1
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Mathew J, Das JP, TP M, Kumar S. Development of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) PBAT toughened poly (lactic acid) blends 3D printing filament. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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2
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Yang F, Zhang C, Ma Z, Weng Y. In Situ Formation of Microfibrillar PBAT in PGA Films: An Effective Way to Robust Barrier and Mechanical Properties for Fully Biodegradable Packaging Films. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21280-21290. [PMID: 35935288 PMCID: PMC9348010 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is a semicrystalline biodegradable polyester with high gas barrier properties. However, due to its poor processability and low ductility, PGA could hardly find applications in the packaging field. Here, a strategy was adopted for in situ generation of high-aspect-ratio flexible microfibrils with strong interface affinity for the PGA matrix. Because poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) possesses impressive ductility, it was selected as the "fibrillar toughening phase" to enhance the ductility of PGA. Moreover, a chain extender was used to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the two polymers. The extrusion blown film technique was then used to develop fully biodegradable PGA/PBAT films with a superior combination of excellent barrier performance and robust mechanical properties. The PBAT phase can in situ form microfibrils under the influence of extensional flow. Simultaneously, the synergetic function of the extensional flow field could effectively promote the motion of the PGA molecular chain to develop an oriented crystalline microstructure. Because of the aligned oriented lamellar crystal of PGA and oriented PBAT fibril structures serving as robust "barrier walls" 60PGA/ADR blown films demonstrated dramatically improved resistance to oxygen and water vapor, with 59 and 44 times lower oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability, respectively, when compared to the neat PBAT blown film. As a result, PGA/PBAT blown films offer a variety of benefits, including superior ductility, toughness, and a strong gas barrier property. The potential of these films to degrade makes them a viable contender for replacing classical nondegradable packing films.
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3
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Schreuders FK, Schlangen M, Bodnár I, Erni P, Boom RM, van der Goot AJ. Structure formation and non-linear rheology of blends of plant proteins with pectin and cellulose. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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4
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Yousfi M, Samuel C, Soulestin J, Lacrampe MF. Rheological Considerations in Processing Self-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:637. [PMID: 35160626 PMCID: PMC8839963 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review relates to the field of nanocomposite materials comprising a thermoplastic nanofibrillar phase dispersed in a matrix that is also thermoplastic. The fact of forming the nanofibrillar phase in situ during melt processing gives it the role of a reinforcing nanofiller for thermoplastic materials. This paper discusses the major factors influencing the formation of self-reinforced nanofibrillar polymer composite (NFC) materials throughout manufacturing steps. More specifically, the rheological considerations allowing the prediction of the in situ nanofibrillation during melt blending and post-processing as well as the methods of production of these polymer nanocomposites are described. The major challenges related to the future development in the field of NFCs are addressed. The concept of self-reinforced nanofibrillar polymer materials shows great potential in lightweight eco-design processes and represents a new approach to polymer nanocomposite recycling for a variety of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yousfi
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.S.); (J.S.); (M.-F.L.)
| | - Jérémie Soulestin
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.S.); (J.S.); (M.-F.L.)
| | - Marie-France Lacrampe
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.S.); (J.S.); (M.-F.L.)
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5
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Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Mantia FPL. Effect of the Elongational Flow on the Morphology and Properties of Polymer Systems: A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3529. [PMID: 34685288 PMCID: PMC8541082 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-processing operations with dominating elongational flow have a great relevance, especially in several relevant industrial applications. Film blowing, fiber spinning and foaming are some examples in which the polymer melt is subjected to elongational flow during processing. To gain a thorough knowledge of the material-processing behavior, the evaluation of the rheological properties of the polymers experiencing this kind of flow is fundamental. This paper reviews the main achievements regarding the processing-structure-properties relationships of polymer-based materials processed through different operations with dominating elongational flow. In particular, after a brief discussion on the theoretical features associated with the elongational flow and the differences with other flow regimes, the attention is focused on the rheological properties in elongation of the most industrially relevant polymers. Finally, the evolution of the morphology of homogeneous polymers, as well as of multiphase polymer-based systems, such as blends and micro- and nano-composites, subjected to the elongational flow is discussed, highlighting the potential and the unique characteristics of the processing operations based on elongation flow, as compared to their shear-dominated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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6
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Hosseinnezhad R. Shear-Induced and Nanofiber-Nucleated Crystallization of Novel Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters Delineated for In Situ Generation of Biodegradable Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2315. [PMID: 34301071 PMCID: PMC8309396 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The shear-induced and cellulose-nanofiber nucleated crystallization of two novel aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters is outlined due to its significance for the in situ generation of biodegradable nanocomposites, which require the crystallization of nanofibrous sheared inclusions at higher temperatures. The shear-induced non-isothermal crystallization of two copolyesters, namely, poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate-co-glutarate-co-terephthalate) (PBASGT) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), was studied following a light depolarization technique. To have a deep insight into the process, the effects of the shear rate, shear time, shearing temperature and cooling rate on the initiation, kinetics, growth and termination of crystals were investigated. Films of 60 μm were subjected to various shear rates (100-800 s-1) for different time intervals during cooling. The effects of the shearing time and increasing the shear rate were found to be an elevated crystallization temperature, increased nucleation density, reduced growth size of lamella stacks and decreased crystallization time. Due to the boosted nucleation sites, the nuclei impinged with each other quickly and growth was hindered. The effect of the cooling rate was more significant at lower shear rates. Shearing the samples at lower temperatures, but still above the nominal melting point, further shifted the non-isothermal crystallization to higher temperatures. As a result of cellulose nanofibers' presence, the crystallization of PBAT, analyzed by DSC, was shifted to higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Hosseinnezhad
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Hosseinnezhad R, Vozniak I, Zaïri F. In Situ Generation of Green Hybrid Nanofibrillar Polymer-Polymer Composites-A Novel Approach to the Triple Shape Memory Polymer Formation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1900. [PMID: 34201008 PMCID: PMC8226873 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper discusses the possibility of using in situ generated hybrid polymer-polymer nanocomposites as polymeric materials with triple shape memory, which, unlike conventional polymer blends with triple shape memory, are characterized by fully separated phase transition temperatures and strongest bonding between the polymer blends phase interfaces which are critical to the shape fixing and recovery. This was demonstrated using the three-component system polylactide/polybutylene adipateterephthalate/cellulose nanofibers (PLA/PBAT/CNFs). The role of in situ generated PBAT nanofibers and CNFs in the formation of efficient physical crosslinks at PLA-PBAT, PLA-CNF and PBAT-CNF interfaces and the effect of CNFs on the PBAT fibrillation and crystallization processes were elucidated. The in situ generated composites showed drastically higher values of strain recovery ratios, strain fixity ratios, faster recovery rate and better mechanical properties compared to the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Hosseinnezhad
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Iurii Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Fahmi Zaïri
- Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515-LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France;
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8
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Dadouche T, Yousfi M, Samuel C, Lacrampe M, Soulestin J. (Nano)Fibrillar morphology development in biobased poly(butylene
succinate‐co‐adipate
)/poly(amide‐11) blown films. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Dadouche
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
| | - Marie‐France Lacrampe
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
| | - Jérémie Soulestin
- Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering Department Institut Mines‐Télécom, IMT Lille Douai Douai France
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9
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Yousfi M, Soulestin J, Marcille S, Lacrampe MF. In-situ nano-fibrillation of poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) in isosorbide-based polycarbonate matrix. Relationship between rheological parameters and induced morphological and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Shahnooshi M, Javadi A, Nazockdast H, Ottermann K, Altstädt V. Rheological rationalization of in situ nanofibrillar structure development: Tailoring of nanohybrid shish-kebab superstructures of poly (lactic acid) crystalline phase. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Keridou I, Cailloux J, Martínez JC, Santana O, Maspoch ML, Puiggalí J, Franco L. Biphasic polylactide/polyamide 6,10 blends: Influence of composition on polyamide structure and polyester crystallization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Raj A, Samuel C, Malladi N, Prashantha K. Enhanced (thermo)mechanical properties in biobased poly(
l
‐
lactide
)/poly(amide‐12) blends using high shear extrusion processing without compatibilizers. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites and Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) Douai France
- Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites and Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) Douai France
- Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Nagalakshmaiah Malladi
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites and Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) Douai France
- Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites and Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) Douai France
- Université de Lille Lille France
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13
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Raj A, Prashantha K, Samuel C. Compatibility in biobased poly(L‐lactide)/polyamide binary blends: From melt‐state interfacial tensions to (thermo)mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
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14
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García-Masabet V, Santana Pérez O, Cailloux J, Abt T, Sánchez-Soto M, Carrasco F, Maspoch ML. PLA/PA Bio-Blends: Induced Morphology by Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E10. [PMID: 31861652 PMCID: PMC7022582 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of processing conditions on the final morphology of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) with bio-based Polyamide 10.10 (PA) 70/30 blends is analyzed in this paper. Two types of PLA were used: Commercial (neat PLA) and a rheologically modified PLA (PLAREx), with higher melt elasticity produced by reactive extrusion. To evaluate the ability of in situ micro-fibrillation (f) of PA phase during blend compounding by twin-screw extrusion, two processing parameters were varied: i) Screw speed rotation (rpm); and ii) take-up velocity, to induce a hot stretching with different Draw Ratios (DR). The potential ability of PA-f in both bio-blends was evaluated by the viscosity (p) and elasticity (k') ratios determined from the rheological tests of pristine polymers. When PLAREx was used, the requirements for PA-f was fulfilled in the shear rate range observed at the extrusion die. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that, unlike neat PLA, PLAREx promoted PA-f without hot stretching and the aspect ratio increased as DR increased. For neat PLA-based blends, PA-f was promoted during the hot stretching stage. DMTA analysis revealed that the use of PLAREx PLAREx resulted in a better mechanical performance in the rubbery region (T > Tg PLA-phase) due to the PA-f morphology obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta García-Masabet
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Orlando Santana Pérez
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Jonathan Cailloux
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Tobias Abt
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Soto
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Félix Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain;
| | - María Lluïsa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP)-Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (UPC-EEBE), C/Colom 114, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.C.); (T.A.); (M.S.-S.); (M.L.M.)
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15
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Vozniak I, Hosseinnezhad R, Morawiec J, Galeski A. Nanofibrillar Green Composites of Polylactide/Polyhydroxyalkanoate Produced in Situ Due to Shear Induced Crystallization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1811. [PMID: 31689984 PMCID: PMC6918183 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the new concept of in situ inducing fibrillar morphology (micro or nanofibrils) of a minority component based on the simultaneous occurrence of orientation and shear induced crystallization of polymer fibers directly at the stage of extrusion in a single step. This possibility is demonstrated by using two entirely bio-sourced polymers: polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as components. The shear induced crystallization allowed crystallization of PHA nanofibers immediately after applying high shear rate and elongation strain, avoiding subsequent cooling to initiate crystallization. Shearing of PHA increased non-isothermal crystallization temperature by 50 °C and decreased the temperature range in which the transition from a molten state to a crystallized one occurs by 17 °C. SEM observations demonstrate the successful transformation of the dispersed PHA phase into nanofibrils with diameters of nearly 200 nm. The transition from the droplets of PHA to fibers causes the brittle-to-ductile transition of the PLA matrix at a low concentration of PHA and contributes to the simultaneous increase of its rigidity and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ramin Hosseinnezhad
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Morawiec
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Galeski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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16
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Vozniak I, Hosseinnezhad R, Morawiec J, Galeski A. Nanofibrillar Green Composites of Polylactide/Polyhydroxyalkanoate Produced in Situ Due to Shear Induced Crystallization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111811. [PMID: 31689984 DOI: 10.1016/j.coco.2020.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the new concept of in situ inducing fibrillar morphology (micro or nanofibrils) of a minority component based on the simultaneous occurrence of orientation and shear induced crystallization of polymer fibers directly at the stage of extrusion in a single step. This possibility is demonstrated by using two entirely bio-sourced polymers: polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as components. The shear induced crystallization allowed crystallization of PHA nanofibers immediately after applying high shear rate and elongation strain, avoiding subsequent cooling to initiate crystallization. Shearing of PHA increased non-isothermal crystallization temperature by 50 °C and decreased the temperature range in which the transition from a molten state to a crystallized one occurs by 17 °C. SEM observations demonstrate the successful transformation of the dispersed PHA phase into nanofibrils with diameters of nearly 200 nm. The transition from the droplets of PHA to fibers causes the brittle-to-ductile transition of the PLA matrix at a low concentration of PHA and contributes to the simultaneous increase of its rigidity and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Vozniak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ramin Hosseinnezhad
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Morawiec
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Galeski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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17
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Standau T, Zhao C, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 30960290 PMCID: PMC6419231 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is known as one of the most promising biopolymers as it is derived from renewable feedstock and can be biodegraded. During the last two decades, it moved more and more into the focus of scientific research and industrial use. It is even considered as a suitable replacement for standard petroleum-based polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), which can be found in a wide range of applications-amongst others in foams for packaging and insulation applications-but cause strong environmental issues. PLA has comparable mechanical properties to PS. However, the lack of melt strength is often referred to as a drawback for most foaming processes. One way to overcome this issue is the incorporation of chemical modifiers which can induce chain extension, branching, or cross-linking. As such, a wide variety of substances were studied in the literature. This work should give an overview of the most commonly used chemical modifiers and their effects on rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior. Therefore, this review article summarizes the research conducted on neat and chemically modified PLA foamed with the conventional foaming methods (i.e., batch foaming, foam extrusion, foam injection molding, and bead foaming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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