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Liyanage SD, Gunasekera D, Ratnaweera CN. Harnessing the anti-cancer potential of linamarin: A computational study on design and hydrolysis mechanisms of its derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 128:108716. [PMID: 38277856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Cassava extracts containing cyanogenic compounds demonstrate anticancer properties. The cyanogenic glucoside linamarin found abundantly in cassava can release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon hydrolysis, a potent cytotoxin. However, linamarin's hydrolysis mechanism by human enzymes is poorly delineated and constitutes a bottleneck for therapeutic development. This study aimed to investigate linamarin's hydrolysis mechanism by human β-glucosidase and identify structural derivatives with enhanced hydrolytic potential using density functional theory calculations. Results revealed α-anomeric derivatives as promising, with leaving group ability and steric bulk strongly governing hydrolysability. We identified several linamarin analogs with predicted rapid hydrolysis kinetics that may enable swift cytotoxic HCN release against cancer cells. This investigation enriches understanding of cyanogenic glycoside reactivity to facilitate their development as targeted antineoplastic agents. The identified derivatives set the groundwork for experimental evaluation of enhanced linamarin-inspired compounds as innovative cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senal D Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Dinara Gunasekera
- New Frontier Bio, Inc., 48 Dunham Ridge, Suite 5600, Beverly, MA, 01915, USA
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Olorunnado GB, Muhammad HK, Apeh DO, Salubuyi S, Akanya HO, Gbashi S, Kumphanda J, Njobeh PB, Makun HA. Incidence and health risk assessment of hydrogen cyanide and multi-mycotoxins in Nigerian garri. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:410-423. [PMID: 38315775 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2312247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Garri is a granular, starchy food prepared by the fermentation of mashed cassava. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and mycotoxins are contaminants in certain foods at different points along the food value chain. The incidence and contamination levels of HCN and multi-mycotoxins in garri from five agroecological zones of Nigeria were determined using a spectrophotometric method and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS), respectively. The health risk associated with the consumption of contaminated garri was assessed. The health risk assessment model was used to calculate the dietary exposure of humans to the mycotoxins in garri. This was done by estimating the daily intake (EDI), the percentage tolerable daily intake (%TDI), the annual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases attributable to exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) in garri, as well as the HCC risk. The average intake of garri was estimated at 0.303 kg/day for a Nigerian adult. The incidence of HCN was 98.3% (0.056-2.463 mg/kg), and fermentation reduced the HCN level in garri more than other processing steps. The twenty-one mycotoxins identified and quantified were all within maximum levels, as applicable to those that are regulated by the EU. The %TDI for the other mycotoxins, with the exception of AFs, showed no alarming health risk with garri consumption. Annual HCC cases resulting from AF in garri were estimated at 10-60 cases for HBsAg + ve individuals and 4-23 cases for HBsAg - ve individuals based on 8.1% hepatitis B virus (HBV) incidence. Results further revealed no interdependence between HCN levels and mycotoxin content. This work suggests an unlikely chance of acute toxicity from HCN and major mycotoxins from a garri-based diet in Nigeria. Hence, it is recommended that concerned regulatory bodies maintain the existing permissible limits for HCN in Garri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Babatunde Olorunnado
- Department of Biochemistry, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Science, School of Preliminary Studies, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Kudu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Ojochenemi Apeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Osara, Nigeria
| | - Susan Salubuyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Helmina Olufunmilayo Akanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Joseph Kumphanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Basic Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Hussaini Anthony Makun
- Department of Biochemistry, Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria
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Barakat H, Aljutaily T, Almujaydil MS, Algheshairy RM, Alhomaid RM, Almutairi AS, Alshimali SI, Abdellatif AAH. Amygdalin: A Review on Its Characteristics, Antioxidant Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota Intervention, Anticancer Therapeutic and Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Encapsulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101514. [PMID: 36291723 PMCID: PMC9599719 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive amygdalin, found in high concentrations in bitter almonds, has been recognized as a symbol of the cyanogenic glycoside chemical organic substance, which was initially developed as a pharmaceutical for treating cancer after being hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Regrettably, research has shown that HCN can also damage normal cells, rendering it non-toxic to the human body. Extreme controversy surrounds both in vivo and in vitro studies, making its use risky. This review provides an extensive update on characteristics, antioxidant potential, gastrointestinal microbiota intervention, anticancer therapeutic, mechanisms, toxicity, and encapsulation of amygdalin. Antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-fibrotic, antiatherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and analgesic characteristics, and the ability to improve digestive and reproductive systems, neurodegeneration, and cardiac hypertrophy are just some of the benefits of amygdalin. Studies verified the HCN-produced amygdalin to be harmful orally, but only at very high doses. Although intravenous treatment was less effective than the oral method, the oral route has a dose range of 0.6 to 1 g daily. Amygdalin’s toxicity depends heavily on the variety of bacteria in the digestive tract. Unfortunately, there is currently no foolproof method for determining the microbial consortium and providing a safe oral dosage for every patient. Amygdalin encapsulation in alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (ACNPs) is a relatively new area of research. Amygdalin has an enhanced cytotoxic effect on malignant cells, and ACNPs can be employed as an active drug-delivery system to release this compound in a regulated, sustained manner without causing any harm to healthy cells or tissues. In conclusion, a large area of research for a substance that might be the next step in cancer therapy is opened up due to unverified and conflicting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Barakat
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Thamer Aljutaily
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona S. Almujaydil
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M. Algheshairy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M. Alhomaid
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim S. Almutairi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh I. Alshimali
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Stankevich AV, Tolshchina SG, Korotina AV, Rusinov GL, Chemagina IV, Charushin VN. Mechanism, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Decomposition for High Energy Derivatives of [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206966. [PMID: 36296568 PMCID: PMC9610082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the data of research studies on the mechanisms, kinetics and thermodynamics of decomposition of three high-energy compounds: [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine-3,6-diamine (TTDA), 3-amino-6-hydrazino[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine (TTGA) and 3,6-dinitroamino[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine (DNTT). The points of change of the reaction mechanisms under thermal effects with different intensities from 0.1 to 2000 s−1 have been established. The values of activation and induction energies for the limiting stages of decomposition have been obtained. The formation of nanostructured carbon nitride (α-C3N4) in condensed decomposition products, cyanogen (C2N2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in gaseous products have been shown. Concentration-energy diagrams for the reaction products have been compiled. The parameters of heat resistance and thermal safety proved to be: 349.5 °C and 358.2 °C for TTDA; 190.3 °C and 198.0 °C for TTGA; 113.4 °C and 114.1 °C for DNTT. The energy and thermodynamic properties have also been estimated. This work found the activation energy of the decomposition process to be 129.0 kJ/mol for TTDA, 212.2 kJ/mol for TTGA and 292.2 kJ/mol for DNTT. The average induction energy of the catalytic process (Ecat) for TTGA was established to be 21 kJ/mol, and for DNTT-1500–1700 kJ/mol. The induction energy of the inhibition process (Eing) of TTDA was estimated to be 800–1400 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Stankevich
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center, All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (RFNC-VNIITF), Vasilieva Street 13, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Svetlana G. Tolshchina
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anna V. Korotina
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gennady L. Rusinov
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina V. Chemagina
- Russian Federal Nuclear Center, All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (RFNC-VNIITF), Vasilieva Street 13, 456770 Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- I.Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskaya Str., 22/20, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Lechtenberg M, Sendker J, Kastner L, Hensel A. Cyanogenesis in Aralia spinosa (Araliaceae). Planta Med 2022; 88:1209-1222. [PMID: 34784621 DOI: 10.1055/a-1671-5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A systematic survey of Aralia spinosa (Araliaceae), covering an entire growing season and including aboveground organs at various developmental stages, revealed that only about half of all samples collected showed cyanogenesis. Cyanogenesis was detected in inflorescences and leaves but is apparently restricted to certain harvest times or developmental stages. The structurally unusual triglochinin, characterized by a hex-2-enedioic acid partial structure, was the only cyanogenic glycoside detected. This is the first description of triglochinin in this species and in the family of Araliaceae. Triglochinin is biogenetically derived from tyrosine, which is in good agreement with the few cyanogenic glycosides previously detected in members of the Araliaceae family. Triglochinin was identified, characterized, and quantified by modern chromatographic methods, and the amount of enzymatically releasable hydrocyanic acid was determined qualitatively and quantitatively. Two isomers of triglochinin were detected chromatographically at minor levels. The isomeric pattern agreed well with literature data from other triglochinin-containing plants. This was confirmed in the two species, Triglochin maritima and Thalictrum aquilegiifolium, which were comparatively studied. In the case of A. spinosa, inflorescence buds harvested in July showed the highest content of triglochinin, just under 0.2% on a dry weight basis. The detection of triglochinin adds to the knowledge of toxicological properties and the dereplication of U(H)PLC/MS² data provides a comprehensive phytochemical profile of A. spinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lechtenberg
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), Münster, Germany
| | - Jandirk Sendker
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Kastner
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), Münster, Germany
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Song Q, Deng X, Song R, Song X. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Promote Growth of Seedlings, Regulate Soil Microbial Community, and Alleviate Damping-Off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani on Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2730-2740. [PMID: 36094426 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2562-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the excessive use of chemical fertilizers harms organisms and adversely affects the soil environment, the replacement of chemical fertilizers with biological fertilizers has attracted widespread attention as an environmental protection strategy. In this study, the effects of rhizosphere bacteria inoculation on growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings, soil parameters, soil microbial community structure, and the biocontrol of damping-off were studied by pot experiments. The results showed that all three rhizosphere bacteria (Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas extremaustralis, and Acinetobacter lwoffii A07) tested exhibited growth-promoting properties, such as the production of indole-3-acetic acid, hydrolase, siderophores, and hydrogen cyanide; nitrogen fixation; and phosphorus solubilization. The application of the three bacteria increased plant biomass, root structure, and nutrient content and also increased soil nutrient content and enzyme activity. Bacterial inoculation promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and antagonistic bacteria by adjusting the physicochemical properties of the soil, thereby improving the bacterial community structure. Among the soil features, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, available potassium, and urease activity were the main influencing factors. In addition, it was also found that bacterial inoculation significantly increased the activities of plant superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and other defense enzymes; enhanced plant disease resistance; effectively inhibited damping-off; and promoted plant growth. In summary, the application of three rhizosphere bacteria systematically affected the interaction between plants, soil parameters, and soil microbial communities. These results provide a basis for understanding how rhizosphere bacteria promote the growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica, thereby offering a promising sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Song
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Deng
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Heilongjiang Forestry Academy, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Grassland Fire and Pest Control, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiqing Song
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Song
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Heilongjiang Forestry Academy, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Grassland Fire and Pest Control, Harbin, China
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Yin L, Song Z, Chang M, Zhang Q, Zhao B, Ning P. Synergetic effect between Fe and Ti species on Fe-Ti-O x for hydrogen cyanide purification. Environ Technol 2022; 43:3531-3537. [PMID: 33944692 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1924289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Fe-Ti-Ox catalysts with the different Fe contents were used for the catalytic hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of H2O, which investigated the roles of Fe chemical valence and oxygen species in HCN removal and the production (NH3 and CO). The results implied that more amounts of Fe3+ species over Fe-Ti-Ox could increase the catalytic hydrolysis activity of HCN while Fe2+ species contributed to the formation of NH3 at high temperatures. Furthermore, the abundance of surface oxygen species was in favour of the catalytic performance of HCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtao Yin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxian Song
- Faculty of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mulan Chang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Ai J, Hassink M, Taylor KM, Deycard VN, Hearn B, Williams K, McGuigan M, Valentin-Blasini L, Watson CH. Hydrogen Cyanide and Aromatic Amine Yields in the Mainstream Smoke of 60 Little Cigars. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:940-953. [PMID: 35612471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mainstream smoke yields of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and three aromatic amines, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 4-aminobiphenyl, from 60 little cigar brands currently on the US market were measured for both International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens. The smoke yields are compared with those from 50 cigarette products measured by Counts et al. of Philip Morris USA (PMUSA) in 2005 [Counts et al. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005 41, 185-227] and 50 cigarette products measured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in cooperation with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 [Tynan et al. Consumption of Cigarettes and Combustible Tobacco: United States, 2000-2011. In Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; 565-580]. For the little cigars, the average HCN yield with the ISO smoking regimen is 335 μg/cigar (range: 77-809 μg/cigar), which is 332% higher than the average of 50 PMUSA 2005 cigarettes and 243% higher than the average of 50 CDC/FDA 2012 cigarettes. For the CI smoking regimen, the average HCN yield is 619 μg/cigar (range: 464-1045 μg/cigar), which is 70.5% higher than the average of 50 PMUSA 2005 cigarettes and 69% higher than the average of the 50 CDC/FDA 2012 cigarettes. For aromatic amines, the average ISO smoking regimen smoke yields are 36.6 ng/cigar (range: 15.9-70.6 ng/cigar) for 1-aminonaphthalene, 24.6 ng/cigar (range: 12.3-36.7 ng/cigar) for 2-aminonaphthalene, and 5.6 ng/cigar (range: 2.3-17.2 ng/cigar) for 4-aminobiphenyl. The average ISO yields of aromatic amines from little cigars are 141% to 210% higher compared to the average yields of 50 PMUSA cigarettes. The average CI smoke regimen yields are 73.0 ng/cigar (range: 32.1-112.2 ng/cigar) for 1-aminonaphthalene, 45.2 ng/cigar (range: 24.6-74.8 ng/cigar) for 2-aminonaphthalene, and 12.7 ng/cigar (range: 5.5-37.5 ng/cigar) for 4-aminobiphenyl. The average CI aromatic amine yields are 143% to 220% higher compared to the average yields of 50 PMUSA cigarettes, almost identical to the relative yields under the ISO smoking regimen. Both HCN and aromatic amine yields are 1.5× to 3× higher for the tested little cigars than for the conventional cigarettes; however, there are notable differences in the relationships of these yields to certain product characteristics, such as weight, ventilation, and tobacco type. The higher smoke yields of these compounds from little cigars indicates that cigar smokers may be at risk of a higher exposure to HCN and aromatic amines on a per stick basis and thus increased health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Ai
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Product Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew Hassink
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Product Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Residue Chemistry, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, United States
| | - Victoria Nicole Deycard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Bryan Hearn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Katrice Williams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Megan McGuigan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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9
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Sohail MN, Quinn AA, Blomstedt CK, Gleadow RM. Dhurrin increases but does not mitigate oxidative stress in droughted Sorghum bicolor. Planta 2022; 255:74. [PMID: 35226202 PMCID: PMC8885504 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Droughted sorghum had higher concentrations of ROS in both wildtype and dhurrin-lacking mutants. Dhurrin increased in wildtype genotypes with drought. Dhurrin does not appear to mitigate oxidative stress in sorghum. Sorghum bicolor is tolerant of high temperatures and prolonged droughts. During droughts, concentrations of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside, increase posing a risk to livestock of hydrogen cyanide poisoning. Dhurrin can also be recycled without the release of hydrogen cyanide presenting the possibility that it may have functions other than defence. It has been hypothesised that dhurrin may be able to mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during biosynthesis and recycling. To test this, we compared the growth and chemical composition of S. bicolor in total cyanide deficient sorghum mutants (tcd1) with wild-type plants that were either well-watered or left unwatered for 2 weeks. Plants from the adult cyanide deficient class of mutant (acdc1) were also included. Foliar dhurrin increased in response to drought in all lines except tcd1 and acdc1, but not in the roots or leaf sheaths. Foliar ROS concentration increased in drought-stressed plants in all genotypes. Phenolic concentrations were also measured but no differences were detected. The total amounts of dhurrin, ROS and phenolics on a whole plant basis were lower in droughted plants due to their smaller biomass, but there were no significant genotypic differences. Up until treatments began at the 3-leaf stage, tcd1 mutants grew more slowly than the other genotypes but after that they had higher relative growth rates, even when droughted. The findings presented here do not support the hypothesis that the increase in dhurrin commonly seen in drought-stressed sorghum plays a role in reducing oxidative stress by scavenging ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sohail
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - A A Quinn
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - C K Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - R M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Li Z, Chen B, Li J, Qu G, Ning P, Ma X, Xie R. Efficient purification of hydrogen cyanide by synergistic effects of electrochemical and liquid phase catalysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 225:112784. [PMID: 34537588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Co, Cu, Pd, and Pd/Cu composite metal ions were used to synthesize metal nanoparticles with high efficiency in purifying hydrogen cyanide gas. The pure liquid phase catalytic purification of hydrogen cyanide gas was studied. According to the removal rate, the Pd/Cu composite metal ions had the best purification efficiency among the nanoparticles of different metal types. The removal rate order was Pd/Cu>Pd>Cu>Co. The gas after reaction were analyzed by gas chromatography, and it was found that HCN was converted into CO2, N2 and NH3 by nanoparticles. Then, Pd/Cu composite metal ions with the highest purification efficiency were used to study the electrochemical synergistic liquid-phase catalytic purification of HCN gas. The effects of electrochemical conditions and current on the electro-hydraulic synergistic purification were studied. The removal efficiency of HCN by electrochemical synergistic liquid phase catalysis was better than that by pure liquid phase catalysis. The different nanoparticles before and after HCN absorption were characterized and analyzed to explore the purification process of HCN. The purification mechanism of hydrogen cyanide by Pd-Cu catalyst under applied voltage was studied under certain conditions. During the catalytic reaction, the nano-catalyst was partially dissolved in liquid phase and partially HCN reacts with metal ions on the free or nanoparticles to form complex [Mc(CN)n]2-n. Homogeneous and quasi-homogeneous reactions in liquid phase interweave together to form a more complex reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishuncheng Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Bangjin Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Guangfei Qu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xi Ma
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ruosong Xie
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Zhong Y, Xu T, Ji S, Wu X, Zhao T, Li S, Zhang P, Li K, Lu B. Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on eliminating cyanogenic glycosides and hydrogen cyanide in cassava. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 78:105742. [PMID: 34487981 PMCID: PMC8424588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional soaking method takes days to remove cassava cyanide. Ten minutes of ultrasonic pretreatment (UPT) was found to be a new effective method to eliminate both cyanogenic glycosides and hydrogen cyanide in cassava. Here, the parameters of UPT were optimized and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. 40.36% and 24.95% of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides in cassava juice were eliminated under 10 min of UPT (45℃, 81 W). UPT before boiling enhanced the total cyanide elimination to 41.94%. The degradation patterns of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides were different. Ultrasound directly eliminated hydrogen cyanide and indirectly degraded cyanogenic glycosides through promoting enzymatic hydrolysis. The β-glucosidase activity was increased by 17.99% induced by ultrasound. This was supported by the movement of hydrophobic residual and the rearrangement of the secondary structure of the molecular as found in fluorescence, CD, FTIR, DSC and TG analysis. This study revealed that UPT acted as a fast and simple technical way in improving cassava safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Zhong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shengyang Ji
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shimin Li
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crop Germplasm Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
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Ferus M, Rimmer P, Cassone G, Knížek A, Civiš S, Šponer JE, Ivanek O, Šponer J, Saeidfirozeh H, Kubelík P, Dudžák R, Petera L, Juha L, Pastorek A, Křivková A, Krůs M. One-Pot Hydrogen Cyanide-Based Prebiotic Synthesis of Canonical Nucleobases and Glycine Initiated by High-Velocity Impacts on Early Earth. Astrobiology 2020; 20:1476-1488. [PMID: 32955922 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical environments of young planets are assumed to be significantly influenced by impacts of bodies lingering after the dissolution of the protoplanetary disk. We explore the chemical consequences of impacts of these bodies under reducing planetary atmospheres dominated by carbon monoxide, methane, and molecular nitrogen. Impacts were simulated by using a terawatt high-power laser system. Our experimental results show that one-pot impact-plasma-initiated synthesis of all the RNA canonical nucleobases and the simplest amino acid glycine is possible in this type of atmosphere in the presence of montmorillonite. This one-pot synthesis begins with de novo formation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and proceeds through intermediates such as cyanoacetylene and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ferus
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Rimmer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute for Physical-Chemical Processes, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonín Knížek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Civiš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judit E Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Ivanek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Homa Saeidfirozeh
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubelík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Dudžák
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Petera
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Juha
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Pastorek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Křivková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Krůs
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tran QB, Phenrat T, Lohitnavy M. Human continuous hydrogen cyanide inhalation predictor with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:24650-24658. [PMID: 31372952 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is volatile and highly toxic with acute and chronic effects on humans. Gaseous HCN enters the atmosphere from natural processes or industrial activities, which lead to human exposure. Effective intervention in cases of HCN inhalation requires an efficient diagnostic tool. The existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for HCN cannot clearly simulate continuous HCN inhalation or predict HCN levels in inhaled air. The current study presents a PBPK model for continuous inhalation of HCN, called Human Continuous Cyanide Inhalation Predictor (HCCIP). Since existing data on pharmacokinetics of HCN inhalation are limited, HCCIP utilizes extensive data from the current authors' PBPK model on cyanide ingestion. The structure of HCCIP comprises the lungs, kidneys, liver, and slowly perfused tissue. In both the human body and in exhaled air, HCCIP features the ability to predict concentration-time courses of cyanide. Moreover, HCCIP can predict HCN concentration in inhaled air from known blood cyanide levels. After completion, the results of HCCIP were validated against preexisting published datasets. The simulation results agreed with these datasets, validating the model. The HCCIP model is an effective tool for assessing risk from continuous HCN inhalation, and HCCIP extends the capabilities of air dispersion modeling, such as AERMOD or CALPUFF, to assess HCN risk from specific release sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Ba Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Tanapon Phenrat
- Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Research Program of Toxic Substance Management in the Mining Industry, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Manupat Lohitnavy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Pharmacokinetics Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Tran QB, Lohitnavy M, Phenrat T. Assessing potential hydrogen cyanide exposure from cyanide-contaminated mine tailing management practices in Thailand's gold mining. J Environ Manage 2019; 249:109357. [PMID: 31401446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of the current cyanide management practice of a large gold mine as a case study of Thailand's cyanide-contaminated mine waste management policy. Most gold mines worldwide use cyanide to extract gold from ore, and various cyanide compounds, including hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are then discharged into a tailing storage facility (TSF). From there, HCN volatizes into the air, and people inhaling HCN can experience chronic, acute, or even fatal effects. Although recently only two gold mines operated in Thailand, many new gold mines are under consideration for future. Unfortunately, no specific government regulations for cyanide-contaminated mine waste management exist besides guidelines from environmental impact assessments prepared by the gold mines themselves. This raises concerns that cyanide volatilization may threaten public health. The current study addresses the need for vital scientific analysis by applying AERMOD modeling to simulate HCN dispersion from the gold mine studied, under 20 scenarios of various pH levels and cyanide concentrations. The results show that the HCN emissions cause acute effects to the public under most scenarios. Chronic effects also occur in scenarios of low pH or high cyanide concentration; however, no simulation showed fatalities. This study determined an acceptable cyanide concentration in TSF that is low enough to theoretically avoid dangerous public exposure. Results show that the mine's recent cyanide discharge limit of 20 mg/l, set by the mine itself, is not safe. To limit dangers from the mine's HCN emissions, cyanide levels in tailings must be carefully calculated and regulated using the HCN dispersion model, being sure to account for pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Ba Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Manupat Lohitnavy
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Pharmacokinetic Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Tanapon Phenrat
- Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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15
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d'Ischia M, Manini P, Moracci M, Saladino R, Ball V, Thissen H, Evans RA, Puzzarini C, Barone V. Astrochemistry and Astrobiology: Materials Sciencein Wonderland? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4079. [PMID: 31438518 PMCID: PMC6747172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrochemistry and astrobiology, the fascinating disciplines that strive to unravel the origin of life, have opened unprecedented and unpredicted vistas into exotic compounds as well as extreme or complex reaction conditions of potential relevance for a broad variety of applications. Representative, and so far little explored sources of inspiration include complex organic systems, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives; hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and formamide (HCONH2) oligomers and polymers, like aminomalononitrile (AMN)-derived species; and exotic processes, such as solid-state photoreactions on mineral surfaces, phosphorylation by minerals, cold ice irradiation and proton bombardment, and thermal transformations in fumaroles. In addition, meteorites and minerals like forsterite, which dominate dust chemistry in the interstellar medium, may open new avenues for the discovery of innovative catalytic processes and unconventional methodologies. The aim of this review was to offer concise and inspiring, rather than comprehensive, examples of astrochemistry-related materials and systems that may be of relevance in areas such as surface functionalization, nanostructures, and hybrid material design, and for innovative technological solutions. The potential of computational methods to predict new properties from spectroscopic data and to assess plausible reaction pathways on both kinetic and thermodynamic grounds has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vincent Ball
- Institut National de la Santé et de la RechercheMédicale, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Helmut Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Richard A Evans
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Xiao K, Guan R, Yang J, Li H, Yu Z, Liang S, Yu W, Hu J, Hou H, Liu B. Effects of red mud on emission control of NO x precursors during sludge pyrolysis: A protein model compound study. Waste Manag 2019; 85:452-463. [PMID: 30803601 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-containing gases pyrolyzed from sewage sludge can be converted into NOx compounds, which would cause severe environmental pollution. This study developed a new strategy to reduce the emission of NOx precursors such as ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) using red mud. The highest reduction efficiencies (15.10% for NH3 and 24.72% for HCN) were achieved at 900 °C while compared with those pyrolyzed from raw sludge without the addition of red mud. The transformation and distribution of nitrogenous compounds in three-phase pyrolysates were studied at 400-800 °C for pyrolysis process of a model soybean protein compound. The nitrogenous compounds, i.e., amine-N, heterocyclic-N, and nitrile-N, were identified as the three main intermediates related with the production of NOx precursors. Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO) presented in red mud were identified as the driving force which facilitated nitrogen stabilization in char (e.g., at 800 °C, 21.63% increase of char-N after addition of Fe2O3, and 41.54% increase of char-N after addition of CaO). These metal oxides possibly reacted with protein-N to form FexN and CaCxNy, inhibited the secondary cracking of amine-N compounds in tar (e.g., at 800 °C, 2.33% increase of amine-N after addition of Fe2O3, and 0.38% increase of amine-N after addition of CaO), and reduced the production of nitrile-N (e.g., at 800 °C, 30.41% reduction of nitrile-N after addition of Fe2O3, and 27.40% reduction of nitrile-N after addition of CaO) and heterocyclic-N compounds (e.g., at 800 °C, 21.60% reduction of heterocyclic-N after addition of Fe2O3, and 13.98% reduction of heterocyclic-N after addition of CaO). Hence, the emission of NH3 and HCN in gas phase can be controlled. Moreover, Fe2O3 showed better capability in controlling the emission of NOx precursors than CaO (higher reduction of NH3-N and higher reduction of HCN-N). These results indicate that red mud is an efficient catalyst to reduce emission of NOx precursors through controlling intermediates at 400-800 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Ruonan Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Hongsen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Zecong Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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Rani R, Kumar V. Endosulfan Degradation by Selected Strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 99:138-145. [PMID: 28484804 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixty endosulfan tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from pesticide stressed agricultural soils. Five most tolerant strains were tested for plant growth promoting (PGP) activities and endosulfan degradation under different optimizing conditions in broth and soil. The strains PRB101 and PRB77 were the most efficient in terms of endosulfan degradation and PGP activities and showed solubilization indexes of 3.3 and 3.1 mm, indole acetic acid production of 71 and 68 μg mL-1, siderophore zones of 13 mm each at the recommended dosage, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide and ammonia production remained unaffected in the presence of endosulfan. PRB101 and PRB77 strains were able to degrade 74% and 70% of endosulfan in broth and 67% and 63% in soil, respectively. Based on 16S rDNA analysis, the strains PRB101 and PRB77 exhibited 99% homology with Bacillus sp. KF984414 and Bacillus sp. LN849696, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Rani
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India.
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Shaikh SS, Patel PR, Patel SS, Nikam SD, Rane TU, Sayyed RZ. Production of biocontrol traits by banana field fluorescent Pseudomonads and comparison with chemical fungicide. Indian J Exp Biol 2014; 52:917-920. [PMID: 25241593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from banana field rhizosphere produced different antifungal metabolites like bactriocin, hydrogen cyanide and siderophore. Bacteriocinogenic, siderophoregenic, and HCN rich broth of isolate inhibited the growth of phytopathogen like Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. The isolate exhibited more antifungal activity and comparatively low MIC vis-a-vis commonly used copper based systemic chemical fungicide;bil cop.
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Kerr RA. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Snapshots from the meeting. Science 2013; 340:139. [PMID: 23580507 DOI: 10.1126/science.340.6129.139-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
Sparse sampling offers tremendous potential for overcoming the time limitations imposed by traditional Cartesian sampling of indirectly detected dimensions of multidimensional NMR data. However, in many instances sensitivity rather than time remains of foremost importance when collecting data on protein samples. Here we explore how to optimize the collection of radial sampled multidimensional NMR data to achieve maximal signal-to-noise. A method is presented that exploits a rigorous definition of the minimal set of radial sampling angles required to resolve all peaks of interest in combination with a fundamental statistical property of radial sampled data. The approach appears general and can achieve a substantial sensitivity advantage over Cartesian sampling for the same total data acquisition time. Termed Sensitivity Enhanced n-Dimensional or SEnD NMR, the method involves three basic steps. First, data collection is optimized using routines to determine a minimal set of radial sampling angles required to resolve frequencies in the radially sampled chemical shift evolution dimensions. Second, appropriate combinations of experimental parameters (transients and increments) are defined by simple statistical considerations in order to optimize signal-to-noise in single angle frequency domain spectra. Finally, the data is processed with a direct multidimensional Fourier transform and a statistical artifact and noise removal step is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Joshua Wand
- Contact Information: Professor A. J. Wand, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, 905 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, telephone: 215-573-7288, facsimile: 215-573-7290,
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21
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Abstract
The Cassini Orbiter spacecraft first skimmed through the tenuous upper atmosphere of Titan on 26 October 2004. This moon of Saturn is unique in our solar system, with a dense nitrogen atmosphere that is cold enough in places to rain methane, the feedstock for the atmospheric chemistry that produces hydrocarbons, nitrile compounds, and Titan's orange haze. The data returned from this flyby supply new information on the magnetic field and plasma environment around Titan, expose new facets of the dynamics and chemistry of Titan's atmosphere, and provide the first glimpses of what appears to be a complex, fluid-processed, geologically young Titan surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Mahaffy
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (UVIS) observed the extinction of photons from two stars by the atmosphere of Titan during the Titan flyby. Six species were identified and measured: methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, diacetylene, and hydrogen cyanide. The observations cover altitudes from 450 to 1600 kilometers above the surface. A mesopause is inferred from extraction of the temperature structure of methane, located at 615 km with a temperature minimum of 114 kelvin. The asymptotic kinetic temperature at the top of the atmosphere determined from this experiment is 151 kelvin. The higher order hydrocarbons and hydrogen cyanide peak sharply in abundance and are undetectable below altitudes ranging from 750 to 600 km, leaving methane as the only identifiable carbonaceous molecule in this experiment below 600 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Shemansky
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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23
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Kunde VG, Flasar FM, Jennings DE, Bézard B, Strobel DF, Conrath BJ, Nixon CA, Bjoraker GL, Romani PN, Achterberg RK, Simon-Miller AA, Irwin P, Brasunas JC, Pearl JC, Smith MD, Orton GS, Gierasch PJ, Spilker LJ, Carlson RC, Mamoutkine AA, Calcutt SB, Read PL, Taylor FW, Fouchet T, Parrish P, Barucci A, Courtin R, Coustenis A, Gautier D, Lellouch E, Marten A, Prangé R, Biraud Y, Ferrari C, Owen TC, Abbas MM, Samuelson RE, Raulin F, Ade P, Césarsky CJ, Grossman KU, Coradini A. Jupiter's Atmospheric Composition from the Cassini Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment. Science 2004; 305:1582-6. [PMID: 15319491 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Composite Infrared Spectrometer observed Jupiter in the thermal infrared during the swing-by of the Cassini spacecraft. Results include the detection of two new stratospheric species, the methyl radical and diacetylene, gaseous species present in the north and south auroral infrared hot spots; determination of the variations with latitude of acetylene and ethane, the latter a tracer of atmospheric motion; observations of unexpected spatial distributions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, both considered to be products of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts; characterization of the morphology of the auroral infrared hot spot acetylene emission; and a new evaluation of the energetics of the northern auroral infrared hot spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kunde
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Budil DE, Roebber JL, Liebman SA, Matthews CN. Multifrequency electron spin resonance detection of solid-state organic free radicals in HCN polymer and a Titan tholin. Astrobiology 2003; 3:323-329. [PMID: 14577881 DOI: 10.1089/153110703769016415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecules derived from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) may be major components of the dark matter observed in bodies in the outer Solar System, which include comets and asteroids. HCN oligomers and polymers are readily formed at room temperature and react with water to produce polypeptides and alpha-amino acids or undergo pyrolysis to produce nitrogen heterocycles. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy shows that HCN polymer mixtures contain a significant amount of long-lived organic free radicals that are primarily carbon-based. For comparison, we have also examined samples of tholins produced from experimental analogs of Titan aerosols, which has been shown by trace organic analysis to consist partly of HCN polymer. The "Titan tholin" exhibits at least two ESR signals that can be assigned to nitrogen- and carbon-centered radicals, although heating the sample eliminates the nitrogen centers and increases the signal from the carbon centers. This result suggests that the nitrogen-centered radicals may be thermodynamically less stable, but are kinetically trapped during the spark-discharge reactions that produce tholins from mixtures of gases such as methane and nitrogen. The results strongly support previous proposals of free radical mechanisms for HCN polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Budil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Adenine is formed in about 18% yield when HCN tetramer is heated with ammonium formate at 110 degrees C. The prebiotic significance of this reaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Hill
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, San Diego, CA 92037-1099, USA
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27
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Abstract
The precapillary derivatization of 20 amino acids with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and CN(-) was investigated. All these derivatized amino acids could be oxidized on the carbon fiber microdisk bundle electrode except proline. Capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection was employed for the analysis of 19 amino acids. The optimum conditions of separation and detection were borate, pH 9.48, for the electrolyte, 18 kV for the separation voltage and 1.15 V versus a saturated calomel electrode for the detection potential. Limits of detection of concentration or mass for individual amino acids were between 1.7 x 10(-7) and 1.8 x 10(-6) mol/L or 84 and 893 amol (according to the signal-to-noise ratio of 3) for the injection voltage of 6 kV and injection time of 10 s. The relative standard deviations were between 0.80 and 2.3% for the migration times and 1.4 and 6.4% for the electrophoretic peak currents. From a mixture of 19 amino acids, 10 amino acids (Arg, Lys, Orn, Try, Ser, Ala, Gly, Cys, Glu, Asp) could be well separated. The other 9 amino acids appeared on three electrophoretic peaks. From the samples, in which the nine amino acids do not exist simultaneously, some of them could also be detected. The method was applied to the determination of amino acids in beer by the standard addition method. The recovery for the amino acids in beer was 91-109%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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28
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29
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Abstract
[formula: see text] Highly enantioselective addition of HCN to ketoimines has been achieved for the first time using readily accessible and recyclable Schiff base catalysts. Essentially quantitative isolated yield and enantioselectivity of up to 95% ee was obtained. Furthermore, some of the Strecker adducts could be recrystallized in high recovery, yielding optically pure materials. Conversion of the alpha-aminonitrile adducts to the corresponding alpha-quaternary alpha-amino acids was effected in high yield by a formylation/hydrolysis sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vachal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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31
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32
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Abstract
The isolated, young, sunlike star TW Hya and four other young stars in its vicinity are strong x-ray sources. Their similar x-ray and optical properties indicate that the stars make up a physical association that is on the order of 20 million years old and that lies between about 40 and 60 parsecs (between about 130 and 200 light years) from Earth. TW Hya itself displays circumstellar CO, HCN, CN, and HCO+ emission. These molecules probably orbit the star in a solar-system-sized disk viewed more or less face-on, whereas the star is likely viewed pole-on. Being at least three times closer to Earth than any well-studied region of star formation, the TW Hya Association serves as a test-bed for the study of x-ray emission from young stars and the formation of planetary systems around sunlike stars.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kastner
- Center for Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 70 Vassar Street, Building 37-667a, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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33
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Goonasekera CD, Ratnatunga N, Seneviratne CA, Nahrstedt A, Lechtenberg M. Nai habarala (Alocasia cucullata) fruits; analysed for potential hydrogen cyanide. Ceylon Med J 1997; 42:110-1. [PMID: 9257478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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35
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Abstract
The antidotal potency of a cobalt salt (acetate), of dicobalt edetate, of hydroxocobalamin and of cobinamide against hydrocyanic acid was examined mainly on mice and rabbits. All the compounds were active antidotes for up to twice the LD50; under some conditions for larger doses. The most successful was cobalt acetate for rabbits (5xLD50), which was effective at a molar cyanide/cobalt (CN/Co) ratio of 5, but had as a side-effect intense purgation. Hydroxocobalamin was irregular in action, but on the whole was most effective for mice (4.5xLD50 at a molar ratio of 1), and had no apparent side effects. Dicobalt edetate, at molar ratios of up to 2, was more effective for rabbits (3xLD50) than for mice (2xLD50), but had fewer side effects than cobalt acetate. The effect of thiosulphate was to augment the efficacy of dicobalt edetate and, in mice, that of hydroxocobalamin; but, apparently, in rabbits, to reduce that of hydroxocobalamin. Cobinamide, at a molar ratio of 1, was slightly more effective than hydroxocobalamin on rabbits and also less irregular in its action. Cobalt acetate by mouth was effective against orally administered hydrocyanic acid. The oxygen uptake of the body, reduced by cyanide, is rapidly reinstated when one of the cobalt antidotes has been successfully administered.
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36
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Abstract
Iapetus shows a greater hemispheric albedo asymmetry than any other body in the solar system. Hapke scattering theory and optical constants measured in the laboratory are used to identify possible compositions for the dark material on the leading hemisphere of Iapetus. The materials considered are poly-HCN, kerogen, Murchison organic residue, Titan tholin, ice tholin, and water ice. Three-component mixtures of these materials are modeled in intraparticle, particle, and areal mixtures. In a computer grid search of approximately 2 x 10(7) models, an intraparticle mixture of 25% poly-HCN, 10% Murchison residue, and 65% water ice is found to best fit the spectrum, albedo, and phase behavior of the dark material. The Murchison residue and/or water ice can be replaced by kerogen and ice tholin, respectively, and still produce very good fits. Areal and particle mixtures of poly-HCN, Titan tholin, and either ice tholin or Murchison residue are also possible models. Poly-HCN is a necessary component in almost all good models. The presence of poly-HCN can be further tested by high-resolution observations near 4.5 micrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Wilson
- Laboratory for Planetary Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Owrutsky
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375
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38
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Abstract
This report describes a case of phobic anxiety relating to cyanide in a process operator who is unable to smell hydrogen cyanide. This case demonstrates that hazardous substances in the workplace can provoke this mental disorder in individuals who are unable to detect by special senses whether or not a specific hazard is present. The clinical management of such individuals is complicated since they must be able to perceive the feared object or substance in order to overcome their anxiety.
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39
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Abstract
It has long been speculated that Earth accreted prebiotic organic molecules important for the origins of life from impacts of carbonaceous asteroids and comets during the period of heavy bombardment 4.5 x 10(9) to 3.8 x 10(9) years ago. A comprehensive treatment of comet-asteroid interaction with the atmosphere, surface impact, and resulting organic pyrolysis demonstrates that organics will not survive impacts at velocities greater than about 10 kilometers per second and that even comets and asteroids as small as 100 meters in radius cannot be aerobraked to below this velocity in 1-bar atmospheres. However, for plausible dense (10-bar carbon dioxide) early atmospheres, we find that 4.5 x 10(9) years ago Earth was accreting intact cometary organics at a rate of at least approximately 10(6) to 10(7) kilograms per year, a flux that thereafter declined with a half-life of approximately 10(8) years. These results may be put in context by comparison with terrestrial oceanic and total biomasses, approximately 3 x 10(12) kilograms and approximately 6 x 10(14) kilograms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Chyba
- Laboratory for Planetary Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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40
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Abstract
The apparent intravascular decomposition of nitroprusside (SNP) has been attributed to photolysis and artefactual generation of cyanide (HCN) during assay, leading some workers to believe that large doses of SNP may be infused safely if light is excluded. However, we have shown that HCN is not produced from SNP during analysis. Significant amounts of HCN were formed only when SNP was first incubated with blood. The yield of HCN was a function of the temperature, pH and time of incubation. The time for release of 50% of the HCN from SNP 5 mumol litre-1 at 37 degrees C in blood was 26.6 min with greater than 90% yield in 2 h, and in plasma the optimum pH was about 7.5. A u.v. method for measuring SNP suggests that, at clinically appropriate blood concentrations, SNP is confined to plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Vesey
- Anaesthetics Laboratory, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London
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42
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Abstract
The trapping of various gases by water ice at low temperatures (20-80K) and their release from the ice upon warming, was studied experimentally. The results of these experiments, together with a computation of the thermal evolution of a cometary nucleus, can explain the gas and dust jets which were observed to emanate from the nucleus of P/Halley. The experimental results are important also to the gas content of Titan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bar-Nun
- Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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43
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Abstract
This article reports some recent results on the mechanisms of synthesis of biologically important molecules in oligomerizing solutions of HCN. It will also attempt to summarize, as completely as possible, our present state of knowledge concerning the range of products obtained under a variety of conditions in this reaction system.
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44
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Miller SL, Schlesinger G. Carbon and energy yields in prebiotic syntheses using atmospheres containing CH4, CO and CO2. Orig Life 1984; 14:83-90. [PMID: 6087242 DOI: 10.1007/bf00933643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Yields based on carbon are usually reported in prebiotic experiments, while energy yields (moles cal-1) are more useful in estimating the yields of products that would have been obtained from the primitive atmosphere of the earth. Energy yields for the synthesis of HCN and H2CO from a spark discharge were determined for various mixtures of CH4, CO, CO2, H2, H2O, N2 and NH3. The maximum yields of HCN and H2CO from CH4, CO, and CO2 as carbon sources are about 4 X 10(-8) moles cal-1.
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46
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Schwartz AW, Goverde M. Acceleration of HCN oligomerization by formaldehyde and related compounds: implications for prebiotic syntheses. J Mol Evol 1982; 18:351-3. [PMID: 6288968 DOI: 10.1007/bf01733902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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47
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Abstract
Since hydrogen cyanide is a component of Titan's hazy atmosphere, HCN polymers might also be present by way of a low energy pathway leading initially to the synthesis of polyaminomalonitrile. Subsequent reactions of HCN with the activated nitrile groups of this HCN homopolymer would then yield heteropolyamidines, readily converted to heteropolypeptides following contact with frozen water on the surface of Titan. Similar HCN polymers in the reducing atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn could be major contributors to the yellow-brown-orange appearance of these giant planets. Any detection of such HCN chemistry by the Voyager missions or the pending Galileo probe would constitute evidence for the hypothesis that heteropolypeptides on the primitive Earth were synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide and water without the intervening formation of alpha-amino acids.
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Niketic V, Draganić Z, Nesković S, Draganić I. Enzymatic characterization of peptidic materials isolated from aqueous solutions of ammonium cyanide (pH 9) and hydrocyanic acid (pH 6) exposed to ionizing radiation. J Mol Evol 1982; 18:130-6. [PMID: 6124639 DOI: 10.1007/bf01810832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic digestion of some radiolytically produced peptidic materials was examined. The substrates were compounds isolated from 0.1 molar solutions of NH4CN (pH 9) and HCN (pH 6), after their exposure to gamma rays from a 60Co source (15-20 Mrad doses). Commercial proteolytic enzymes pronase and aminopeptidase M were used. The examined materials were of composite nature and proteolytic action was systematically observed after their subsequent purification. In some fractions the effect was found to be positive with up to 30% of peptide bonds cleaved with respect to the amino acid content. These findings support our previous conclusions on the free radical induced formation of peptidic backbones without the intervention of amino acids. Some side effects were also noted which might be of interest in observations on enzymatic cleavage of other composite peptidic materials of abiotic origin.
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Anosike EO, Jack AS. A comparison of some biochemical properties of liver thiosulphate sulphurtransferase from guinea pig (Lepus caniculus) & albino rat. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1982; 19:13-6. [PMID: 6286464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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