1
|
Dong Y, Li M, Liu J, Liu Y, Huang W, Shreeve JM, Tang Y. Pushing the limits of the heat of detonation via the construction of polynitro bipyrazole. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5729-5733. [PMID: 37800191 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The trinitromethyl group is a highly oxidized group that is found as an active functionality in many high-energy-density materials. The most frequently used previous synthetic method for the introduction of the trinitromethyl group is the nitration of heterocyclic compounds containing an acetonyl/ethyl acetate/chloroxime group. Now a novel strategy for constructing a trinitromethyl group (5) via nitration of an ethylene bridged compound, dipyrazolo[1,5-a:5',1'-c]pyrazine (2), is reported. In addition, the other two nitrated products (3 and 4) were obtained under different nitrating conditions. Compound 5 has excellent detonation performance (Dv = 9047 m s-1, P = 35.6 GPa), and a low mechanical sensitivity (IS = 10 J, FS = 216 N), with an especially attractive heat of detonation of 6921 kJ kg-1, which significantly exceeds that of the state-of-the-art explosive CL-20 (Q: 6162 kJ kg-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Miao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei C, Tang J, Zhang Q, Cheng G, Yang H. Toward High-Energy and Low-Sensitivity Energetic Materials Based on a Fused [5,5,5,6]-Tetracyclic Backbone. Org Lett 2023; 25:3487-3491. [PMID: 37140948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A route for fused [5,5,5,6]-tetracyclic energetic compounds based on the facile cyclization reaction has been explored. Fused [5,5,5,6]-tetracyclic compound 4 shows a high measured density (1.924 g cm-3), a low sensitivity (IS = 10 J, and FS = 144 N), and an excellent detonation velocity (9241 m s-1), which are much better than those of RDX. The results indicate that compound 4 is a potential candidate as a secondary explosive and provide new insight into the construction of fused polycyclic heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Tang M, Lai Y, Huang W, Tang Y. Site-Selective Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Diamines toward Aminoazo Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:1061-1065. [PMID: 36779577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A selective oxidative coupling reaction of a diamine containing both C- and N-NH2 was achieved using acidic potassium permanganate as the coupling reagent. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the reaction selectivity was illustrated by quantum calculations. Furthermore, the azo-coupled product was derivatized to four nitroamine energetic materials with excellent detonation performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuan Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding N, Sun Q, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao C, Li S, Pang S. Can a heavy trinitromethyl group always result in a higher density? Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1939-1942. [PMID: 36722983 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Density is an important property of energetic materials and is believed to increase with the addition of heavy trinitromethyl groups, as shown in previous literature. However, this study determined that the introduction of these groups produced a decrease in density, as evidenced by the lower density of 1-trinitromethyl-4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole ((TN-116), 1.899 g cm-3) compared to that of its precursor (4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole (LLM-116), 1.900 g cm-3). Mechanistic studies indicated that the reduced density was due to the significantly weaker H-bonding and π-π interactions of TN-116, which produced looser stacking compared to that of LLM-116.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xudong Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yaqiong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Yangtz Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Yangtz Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marrs FW, Davis JV, Burch AC, Brown GW, Lease N, Huestis PL, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Chemical Descriptors for a Large-Scale Study on Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity of High Explosives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:753-769. [PMID: 36695777 PMCID: PMC9930127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The drop-weight impact test is an experiment that has been used for nearly 80 years to evaluate handling sensitivity of high explosives. Although the results of this test are known to have large statistical uncertainties, it is one of the most common tests due to its accessibility and modest material requirements. In this paper, we compile a large data set of drop-weight impact sensitivity test results (mainly performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory), along with a compendium of molecular and chemical descriptors for the explosives under test. These data consist of over 500 unique explosives, over 1000 repeat tests, and over 100 descriptors, for a total of about 1500 observations. We use random forest methods to estimate a model of explosive handling sensitivity as a function of chemical and molecular properties of the explosives under test. Our model predicts well across a wide range of explosive types, spanning a broad range of explosive performance and sensitivity. We find that properties related to explosive performance, such as heat of explosion, oxygen balance, and functional group, are highly predictive of explosive handling sensitivity. Yet, models that omit many of these properties still perform well. Our results suggest that there is not one or even several factors that explain explosive handling sensitivity, but that there are many complex, interrelated effects at play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Jack V. Davis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhao X, He C, Pang S. Coordinative Combination of Nitroamine and Gem-Dinitromethyl with Fused Ring for Enhanced Oxygen Balances and Detonation Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214337. [PMID: 36430825 PMCID: PMC9697839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen balance and heat of formation are closely related to the nitrogen and oxygen content in a molecule and have a significant effect on the detonation performance of energetic materials. Here a new family of 1,2,4-triazolo [4,3-b][1,2,4,5]-tetrazine containing gem-dinitromethyl and nitroamine with high nitrogen-oxygen content was synthesized and characterized. Moreover, the structure of the guanidine salt (3) and TATOT salt (4) were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The nitrogen and oxygen content of ammonium salt 2 reached 82.5%, with a high density (1.805 g cm-3) and high detonation properties (D = 8900 m s-1; P = 32.4 GPa), which were similar to those of RDX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Larin AA, Fershtat LL. Energetic heterocyclic N-oxides: synthesis and performance. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Stankevich AV, Tolshchina SG, Korotina AV, Rusinov GL, Chemagina IV, Charushin VN. Mechanism, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Decomposition for High Energy Derivatives of [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206966. [PMID: 36296568 PMCID: PMC9610082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the data of research studies on the mechanisms, kinetics and thermodynamics of decomposition of three high-energy compounds: [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine-3,6-diamine (TTDA), 3-amino-6-hydrazino[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine (TTGA) and 3,6-dinitroamino[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine (DNTT). The points of change of the reaction mechanisms under thermal effects with different intensities from 0.1 to 2000 s−1 have been established. The values of activation and induction energies for the limiting stages of decomposition have been obtained. The formation of nanostructured carbon nitride (α-C3N4) in condensed decomposition products, cyanogen (C2N2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in gaseous products have been shown. Concentration-energy diagrams for the reaction products have been compiled. The parameters of heat resistance and thermal safety proved to be: 349.5 °C and 358.2 °C for TTDA; 190.3 °C and 198.0 °C for TTGA; 113.4 °C and 114.1 °C for DNTT. The energy and thermodynamic properties have also been estimated. This work found the activation energy of the decomposition process to be 129.0 kJ/mol for TTDA, 212.2 kJ/mol for TTGA and 292.2 kJ/mol for DNTT. The average induction energy of the catalytic process (Ecat) for TTGA was established to be 21 kJ/mol, and for DNTT-1500–1700 kJ/mol. The induction energy of the inhibition process (Eing) of TTDA was estimated to be 800–1400 kJ/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Stankevich
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center, All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (RFNC-VNIITF), Vasilieva Street 13, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Svetlana G. Tolshchina
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anna V. Korotina
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gennady L. Rusinov
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina V. Chemagina
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center, All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (RFNC-VNIITF), Vasilieva Street 13, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fershtat LL. Recent advances in the synthesis and performance of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based energetic materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
10
|
Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Hu L, He C, Pang S. Energetic Gem-dinitro Salts with Improved Thermal Stability by Incorporating with A Fused Building Block. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37975-37981. [PMID: 35952662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stability is one of the most significant properties for the safety of energetic materials, finding a stable skeleton with suitable energetic groups is always a primary test. In this work, an unusual aminohydrazone cyclization strategy was used in the synthesis of a new series of gem-dinitro 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]-tetrazine compounds with desirable thermal stability (≥197 °C). All of the new compounds were fully characterized by infrared (IR), NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The decomposition temperature of potassium salt 2 is 288 °C, reaching the level of HMX. All of these performances have demonstrated the effective synthesis strategy for innovatively combining geminal dinitro groups with fused rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Lu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Zheng W, Zhang L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Constructing planar C−N bond-linked bi-triazole high-energy explosives via the formation of salts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lingfeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering / Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Crystal engineering with energetic picric acid halogen-based salts: Promising properties of a new family of insensitive materials. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Nucleophilic Catalyzed Structural Binary Cleavage of a Fused [5,5]-Bicyclic Compound. Org Lett 2021; 23:9408-9412. [PMID: 34846901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural binary cleavage of 3,7-diamino-2,6-dinitro-1H,5H-pyrazolo-[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,5-dione 3, under nucleophilic conditions, leads to the formation of a monocyclic pyrazole unit of 5-amino-4-nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, 4. Additionally, various salts of the pyrazole ring were synthesized and fully characterized. Detonation properties and mechanical sensitivities of 4 and other new compounds are remarkably improved compared to 3. This simple and efficient strategy is highly desirable for future studies on the development of insensitive and high performing materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343 United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343 United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. 1,2-Bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene: a water stable, high-performing green oxidizer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16929-16932. [PMID: 34766612 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinitromethane moieties are very important for the design and development of high performing dense green oxidizers. The novel oxidizer 1,2-bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene, 14 is stable in water in contrast to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with other electron withdrawing substituents at the C5-position. Compound 14 is a CNO-based oxidizer with positive oxygen balance (+6.9%), moderate thermostability, and mechanical insensitivity that may find useful applications in the field of green rocket propallant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zlotin SG, Churakov AM, Egorov MP, Fershtat LL, Klenov MS, Kuchurov IV, Makhova NN, Smirnov GA, Tomilov YV, Tartakovsky VA. Advanced energetic materials: novel strategies and versatile applications. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Zyuzin IN, Gudkova IY, Lempert DB. Energy Abilities of Certain Derivatives of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine N-Oxides as Components of Solid Composite Rocket Propellants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhao B, Gao F, Liu W, Chen B. Novel Geminal Dinitro Esters As Energetic Plasticizers for GAP Binder. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglei Wang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Baodong Zhao
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Fulei Gao
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Weixiao Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lempert DB, Volokhov VM, Zyuzin IN, Kazakov AI, Volokhov AV, Amosova ES, Zyubina TS, Yanovskii LS. Regularities in the Dependence of the Enthalpies of Formation of Certain Conjugated Polynitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds on Their Structure. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220120071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Theoretical study of effects of introducing varying linkages into bis-triazoles on energetic performance. J Mol Model 2021; 27:24. [PMID: 33411063 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bis-triazole compounds was designed by combining high-energy functionalities (nitro and nitramino groups) as substituents with each triazole and incorporating of varying linkages into the bis-triazoles. Then, their heats of formation (HOFs), energetic properties, HOMO-LUMO, electrostatic potential, and impact sensitivity were studied theoretically to facilitate further developments. In general, all the designed compounds possess much higher HOFs than RDX, -CH2-CH2-, -N=N-, or -NH-NH- linkages contribute to increase the HOFs, while incorporation of the bridge group -O-CH2-CH2-O- shows negative effect on HOFs. Detonation properties of most of the designed compounds can be comparable with or even better than ones of RDX, suggesting that designing the bridged bis-triazoles-based derivatives with energy-rich substituents is an efficient method to obtain potential energetic compounds. Considering the detonation performance and impact sensitivity, -NH-(I), -N=N- (V), and -NH-NH- (VI) are favorable bridged groups between energetic moieties for designing efficient energetic materials (EMs).
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Guo Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Ma H. Boosting intermolecular interactions of fused cyclic explosives: the way to thermostable and insensitive energetic materials with high density. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the packing efficiency of explosives by strong intermolecular interactions can acquire high density while avoiding the expense of stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang S, Li C, Lu T, Wang G, Yin H, Ma Q, Fan G, Chen FX. Fused triazolotriazine bearing a gem-dinitro group: a promising high energy density material. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01051d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Improving the density and detonation velocity, and reducing the sensitivity by introducing the fluorodinitromethyl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Congcong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Guilong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| | - Qing Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- No. 8 Liangxiang east road
- Fangshan district
- Beijing 102488
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gu H, Cheng G, Yang H. Tricyclic nitrogen-rich explosives with a planar backbone: bis(1,2,4-triazolyl)-1,2,3-triazoles as potential stable green gas generants. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Planar tricyclic energetic compounds with good energetic performance, thermal stability and gas production capacity were synthesized based on 1,2,3-triazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hu L, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Hydrogen bond system generated by nitroamino rearrangement: new character for designing next generation energetic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:603-606. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bond systems stabilize molecules and shorten intermolecular distances to give higher density and lower sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang J, Bi F, Zhang J, Wang X, Yang Z, Zhang G, Wang B. Synthetic and thermal studies of four insensitive energetic materials based on oxidation of the melamine structure. RSC Adv 2020; 11:288-295. [PMID: 35423058 PMCID: PMC8691040 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of nitrogen-rich aromatic heterocycles has a significant impact on the development of energetic materials. 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine-1,3-dioxide (MDO) is a promising insensitive energetic backbone obtained from melamine under strong oxidation conditions with impressive thermal behaviors and detonation performances. In this paper, MDO was prepared with improved yields of 85% and its thermal behavior, non-isothermal decomposition kinetics and gas products were investigated in detail. The corresponding decomposition mechanism was also deduced by applying the TG-DSC-FTIR-MS technique for the first time. The decomposition temperature of MDO reaches 300 °C and the apparent activation energy of MDO (E) calculated by the Kissinger and Ozawa method proved to be 303.63 and 279.95 kJ mol−1, indicating great thermal stability. Three new monoanionic energetic salts with impressively improved properties were achieved based on the basicity of MDO with yields of >80%. Their thermal decomposition temperatures proved to be higher than 230 °C and their densities are in the range of 1.75–1.89 g cm−3. The calculations and experiments show that their detonation velocities (vD: 8711–9085 m s−1) are comparable to or exceed those of RDX (D: 8795 m s−1) while the sensitivities to impact (IS: 23–27 J) and friction (FS: >240 J) are much lower. The synthesis, thermal behavior and detonation performance of MDO and its monoanionic energetic salts were comprehensively studied.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Fuqiang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 PR China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 PR China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 PR China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wozniak DR, Salfer B, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Tailoring Energetic Sensitivity and Classification through Regioisomerism. Org Lett 2020; 22:9114-9117. [PMID: 33152251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The azo-coupling of 1- and 2-amino-4-nitro-1,2,3-triazole yielded two new energetic compounds whose detonation properties compete with that of HMX. Though the calculated performances are impressive, the regioisomers have differing sensitivities and detonation behavior. One has sensitivities similar to a very sensitive primary explosive, while the other has sensitivities more comparable to a sensitive secondary explosive. This serves as an example of the ability to tailor the sensitivities and end use of energetic compounds via regioisomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R Wozniak
- Department of Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road West Lafayette, Indiana 47904, United States
| | - Benjamin Salfer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road West Lafayette, Indiana 47904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leonov NE, Klenov MS, Anikin OV, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Voronin AA, Lempert DB, Muravyev NV, Fedyanin IV, Semenov SE, Tartakovsky VA. Synthesis of New Energetic Materials Based on Furazan Rings and Nitro‐
NNO
‐azoxy Groups. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita E. Leonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Voronin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - David B. Lempert
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences 1 Academician Semenov avenue 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences 4 Kosygina Street, Building 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova Street 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny per. 36 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergei E. Semenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Moscow Chemical Lyceum 4 Tamozhenniy proezd 111033 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wozniak DR, Salfer B, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Sensitive Energetics from the N-Amination of 4-Nitro-1,2,3-Triazole. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:806-811. [PMID: 32775142 PMCID: PMC7397355 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic N-amino-C-nitro compounds 1-amino-4-nitro-1,2,3-triazole and 2-amino-4-nitro-1,2,3-triazole are characterized for the first time as energetic materials. These compounds were characterized chemically by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Compounds were also characterized energetically by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impact, and friction and found to possess sensitivities and performances classifying them as primary explosives with PETN-like performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R. Wozniak
- Department of Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47904USA
| | - Benjamin Salfer
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPurdue University610 Purdue MallWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University560 Oval DriveWest Lafayette Indiana47907USA
| | | | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47904USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xue Q, Bi FQ, Zhang JL, Wang ZJ, Zhai LJ, Huo H, Wang BZ, Zhang SY. A Family of Energetic Materials Based on 1,2,4-Oxadiazole and 1,2,5-Oxadiazole Backbones With Low Insensitivity and Good Detonation Performance. Front Chem 2020; 7:942. [PMID: 32154208 PMCID: PMC7044674 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Design and synthesis of new compounds with both high detonation performances and good safety properties have always been a formidable task in the field of energetic materials. By introducing -ONO2 and -NHNO2 moieties into 1,2,4-oxadiazole- and 1,2,5-oxadiazole-based backbones, a new family of energetic materials, including ammonium 3-nitramino-4-(5-hydroxymethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-furazan (4), 3,3′-bis[5-nitroxymethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,4′-azofuroxan (6), [3-(4-nitroamino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-methylene nitrate (8), and its energetic ionic salts (10–12), were synthesized and fully characterized. The energetic and physical properties of the materials were investigated through theoretical calculations and experimental determination. The results show that the oxadiazole-based compounds exhibit high enthalpy of formations, good detonation performances, and extraordinary insensitivities. In particular, the hydrazinium salt (11) shows the best energetic properties (11: d = 1.821 g cm−3; P = 35.1 GPa, vD = 8,822 m s−1, IS = 40 J, FS > 360N). The ESP and Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that a large number of hydrogen bonds as well as π-π stacking interactions within molecules might be the key reason for their low sensitivities and high energy-density levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Lian-Jie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Huan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen S, Liu Y, Feng Y, Yang X, Zhang Q. 5,6-Fused bicyclic tetrazolo-pyridazine energetic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1493-1496. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08782f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two 5,6-fused tetrazolo-pyridazine compounds were synthesized and characterized, which exhibited high thermal stability, excellent energetic properties and low mechanical sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yuji Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yongan Feng
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xianjin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|