Mn-catalyzed selective C-alkylation and olefination of fluorene, and indene with alcohols. Various substrates including benzylic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols are employed as alkylating agents. Mechanistic investigations and a kinetic study underpin the involvement of the olefinated intermediate to furnish the alkylated product.

Iron-Catalyzed Alkyne-Based Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrimidines under Air

An iron-catalyzed sustainable, economically affordable, and eco-friendly synthetic protocol for the construction of various trisubstituted pyrimidines is described. A wide range of trisubstituted pyrimidines were prepared using a well-defined, easy to prepare, bench-stable, and phosphine-free iron catalyst featuring a redox-noninnocent tridentate arylazo pincer under comparatively mild aerobic conditions via dehydrogenative functionalization of alcohols with alkynes and amidines.

Recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed (1,n) annulation using (de)-hydrogenative coupling with alcohols

(1,n) annulation reactions using (de)-hydrogenative coupling with alcohols or diols represent a straightforward technique for the synthesis of cyclic moieties. Utilization of such renewable resources for chemical transformations in a one-pot manner is the main focus, which avoids generation of stoichiometric waste. Application of such (1,n) annulation approaches drives the catalysis research in a more sustainable way and generates dihydrogen and water as by-products. This feature article highlights the recent (from 2015 to March 2021) progress in the synthesis of stereo-selective cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, saturated and unsaturated N-heterocycles (cyclic amine, imide, lactam, tetrahydro β-carboline, quinazoline, quinazolinone, 1,3,5-triazines etc.) and other N-heterocycles with the formation of multiple bonds in a one pot operation. Mechanistic studies, new catalytic approaches, and synthetic applications including drug synthesis and post-drug derivatization, scope, and limitations are discussed.