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Ali A, Ashfaq M, Qureshi A, Muzammil U, Shaukat H, Ali S, Altabey WA, Noori M, Kouritem SA. Smart Detecting and Versatile Wearable Electrical Sensing Mediums for Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6586. [PMID: 37514879 PMCID: PMC10384670 DOI: 10.3390/s23146586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly expanding global population and a sizeable portion of it that is aging are the main causes of the significant increase in healthcare costs. Healthcare in terms of monitoring systems is undergoing radical changes, making it possible to gauge or monitor the health conditions of people constantly, while also removing some minor possibilities of going to the hospital. The development of automated devices that are either attached to organs or the skin, continually monitoring human activity, has been made feasible by advancements in sensor technologies, embedded systems, wireless communication technologies, nanotechnologies, and miniaturization being ultra-thin, lightweight, highly flexible, and stretchable. Wearable sensors track physiological signs together with other symptoms such as respiration, pulse, and gait pattern, etc., to spot unusual or unexpected events. Help may therefore be provided when it is required. In this study, wearable sensor-based activity-monitoring systems for people are reviewed, along with the problems that need to be overcome. In this review, we have shown smart detecting and versatile wearable electrical sensing mediums in healthcare. We have compiled piezoelectric-, electrostatic-, and thermoelectric-based wearable sensors and their working mechanisms, along with their principles, while keeping in view the different medical and healthcare conditions and a discussion on the application of these biosensors in human health. A comparison is also made between the three types of wearable energy-harvesting sensors: piezoelectric-, electrostatic-, and thermoelectric-based on their output performance. Finally, we provide a future outlook on the current challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Ali
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan
| | - Muaz Ashfaq
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan
| | - Aleen Qureshi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan
| | - Umar Muzammil
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Shaukat
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang 22621, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan
| | - Wael A Altabey
- International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering (IIUSE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Noori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405, USA
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sallam A Kouritem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
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Gao XZ, Gao FL, Liu J, Li Y, Wan P, Yu ZZ, Li X. Self-Powered Resilient Porous Sensors with Thermoelectric Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) and Carbon Nanotubes for Sensitive Temperature and Pressure Dual-Mode Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43783-43791. [PMID: 36112650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Portable and wearable dual-mode sensors that can simultaneously detect multiple stimuli are essential for emerging artificial intelligence applications, and most efforts are devoted to exploring pressure-sensing devices. It is still challenging to integrate temperature and pressure-sensing functions into one sensor without the requirement for complex decoupling processes. Herein, we develop a self-powered and multifunctional dual-mode sensor by dip-coating melamine sponge with both poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By integrating thermoelectric and conductive PEDOT:PSS/CNT components with the hydrophilic and resilient porous sponge, the resultant sensor is efficient in independently detecting temperature and pressure changes. The temperature and pressure stimuli can be independently converted to voltage and electrical resistance signals on the basis of the Seebeck and piezoresistive effects, respectively. The sensor exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient of 35.9 μV K-1 with a minimum temperature detection limit of 0.4 K and a pressure sensitivity of -3.35% kPa-1 with a minimum pressure detection limit of 4 Pa. Interestingly, the sensor can also be self-powered upon illumination. These multi-functionalities make the sensor a promising tool for applications in electronic skin, soft robots, solar energy conversion, and personal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Zhi Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Lin Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Yongji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Zeng X, Deng HT, Wen DL, Li YY, Xu L, Zhang XS. Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020254. [PMID: 35208378 PMCID: PMC8874439 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of wearable multi-functional sensing technology to fulfill the requirements of healthcare smart detection, and much progress has been achieved. Due to the appealing characteristics of flexibility, stretchability and long-term stability, the sensors have been used in a wide range of applications, such as respiration monitoring, pulse wave detection, gait pattern analysis, etc. Wearable sensors based on single mechanisms are usually capable of sensing only one physiological or motion signal. In order to measure, record and analyze comprehensive physical conditions, it is indispensable to explore the wearable sensors based on hybrid mechanisms and realize the integration of multiple smart functions. Herein, we have summarized various working mechanisms (resistive, capacitive, triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermo-electric, pyroelectric) and hybrid mechanisms that are incorporated into wearable sensors. More importantly, to make wearable sensors work persistently, it is meaningful to combine flexible power units and wearable sensors and form a self-powered system. This article also emphasizes the utility of self-powered wearable sensors from the perspective of mechanisms, and gives applications. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging materials and structures that are applied to achieve high sensitivity. In the end, we present perspectives on the outlooks of wearable multi-functional sensing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zeng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Hai-Tao Deng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Dan-Liang Wen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Yao-Yao Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Li Xu
- Rehabilitation Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (X.-S.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; (X.Z.); (H.-T.D.); (D.-L.W.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (X.-S.Z.)
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Zhang X, Yang W, Zhang H, Xie M, Duan X. PEDOT:PSS: From conductive polymers to sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wentuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Pyo S, Lee J, Bae K, Sim S, Kim J. Recent Progress in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Human-Interactive Systems: From Sensors to Advanced Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005902. [PMID: 33887803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors capable of measuring mechanical stimuli via physical contact have attracted significant attention in the field of human-interactive systems. The utilization of tactile information can complement vision and/or sound interaction and provide new functionalities. Recent advancements in micro/nanotechnology, material science, and information technology have resulted in the development of high-performance tactile sensors that reach and even surpass the tactile sensing ability of human skin. Here, important advances in flexible tactile sensors over recent years are summarized, from sensor designs to system-level applications. This review focuses on the representative strategies based on design and material configurations for improving key performance parameters including sensitivity, detection range/linearity, response time/hysteresis, spatial resolution/crosstalk, multidirectional force detection, and insensitivity to other stimuli. System-level integration for practical applications beyond conceptual prototypes and promising applications, such as artificial electronic skin for robotics and prosthetics, wearable controllers for electronics, and bidirectional communication tools, are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on issues regarding further advances are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjae Pyo
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubin Bae
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Sim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Clevenger M, Kim H, Song HW, No K, Lee S. Binder-free printed PEDOT wearable sensors on everyday fabrics using oxidative chemical vapor deposition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj8958. [PMID: 34652946 PMCID: PMC8519566 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric sensors on fabrics have vast potential toward the development of versatile applications, particularly when the ready-made wearable or fabric can be directly coated. However, traditional coating approaches, such as solution-based methods, have limitations in achieving uniform and thin films because of the poor surface wettability of fabrics. Herein, to realize a uniform poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer on various everyday fabrics, we use oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). The oCVD technique is a unique method capable of forming patterned polymer films with controllable thicknesses while maintaining the inherent advantages of fabrics, such as exceptional mechanical stability and breathability. Utilizing the superior characteristics of oCVD PEDOT, we succeed in fabricating blood pressure– and respiratory rate–monitoring sensors by directly depositing and patterning PEDOT on commercially available disposable gloves and masks, respectively. Those results are expected to pave efficient and facile ways for skin-compatible and affordable sensors for personal health care monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Clevenger
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyeonghun Kim
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Han Wook Song
- Center for Mass and Related Quantities, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo No
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sunghwan Lee
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Jia Y, Jiang Q, Sun H, Liu P, Hu D, Pei Y, Liu W, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Ma Y, Cao Y. Wearable Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Self-Powered Electronic Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102990. [PMID: 34486174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things has led to a growing demand for wearable and maintenance-free power sources. The continual push toward lower operating voltages and power consumption in modern integrated circuits has made the development of devices powered by body heat finally feasible. In this context, thermoelectric (TE) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the effective conversion of body heat into electricity to power wearable devices without being limited by environmental conditions. Driven by rapid advances in processing technology and the performance of TE materials over the past two decades, wearable thermoelectric generators (WTEGs) have gradually become more flexible and stretchable so that they can be used on complex and dynamic surfaces. In this review, the functional materials, processing techniques, and strategies for the device design of different types of WTEGs are comprehensively covered. Wearable self-powered systems based on WTEGs are summarized, including multi-function TE modules, hybrid energy harvesting, and all-in-one energy devices. Challenges in organic TE materials, interfacial engineering, and assessments of device performance are discussed, and suggestions for future developments in the area are provided. This review will promote the rapid implementation of wearable TE materials and devices in self-powered electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanzhong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Weishu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Wan K, Liu Y, Santagiuliana G, Barandun G, Taroni Junior P, Güder F, Bastiaansen CW, Baxendale M, Fenwick O, Papageorgiou DG, Krause S, Zhang H, Bilotti E. Self-powered ultrasensitive and highly stretchable temperature-strain sensing composite yarns. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2513-2519. [PMID: 34870309 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00908g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of stretchable/wearable devices, functions, such as sensing, energy storage/harvesting, and electrical conduction, should ideally be carried out by a single material, while retaining its ability to withstand large elastic deformations, to create compact, functionally-integrated and autonomous systems. A new class of trimodal, stretchable yarn-based transducer formed by coating commercially available Lycra® yarns with PEDOT:PSS is presented. The material developed can sense strain (first mode), and temperature (second mode) and can power itself thermoelectrically (third mode), eliminating the need for an external power-supply. The yarns were extensively characterized and obtained an ultrahigh (gauge factor ∼3.6 × 105, at 10-20% strain) and tunable (up to about 2 orders of magnitude) strain sensitivity together with a very high strain-at-break point (up to ∼1000%). These PEDOT:PSS-Lycra yarns also exhibited stable thermoelectric behavior (Seebeck coefficient of 15 μV K-1), which was exploited both for temperature sensing and self-powering (∼0.5 μW, for a 10-couple module at ΔT ∼ 95 K). The produced material has potential to be interfaced with microcontroller-based systems to create internet-enabled, internet-of-things type devices in a variety of form factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kening Wan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Giovanni Santagiuliana
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Nanoforce Technology Ltd., Joseph Priestley Building, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Giandrin Barandun
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Prospero Taroni Junior
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, Malet Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cees Wm Bastiaansen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Baxendale
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Oliver Fenwick
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Dimitrios G Papageorgiou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Nanoforce Technology Ltd., Joseph Priestley Building, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Emiliano Bilotti
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Nanoforce Technology Ltd., Joseph Priestley Building, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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