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Smerchek DT, Rients EL, McLaughlin AM, Henderson JA, Ortner BM, Thornton KJ, Hansen SL. The influence of steroidal implants and manganese sulfate supplementation on growth performance, trace mineral status, hepatic gene expression, hepatic enzyme activity, and circulating metabolites in feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae062. [PMID: 38456567 PMCID: PMC10959487 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Angus-cross steers (n = 144; 359 kg ± 13.4) were used to assess the effect of dietary Mn and steroidal implants on performance, trace minerals (TM) status, hepatic enzyme activity, hepatic gene expression, and serum metabolites. Steers (n = 6/pen) were stratified by BW in a 3 × 2 factorial. GrowSafe bunks recorded individual feed intake (experimental unit = steer; n = 24/treatment). Dietary treatments included (MANG; 8 pens/treatment; Mn as MnSO4): (1) no supplemental Mn (analyzed 14 mg Mn/kg DM; Mn0); (2) 20 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM (Mn20); (3) 50 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM (Mn50). Within MANG, steers received a steroidal implant treatment (IMP) on day 0: (1) no implant; NO; or (2) combination implant (Revalor-200; REV). Liver biopsies for TM analysis and qPCR, and blood for serum glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, and urea-N (SUN) analysis were collected on days 0, 20, 40, and 77. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of treatments including fixed effects of Mn treatment (MANG) and implant (IMP) using PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 using initial BW as a covariate. Liver TM, serum metabolite, enzyme activity, and gene expression data were analyzed as repeated measures. No MANG × IMP effects were noted (P ≥ 0.12) for growth performance or carcass characteristic measures. Dietary Mn did not influence final body weight, overall ADG, or overall G:F (P ≥ 0.14). Liver Mn concentration increased with supplemental Mn concentration (MANG; P = 0.01). An IMP × DAY effect was noted for liver Mn (P = 0.01) where NO and REV were similar on day 0 but NO cattle increased liver Mn from days 0 to 20 while REV liver Mn decreased. Relative expression of MnSOD in the liver was greater in REV (P = 0.02) compared to NO and within a MANG × IMP effect (P = 0.01) REV increased liver MnSOD activity. These data indicate current NASEM Mn recommendations are adequate to meet the demands of finishing beef cattle given a steroidal implant. Despite the roles of Mn in metabolic pathways and antioxidant defense, a basal diet containing 14 mg Mn/kg DM was sufficient for the normal growth of finishing steers. This study also provided novel insight into how implants and supplemental Mn influence genes related to arginine metabolism, urea synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and TM homeostasis as well as arginase and MnSOD activity in hepatic tissue of beef steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dathan T Smerchek
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Emma L Rients
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Amy M McLaughlin
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jacob A Henderson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Brock M Ortner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kara J Thornton
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Stephanie L Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Pozzi G, Presta V, Masselli E, Condello G, Cortellazzi S, Arcari ML, Micheloni C, Vitale M, Gobbi G, Mirandola P, Carubbi C. Interplay between Protein Kinase C Epsilon and Reactive Oxygen Species during Myogenic Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:1792. [PMID: 37443826 PMCID: PMC10340168 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are currently recognized as a key driver of several physiological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that ROS levels can affect myogenic differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon (PKCe) promotes muscle stem cell differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. PKCs play a tissue-specific role in redox biology, with specific isoforms being both a target of ROS and an up-stream regulator of ROS production. Therefore, we hypothesized that PKCe represents a molecular link between redox homeostasis and myogenic differentiation. We used an in vitro model of a mouse myoblast cell line (C2C12) to study the PKC-redox axis. We demonstrated that the transition from a myoblast to myotube is typified by increased PKCe protein content and decreased ROS. Intriguingly, the expression of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is significantly higher in the late phases of myogenic differentiation, mimicking PKCe protein content. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PKCe inhibition increases ROS and reduces SOD2 protein content while SOD2 silencing did not affect PKCe protein content, suggesting that the kinase could be an up-stream regulator of SOD2. To support this hypothesis, we found that in C2C12 cells, PKCe interacts with Nrf2, whose activation induces SOD2 transcription. Overall, our results indicate that PKCe is capable of activating the antioxidant signaling preventing ROS accumulation in a myotube, eventually promoting myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Valentina Presta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Elena Masselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Samuele Cortellazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Arcari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Micheloni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
- Italian Foundation for Research in Balneotherapy (FoRST), 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMeC), University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (M.L.A.); (C.M.); (M.V.); (C.C.)
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Powers M, Minchella D, Gonzalez-Acevedo M, Escutia-Plaza D, Wu J, Heger C, Milne G, Aschner M, Liu Z. Loss of hepatic manganese transporter ZIP8 disrupts serum transferrin glycosylation and the glutamate-glutamine cycle. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127184. [PMID: 37163821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZIP8, encoded by SLC39A8, is a membrane transporter that facilitates the cellular uptake of divalent biometals including zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe). The hepatic system has long been accepted as the central modulator for whole-body biometal distribution. Earlier investigations suggest the propensity of ZIP8 to prioritize Mn influx, as opposed to Fe or Zn, in hepatocytes. Hepatic ZIP8 Mn transport is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of various Mn-dependent metalloenzymes and their associated pathways. Herein, we hypothesize that a drastic decrease in systemic Mn, via the loss of hepatic ZIP8, disrupts two unique cellular pathways, post-translational glycosylation and the glutamate-glutamine cycle. METHODS ZIP8 liver-specific knockout (LSKO) mice were chosen in an attempt to substantially decrease whole-body Mn levels. To further elucidate the role of Mn in serum glycosylation, a Mn-deficient diet was adopted in conjunction with the LSKO mice to model a near-complete loss of systemic Mn. After the treatment course, transferrin sialylation profiles were determined using imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF). We also investigated the role of Mn in the glutamate-glutamine cycle; the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in F/F and LSKO mice was assessed by the glutamine/glutamate ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via HPLC-MS. An open-field study was ultimately conducted to check if these mice displayed atypical behavior. RESULTS Two major biological pathways were found to be significantly altered due to the loss of hepatic ZIP8. We identified a disparity between F/F and LSKO transferrin sialylation profiles that were exacerbated under a Mn-deficient diet. Additionally, we discovered a neurotransmitter imbalance between the levels of glutamine and glutamate, exclusive to LSKO mice. This was characterized by the decreased glutamine/glutamate ratio in CSF. Secondary to the neurotransmitter alteration, LSKO mice exhibited an increase in locomotor activity in an open-field. CONCLUSION Our model successfully established a connection between the loss of hepatic ZIP8 and two Mn-dependent cellular pathways, namely, protein glycosylation and the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Dean Minchella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Jiaqi Wu
- ProteinSimple, A Bio-Techne Brand, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Chris Heger
- ProteinSimple, A Bio-Techne Brand, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Ginger Milne
- Neurochemistry Core, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Albert Einstein Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Zijuan Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
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Olea-Flores M, Kan J, Carlson A, Syed SA, McCann C, Mondal V, Szady C, Ricker HM, McQueen A, Navea JG, Caromile LA, Padilla-Benavides T. ZIP11 Regulates Nuclear Zinc Homeostasis in HeLa Cells and Is Required for Proliferation and Establishment of the Carcinogenic Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895433. [PMID: 35898402 PMCID: PMC9309433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element that plays a key role in several biological processes, including transcription, signaling, and catalysis. A subcellular network of transporters ensures adequate distribution of Zn to facilitate homeostasis. Among these are a family of importers, the Zrt/Irt-like proteins (ZIP), which consists of 14 members (ZIP1-ZIP14) that mobilize Zn from the extracellular domain and organelles into the cytosol. Expression of these transporters varies among tissues and during developmental stages, and their distribution at various cellular locations is essential for defining the net cellular Zn transport. Normally, the ion is bound to proteins or sequestered in organelles and vesicles. However, though research has focused on Zn internalization in mammalian cells, little is known about Zn mobilization within organelles, including within the nuclei under both normal and pathological conditions. Analyses from stomach and colon tissues isolated from mouse suggested that ZIP11 is the only ZIP transporter localized to the nucleus of mammalian cells, yet no clear cellular role has been attributed to this protein. We hypothesized that ZIP11 is essential to maintaining nuclear Zn homeostasis in mammalian cells. To test this, we utilized HeLa cells, as research in humans correlated elevated expression of ZIP11 with poor prognosis in cervical cancer patients. We stably knocked down ZIP11 in HeLa cancer cells and investigated the effect of Zn dysregulation in vitro. Our data show that ZIP11 knockdown (KD) reduced HeLa cells proliferation due to nuclear accumulation of Zn. RNA-seq analyses revealed that genes related to angiogenesis, apoptosis, mRNA metabolism, and signaling pathways are dysregulated. Although the KD cells undergoing nuclear Zn stress can activate the homeostasis response by MTF1 and MT1, the RNA-seq analyses showed that only ZIP14 (an importer expressed on the plasma membrane and endocytic vesicles) is mildly induced, which may explain the sensitivity to elevated levels of extracellular Zn. Consequently, ZIP11 KD HeLa cells have impaired migration, invasive properties and decreased mitochondrial potential. Furthermore, KD of ZIP11 delayed cell cycle progression and rendered an enhanced senescent state in HeLa cells, pointing to a novel mechanism whereby maintenance of nuclear Zn homeostasis is essential for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Julia Kan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Sabriya A. Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Cat McCann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Varsha Mondal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Cecily Szady
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Heather M. Ricker
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Amy McQueen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Juan G. Navea
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Leslie A. Caromile
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, UCONN Health-Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Teresita Padilla-Benavides,
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Wang Y, Wang C, Chen H, Zhang Y, Gao N, Yu Y, Xing Y, Xie L, Wang Z, Cai Y. Protective effects of ZIP8 on Toxoplasma gondii-induced acute hepatocyte injury in mice. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rozenberg JM, Kamynina M, Sorokin M, Zolotovskaia M, Koroleva E, Kremenchutckaya K, Gudkov A, Buzdin A, Borisov N. The Role of the Metabolism of Zinc and Manganese Ions in Human Cancerogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051072. [PMID: 35625809 PMCID: PMC9139143 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ion homeostasis is fundamental for life. Specifically, transition metals iron, manganese and zinc play a pivotal role in mitochondrial metabolism and energy generation, anti-oxidation defense, transcriptional regulation and the immune response. The misregulation of expression or mutations in ion carriers and the corresponding changes in Mn2+ and Zn2+ levels suggest that these ions play a pivotal role in cancer progression. Moreover, coordinated changes in Mn2+ and Zn2+ ion carriers have been detected, suggesting that particular mechanisms influenced by both ions might be required for the growth of cancer cells, metastasis and immune evasion. Here, we present a review of zinc and manganese pathophysiology suggesting that these ions might cooperatively regulate cancerogenesis. Zn and Mn effects converge on mitochondria-induced apoptosis, transcriptional regulation and the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, mediating the immune response. Both Zn and Mn influence cancer progression and impact treatment efficacy in animal models and clinical trials. We predict that novel strategies targeting the regulation of both Zn and Mn in cancer will complement current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Markovich Rozenberg
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Margarita Kamynina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Maksim Sorokin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Marianna Zolotovskaia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
- OmicsWay Corporation, Walnut, CA 91789, USA
| | - Elena Koroleva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Kristina Kremenchutckaya
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Alexander Gudkov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (A.G.)
- OmicsWay Corporation, Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Oncobox Ltd., 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolas Borisov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.Z.); (E.K.); (K.K.); (A.B.); (N.B.)
- OmicsWay Corporation, Walnut, CA 91789, USA
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Deters EL, VanDerWal AJ, VanValin KR, Beenken AM, Heiderscheit KJ, Hochmuth KG, Jackson TD, Messersmith EM, McGill JL, Hansen SL. Effect of bis-glycinate bound zinc or zinc sulfate on zinc metabolism in growing lambs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6358509. [PMID: 34448471 PMCID: PMC8446285 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of bis-glycinate bound Zn, 36 crossbred wethers (34 ± 2 kg) were sorted by body weight into three groups and stagger started on a Zn-deficient diet (18 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]; 22.5% neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) for 45 d prior to a 15-d metabolism period (10 d adaptation and 5 d collection). On day 46, lambs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (four lambs treatment−1group−1): no supplemental Zn (CON) or 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (ZINC) as Zn sulfate (ZS) or bis-glycinate (GLY; Plexomin Zn, Phytobiotics). Blood was collected from all lambs on days 1, 44, 56, and 61. Liver, jejunum, and longissimus dorsi samples were collected after euthanasia on day 61. Gene expression was determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = lamb; fixed effects = treatment, group, and breed) and contrast statements assessed the effects of supplemental Zn concentration (ZINC vs. CON) and source (GLY vs. ZS). After 15 d of Zn supplementation, plasma Zn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON and GLY vs. ZS (P ≤ 0.01); tissue Zn concentrations were unaffected (P ≥ 0.27). Liver Cu concentrations were lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.03). Longissimus dorsi Mn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.05) and tended to be lesser for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.09). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.05); acid detergent fiber digestibility tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.06). Nitrogen retention (g/d) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.10), and N apparent absorption was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Zinc intake, fecal output, retention, and apparent absorption were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.01). Apparent absorption of Zn was −5.1%, 12.8%, and 15.0% for CON, ZS, and GLY, respectively. Nitrogen and Zn retention and apparent absorption were not correlated for CON (P ≥ 0.14) but were positively correlated for ZINC (retention: P = 0.02, r = 0.52; apparent absorption: P < 0.01, r = 0.73). Intestinal expression of Zn transporter ZIP4 was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Liver expression of metallothionein-1 (MT1) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.07). Although Zn apparent absorption did not differ between sources (P = 0.71), differences in post-absorptive metabolism may be responsible for greater plasma Zn concentrations and liver MT1 expression for GLY-supplemented lambs, suggesting improved bioavailability of GLY relative to ZS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Deters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Allison J VanDerWal
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Katherine R VanValin
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aubree M Beenken
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Katie J Heiderscheit
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Katherine G Hochmuth
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Trey D Jackson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Messersmith
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Vet Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Stephanie L Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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8
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Liu J, Xu C, Yu X, Zuo Q. Expression profiles of SLC39A/ZIP7, ZIP8 and ZIP14 in response to exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 67:126784. [PMID: 34015658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc transporters are thought to facilitate the mobilization of zinc (Zn) and the role of Zn as a signaling mediator during cellular events. Little is known about the response of Zn movement and zinc transporters during muscle proliferation and differentiation processes after damage. METHODS After rats were subjected to one 90-min session of downhill running to cause muscle damage, the gastrocnemius muscles were harvested to assess the expression of zinc transporters SLC39A/ZIP7, ZIP8, ZIP14 and myogenic regulatory factors at the 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w time points after exercise. RESULTS SLC39A/ZIP7, ZIP8 and ZIP14 had translocated to different compartments of the cell following damage, and they exhibited differential expression profiles after eccentric exercise. The results regarding the myogenetic regulators showed that nf-κb was upregulated 2 d after exercise, and STAT3 and Akt1 mRNA levels were mostly expressed 2 w after exercise. The upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic subunit gamma (pik3cg), erk1 and erk2 mostly occurred at the early stage (6 h or 12 h) after exercise. In addition, we found that zip7, zip8 and zip14 expression was moderately correlated with certain markers of muscle regeneration. CONCLUSION The zinc transporters SLC39A/ZIP7, ZIP8 and ZIP14 have differential expression profiles upon eccentric exercise, and they might regulate muscle proliferation or differentiation processes through different cellular pathways after exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Liu
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinkai Yu
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qun Zuo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Kosman DJ. A holistic view of mammalian (vertebrate) cellular iron uptake. Metallomics 2021; 12:1323-1334. [PMID: 32766655 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell iron uptake in mammals is commonly distinguished by whether the iron is presented to the cell as transferrin-bound or not: TBI or NTBI. This generic perspective conflates TBI with canonical transferrin receptor, endosomal iron uptake, and NTBI with uptake supported by a plasma membrane-localized divalent metal ion transporter, most often identified as DMT1. In fact, iron uptake by mammalian cells is far more nuanced than this somewhat proscribed view suggests. This view fails to accommodate the substantial role that ZIP8 and ZIP14 play in iron uptake, while adhering to the traditional premise that a relatively high endosomal [H+] is thermodynamically required for release of iron from holo-Tf. The canonical view of iron uptake also does not encompass the fact that plasma membrane electron transport - PMET - has long been linked to cell iron uptake. In fact, the known mammalian metallo-reductases - Dcytb and the STEAP proteins - are members of this cohort of cytochrome-dependent oxido-reductases that shuttle reducing equivalents across the plasma membrane. A not commonly appreciated fact is the reduction potential of ferric iron in holo-Tf is accessible to cytoplasmic reducing equivalents - reduced pyridine and flavin mono- and di-nucleotides and dihydroascorbic acid. This allows for the reductive release of Fe2+ at the extracellular surface of the PM and subsequent transport into the cytoplasm by a neutral pH transporter - a ZIP protein. What this perspective emphasizes is that there are two TfR-dependent uptake pathways, one which does and one which does not involve clathrin-dependent, endolysosomal trafficking. This raises the question as to the selective advantage of having two Tf, TfR-dependent routes of iron accumulation. This review of canonical and non-canonical iron uptake uses cerebral iron trafficking as a point of discussion, a focus that encourages inclusion also of the importance of ferritin as a circulating 'chaperone' of ferric iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Buffalo, Suite 4102, 995 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Ding H, Zhang Q, Xu H, Yu X, Chen L, Wang Z, Feng J. Selection of copper and zinc dosages in pig diets based on the mutual benefit of animal growth and environmental protection. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112177. [PMID: 33839484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary copper and zinc additives facilitate the growth and development of animals, but heavy metal in feces threatens the ecological environment, and balance is the key to solving the problem. In this study, a trial of 2000 pigs (early nursery, 9-15 kg; late nursery, 15-25 kg; grower: 25-60 kg) was conducted to analyze the effects of different diets (gradient dosage of copper and zinc additives) on growth performance, antioxidant performance, immune function, and fecal heavy metal excretion of piglets and growing pigs. Although no significant differences were observed in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between treatments during the entire nursery-grower period, the addition of appropriate high doses of copper and zinc to the diet had a beneficial effect on the antioxidant status and immune function of weaned piglets. Especially at early nursery, compared with the low-copper group (5 mg/kg Cu), the high-copper group (120 mg/kg Cu) could significantly increase the peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), cortisol in the serum. Moreover, the addition of zinc and copper in the diet not only increased the concentration of corresponding trace elements in the serum, but also affected the concentration of other trace elements in the serum. The reduction of copper and zinc content in the diet contributed to reducing the copper and zinc content in feces. In conclusion, we have formulated the mutual benefit dosages of copper and zinc (9-15 kg: 5 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 15-25 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 25-60 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 10 mg/kg Zn) for weaning piglets and growing pigs, which would help ensure the healthy growth of animals and reduce environmental heavy metal residues. CAPSULE: This study developed a mutually beneficial dose of copper and zinc in pig diets, which promotes animal growth and protects the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Ding
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huangen Xu
- Research Center of Zhejiang Kesheng Feed Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Ding W, Ge Y, Sun H, Xu J, Gu H, Bian C, Chen H, Jiang L, Yin X. ZIP8 mediates the extracellular matrix degradation of nucleus pulposus cells via NF-κB signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 550:30-36. [PMID: 33677133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) is mainly induced by metalloproteinases (MMPs). Zn2+ is an essential component of MMPs, but the effect of Zn2+ importers in controlling ECM metabolism remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to identify the involvement of Zn2+ importers in ECM degradation induced by inflammatory stimuli and excessive mechanical stressing. In this study, NPCs from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were separated and cultured. FluoZin-3 AM staining was applied to detect [Zn2+]i in NPCs treated with Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or cyclic tensile strain (CTS) with a Flexcell Strain Unit. We found that intracellular Zn2+ concentration ([Zn2+]i) elevated dramatically, and ZIP8 is the predominant Zn2+ importer among all importers in senescent NPCs. The [Zn2+]i and MMP expression level both increased in IL-1β and CTS treated NPCs. Furthermore, the expression of ZIP8 was also markedly increased. However, knockdown of ZIP8 with siRNA alleviated ECM degradation induced by inflammatory stimuli and CTS. Both stimuli activated NF-κB signaling pathway, and knockdown of ZIP8 effectively inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway activation. In conclusion, knockdown of ZIP8 can alleviate NPCs' ECM degradation caused by inflammatory stimuli and excessive mechanical stressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiang Ge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyi Sun
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Bian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaofan Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Ramalingam V, Hwang I. Zero valent zinc regulates adipocyte differentiation through calpain family protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Yun HR, Jo YH, Kim J, Nguyen NNY, Shin Y, Kim SS, Choi TG. Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 Is Essential for Myogenic Autophagy of C2C12 Skeletal Myoblast. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569221. [PMID: 33178040 PMCID: PMC7593845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation is an essential process for the maintenance of muscle development and homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical signaling molecules involved in muscle differentiation. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal enzyme, is involved in removing thioester-linked fatty acid groups from modified cysteine residues in proteins. However, the role of PPT1 in muscle differentiation remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that PPT1 plays a critical role in the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. The expression of PPT1 gradually increased in response to mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) during muscle differentiation, which was attenuated by treatment with antioxidants. Moreover, we revealed that PPT1 transactivation occurs through nuclear factor erythroid 2-regulated factor 2 (Nrf2) binding the antioxidant response element (ARE) in its promoter region. Knockdown of PPT1 with specific small interference RNA (siRNA) disrupted lysosomal function by increasing its pH. Subsequently, it caused excessive accumulation of autophagy flux, thereby impairing muscle fiber formation. In conclusion, we suggest that PPT1 is factor a responsible for myogenic autophagy in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rok Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ngoc Ngo Yen Nguyen
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Soo Kim,
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Tae Gyu Choi,
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Vásquez-Procopio J, Osorio B, Cortés-Martínez L, Hernández-Hernández F, Medina-Contreras O, Ríos-Castro E, Comjean A, Li F, Hu Y, Mohr S, Perrimon N, Missirlis F. Intestinal response to dietary manganese depletion inDrosophila. Metallomics 2020; 12:218-240. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations to manganese deficiency.
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Tavera-Montañez C, Hainer SJ, Cangussu D, Gordon SJV, Xiao Y, Reyes-Gutierrez P, Imbalzano AN, Navea JG, Fazzio TG, Padilla-Benavides T. The classic metal-sensing transcription factor MTF1 promotes myogenesis in response to copper. FASEB J 2019; 33:14556-14574. [PMID: 31690123 PMCID: PMC6894080 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901606r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1) is a conserved metal-binding transcription factor in eukaryotes that binds to conserved DNA sequence motifs, termed metal response elements. MTF1 responds to both metal excess and deprivation, protects cells from oxidative and hypoxic stresses, and is required for embryonic development in vertebrates. To examine the role for MTF1 in cell differentiation, we use multiple experimental strategies [including gene knockdown (KD) mediated by small hairpin RNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), immunofluorescence, chromatin immunopreciptation sequencing, subcellular fractionation, and atomic absorbance spectroscopy] and report a previously unappreciated role for MTF1 and copper (Cu) in cell differentiation. Upon initiation of myogenesis from primary myoblasts, both MTF1 expression and nuclear localization increased. Mtf1 KD impaired differentiation, whereas addition of nontoxic concentrations of Cu+-enhanced MTF1 expression and promoted myogenesis. Furthermore, we observed that Cu+ binds stoichiometrically to a C terminus tetra-cysteine of MTF1. MTF1 bound to chromatin at the promoter regions of myogenic genes, and Cu addition stimulated this binding. Of note, MTF1 formed a complex with myogenic differentiation (MYOD)1, the master transcriptional regulator of the myogenic lineage, at myogenic promoters. These findings uncover unexpected mechanisms by which Cu and MTF1 regulate gene expression during myoblast differentiation.-Tavera-Montañez, C., Hainer, S. J., Cangussu, D., Gordon, S. J. V., Xiao, Y., Reyes-Gutierrez, P., Imbalzano, A. N., Navea, J. G., Fazzio, T. G., Padilla-Benavides, T. The classic metal-sensing transcription factor MTF1 promotes myogenesis in response to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tavera-Montañez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah J. Hainer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Daniella Cangussu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shellaina J. V. Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Pablo Reyes-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juan G. Navea
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Thomas G. Fazzio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Scheiber IF, Alarcon NO, Zhao N. Manganese Uptake by A549 Cells is Mediated by Both ZIP8 and ZIP14. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071473. [PMID: 31261654 PMCID: PMC6682971 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelia of the lungs require manganese (Mn) as an essential nutrient, but also provide an entry route for airborne Mn that can cause neurotoxicity. Transporters involved in Mn uptake by alveolar epithelial cells are unknown. Recently, two members of the Zrt- and Irt-like protein (ZIP) family of metal transporters, ZIP8 and ZIP14, have been identified as crucial Mn importers in vivo. ZIP8 is by far most abundantly expressed in the lungs, whereas ZIP14 expression in the lungs is low compared to other tissues. We hypothesized that Mn uptake by alveolar epithelial cells is primarily mediated by ZIP8. To test our hypothesis, we used A549 cells, a type II alveolar cell line. Mirroring the in vivo situation, A549 cells expressed higher levels of ZIP8 than cell models for the liver, intestines, and kidney. Quantification of ZIP8 and ZIP14 revealed a strong enrichment of ZIP8 over ZIP14 in A549 cells. Using siRNA technology, we identified ZIP8 and ZIP14 as the major transporters mediating Mn uptake by A549 cells. To our surprise, knockdown of either ZIP8 or ZIP14 impaired Mn accumulation to a similar extent, which we traced back to similar amounts of ZIP8 and ZIP14 at the plasma membrane. Our study highlights the importance of both ZIP8 and ZIP14 in Mn metabolism of alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F Scheiber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Ningning Zhao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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