1
|
Chen HY, Versteeg RB, Mankowsky R, Puppin M, Leroy L, Sander M, Deng Y, Oggenfuss RA, Zamofing T, Böhler P, Pradervand C, Mozzanica A, Vetter S, Smolentsev G, Kerkhoff L, Lemke HT, Chergui M, Mancini GF. A setup for hard x-ray time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering at SwissFEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024308. [PMID: 38586277 PMCID: PMC10998714 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
We present a new setup for resonant inelastic hard x-ray scattering at the Bernina beamline of SwissFEL with energy, momentum, and temporal resolution. The compact R = 0.5 m Johann-type spectrometer can be equipped with up to three crystal analyzers and allows efficient collection of RIXS spectra. Optical pumping for time-resolved studies can be realized with a broad span of optical wavelengths. We demonstrate the performance of the setup at an overall ∼180 meV resolution in a study of ground-state and photoexcited (at 400 nm) honeycomb 5d iridate α-Li2IrO3. Steady-state RIXS spectra at the iridium L3-edge (11.214 keV) have been collected and are in very good agreement with data collected at synchrotrons. The time-resolved RIXS transients exhibit changes in the energy loss region <2 eV, whose features mostly result from the hopping nature of 5d electrons in the honeycomb lattice. These changes are ascribed to modulations of the Ir-to-Ir inter-site transition scattering efficiency, which we associate to a transient screening of the on-site Coulomb interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Chen
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf B. Versteeg
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mankowsky
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michele Puppin
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathias Sander
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yunpei Deng
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Zamofing
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Böhler
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Claude Pradervand
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Mozzanica
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Seraphin Vetter
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Grigory Smolentsev
- Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Linda Kerkhoff
- Sect. Crystallography, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Henrik T. Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Milne CJ, Nagornova N, Pope T, Chen HY, Rossi T, Szlachetko J, Gawelda W, Britz A, van Driel TB, Sala L, Ebner S, Katayama T, Southworth SH, Doumy G, March AM, Lehmann CS, Mucke M, Iablonskyi D, Kumagai Y, Knopp G, Motomura K, Togashi T, Owada S, Yabashi M, Nielsen MM, Pajek M, Ueda K, Abela R, Penfold TJ, Chergui M. Disentangling the evolution of electrons and holes in photoexcited ZnO nanoparticles. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:064501. [PMID: 37941994 PMCID: PMC10628992 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of charge carriers in photoexcited room temperature ZnO nanoparticles in solution is investigated using ultrafast ultraviolet photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultrafast Zn K-edge absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The photoluminescence is excited at 4.66 eV, well above the band edge, and shows that electron cooling in the conduction band and exciton formation occur in <500 fs, in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The x-ray absorption measurements, obtained upon excitation close to the band edge at 3.49 eV, are sensitive to the migration and trapping of holes. They reveal that the 2 ps transient largely reproduces the previously reported transient obtained at 100 ps time delay in synchrotron studies. In addition, the x-ray absorption signal is found to rise in ∼1.4 ps, which we attribute to the diffusion of holes through the lattice prior to their trapping at singly charged oxygen vacancies. Indeed, the MD simulations show that impulsive trapping of holes induces an ultrafast expansion of the cage of Zn atoms in <200 fs, followed by an oscillatory response at a frequency of ∼100 cm-1, which corresponds to a phonon mode of the system involving the Zn sub-lattice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Nagornova
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pope
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Hui-Yuan Chen
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rossi
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Tim B. van Driel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Sala
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ebner
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gilles Doumy
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Anne Marie March
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | - Melanie Mucke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denys Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Gregor Knopp
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Koji Motomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Martin M. Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marek Pajek
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | | | - Rafael Abela
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- Chemistry—School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Majed Chergui
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumaki F, Nagasaka M, Fukaya R, Okano Y, Yamashita S, Nozawa S, Adachi SI, Adachi JI. Operando time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy for photoexcitation processes of metal complexes in solutions. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:104201. [PMID: 36922146 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Operando time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-SXAS) is an effective method to reveal the photochemical processes of metal complexes in solutions. In this study, we have developed the TR-SXAS measurement system for observing various photochemical reactions in solutions by the combination of laser pump pulses with soft x-ray probe pulses from the synchrotron radiation. For the evaluation of the developed TR-SXAS system, we have measured nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectra of aqueous iron phenanthroline solutions during a photoinduced spin transition process. The decay process of the high spin state to the low spin state in the iron complex has been obtained from the ligand side by N K-edge XAS, and the time constant is close to that obtained from the central metal side by time-resolved Fe K-edge XAS in the previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kumaki
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Fukaya
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Okano
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamashita
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Adachi
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Issa Hamoud H, Wolski L, Pankin I, Bañares MA, Daturi M, El-Roz M. In situ and Operando Spectroscopies in Photocatalysis: Powerful Techniques for a Better Understanding of the Performance and the Reaction Mechanism. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:37. [PMID: 35951125 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In photocatalysis, a set of elemental steps are involved together at different timescales to govern the overall efficiency of the process. These steps are divided as follow: (1) photon absorption and excitation (in femtoseconds), (2) charge separation (femto- to picoseconds), (3) charge carrier diffusion/transport (nano- to microseconds), and (4 and 5) reactant activation/conversion and mass transfer (micro- to milliseconds). The identification and quantification of these steps, using the appropriate tool/technique, can provide the guidelines to emphasize the most influential key parameter that improve the overall efficiency and to develop the "photocatalyst by design" concept. In this review, the identification/quantification of reactant activation/conversion and mass transfer (steps 4 and 5) is discussed in details using the in situ/operando techniques, especially the infrared (IR), Raman, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The use of these techniques in photocatalysis was highlighted by the most recent and conclusive case studies which allow a better characterization of the active site and reveal the reaction pathways in order to establish a structure-performance relationship. In each case study, the reaction conditions and the reactor design for photocatalysis (pressure, temperature, concentration, etc.) were thoroughly discussed. In the last part, some examples in the use of time-resolved techniques (time-resolved FTIR, photoluminescence, and transient absorption) are also presented as an author's guideline to study the elemental steps in photocatalysis at shorter timescale (ps, ns, and µs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houeida Issa Hamoud
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14050, Caen, France
| | - Lukasz Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ilia Pankin
- Smart Materials, Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova Street 174/28, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Miguel A Bañares
- Catalytic Spectroscopy Laboratory, Instituto de Catalisis, ICP-CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Daturi
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14050, Caen, France
| | - Mohamad El-Roz
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14050, Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uemura Y, Ismail ASM, Park SH, Kwon S, Kim M, Elnaggar H, Frati F, Wadati H, Hirata Y, Zhang Y, Yamagami K, Yamamoto S, Matsuda I, Halisdemir U, Koster G, Milne C, Ammann M, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Hole Dynamics in Photoexcited Hematite Studied with Femtosecond Oxygen K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4207-4214. [PMID: 35512383 PMCID: PMC9125685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a photoelectrode for the water splitting process because of its relatively narrow bandgap and abundance in the earth's crust. In this study, the photoexcited state of a hematite thin film was investigated with femtosecond oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the PAL-XFEL in order to follow the dynamics of its photoexcited states. The 200 fs decay time of the hole state in the valence band was observed via its corresponding XAS feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Uemura
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
| | - Ahmed S. M. Ismail
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hebatalla Elnaggar
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Frati
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Wadati
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Graduate
School of Material Science, University of
Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hirata
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamagami
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Susumu Yamamoto
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ufuk Halisdemir
- Faculty
of
Science and Technology and MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Koster
- Faculty
of
Science and Technology and MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Milne
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
- SwissFEL, Paul
Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uemura Y, Ismail ASM, Park SH, Kwon S, Kim M, Niwa Y, Wadati H, Elnaggar H, Frati F, Haarman T, Höppel N, Huse N, Hirata Y, Zhang Y, Yamagami K, Yamamoto S, Matsuda I, Katayama T, Togashi T, Owada S, Yabashi M, Halisdemir U, Koster G, Yokoyama T, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Femtosecond Charge Density Modulations in Photoexcited CuWO 4. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:7329-7336. [PMID: 33859771 PMCID: PMC8040018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper tungstate (CuWO4) is an important semiconductor with a sophisticated and debatable electronic structure that has a direct impact on its chemistry. Using the PAL-XFEL source, we study the electronic dynamics of photoexcited CuWO4. The Cu L3 X-ray absorption spectrum shifts to lower energy upon photoexcitation, which implies that the photoexcitation process from the oxygen valence band to the tungsten conduction band effectively increases the charge density on the Cu atoms. The decay time of this spectral change is 400 fs indicating that the increased charge density exists only for a very short time and relaxes electronically. The initial increased charge density gives rise to a structural change on a time scale longer than 200 ps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Uemura
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ahmed S. M. Ismail
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL,
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL,
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL,
Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Yasuhiro Niwa
- Photon
Factory, Institute for Materials Structure
Science, KEK, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hiroki Wadati
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Graduate
School of Material Science, University of
Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hebatalla Elnaggar
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Frati
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ties Haarman
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Höppel
- Department
of Physics and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department
of Physics and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yasuyuki Hirata
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamagami
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Susumu Yamamoto
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Katayama
- JASRI, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Kouto Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- JASRI, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Kouto Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- JASRI, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Kouto Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Kouto Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Uufuk Halisdemir
- Faculty
of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Koster
- Faculty
of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Britz A, Attar AR, Zhang X, Chang HT, Nyby C, Krishnamoorthy A, Park SH, Kwon S, Kim M, Nordlund D, Sainio S, Heinz TF, Leone SR, Lindenberg AM, Nakano A, Ajayan P, Vashishta P, Fritz D, Lin MF, Bergmann U. Carrier-specific dynamics in 2H-MoTe 2 observed by femtosecond soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy using an x-ray free-electron laser. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:014501. [PMID: 33511247 PMCID: PMC7808761 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond carrier dynamics in layered 2H-MoTe2 semiconductor crystals have been investigated using soft x-ray transient absorption spectroscopy at the x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. Following above-bandgap optical excitation of 2H-MoTe2, the photoexcited hole distribution is directly probed via short-lived transitions from the Te 3d 5/2 core level (M5-edge, 572-577 eV) to transiently unoccupied states in the valence band. The optically excited electrons are separately probed via the reduced absorption probability at the Te M5-edge involving partially occupied states of the conduction band. A 400 ± 110 fs delay is observed between this transient electron signal near the conduction band minimum compared to higher-lying states within the conduction band, which we assign to hot electron relaxation. Additionally, the transient absorption signals below and above the Te M5 edge, assigned to photoexcited holes and electrons, respectively, are observed to decay concomitantly on a 1-2 ps timescale, which is interpreted as electron-hole recombination. The present work provides a benchmark for applications of XFELs for soft x-ray absorption studies of carrier-specific dynamics in semiconductors, and future opportunities enabled by this method are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Aravind Krishnamoorthy
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Pulickel Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - David Fritz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vaz da Cruz V, Eckert S, Föhlisch A. TD-DFT simulations of K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering within the restricted subspace approximation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1835-1848. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04726k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Truncation of orbital subspaces in TD-DFT yields an accurate description of RIXS spectra for soft X-ray K-edges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Universität Potsdam
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jang H, Kim HD, Kim M, Park SH, Kwon S, Lee JY, Park SY, Park G, Kim S, Hyun H, Hwang S, Lee CS, Lim CY, Gang W, Kim M, Heo S, Kim J, Jung G, Kim S, Park J, Kim J, Shin H, Park J, Koo TY, Shin HJ, Heo H, Kim C, Min CK, Han JH, Kang HS, Lee HS, Kim KS, Eom I, Rah S. Time-resolved resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:083904. [PMID: 32872965 DOI: 10.1063/5.0016414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Resonant elastic x-ray scattering has been widely employed for exploring complex electronic ordering phenomena, such as charge, spin, and orbital order, in particular, in strongly correlated electronic systems. In addition, recent developments in pump-probe x-ray scattering allow us to expand the investigation of the temporal dynamics of such orders. Here, we introduce a new time-resolved Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (tr-RSXS) endstation developed at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL). This endstation has an optical laser (wavelength of 800 nm plus harmonics) as the pump source. Based on the commissioning results, the tr-RSXS at PAL-XFEL can deliver a soft x-ray probe (400 eV-1300 eV) with a time resolution of ∼100 fs without jitter correction. As an example, the temporal dynamics of a charge density wave on a high-temperature cuprate superconductor is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Jang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Do Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeop Lee
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Gisu Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - HyoJung Hyun
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Hwang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chae-Soon Lee
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chae-Yong Lim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Wonup Gang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Myeongjin Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Heo
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jinhong Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Gigun Jung
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seungnam Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaeku Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jihwa Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaehun Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yeong Koo
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joon Shin
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hoon Heo
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Changbum Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Changi-Ki Min
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hui Han
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Kang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Heung-Soo Lee
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seungyu Rah
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tiede DM, Kwon G, He X, Mulfort KL, Martinson ABF. Characterizing electronic and atomic structures for amorphous and molecular metal oxide catalysts at functional interfaces by combining soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13276-13296. [PMID: 32567636 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous thin film materials and heterogenized molecular catalysts supported on electrode and other functional interfaces are widely investigated as promising catalyst formats for applications in solar and electrochemical fuels catalysis. However the amorphous character of these catalysts and the complexity of the interfacial architectures that merge charge transport properties of electrode and semiconductor supports with discrete sites for multi-step catalysis poses challenges for probing mechanisms that activate and tune sites for catalysis. This minireview discusses advances in soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering that provide opportunities to resolve interfacial electronic and atomic structures, respectively, that are linked to catalysis. This review discusses how these techniques can be partnered with advances in nanostructured interface synthesis for combined soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering analyses of thin film and heterogenized molecular catalysts. These combined approaches enable opportunities for the characterization of both electronic and atomic structures underlying fundamental catalytic function, and that can be applied under conditions relevant to device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Tiede
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khare R, Jentys A, Lercher JA. Development of photochemical and electrochemical cells for operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy during photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18891-18901. [PMID: 32350496 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00654h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical and electrochemical reactions are highly relevant processes for (i) transforming chemicals (e.g. photoreduction of isopropanol to acetone, electrochemical hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol, etc.), and (ii) sustainable energy production (e.g. photoreduction of CO2 to methanol, electrocatalytic H2 evolution reaction). It is therefore of importance to monitor the structural changes and to understand the properties of active sites under photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reaction conditions. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provides the means to investigate the nature of active sites under realistic reaction conditions. In this contribution, we describe the successful development of photochemical and electrochemical cells for operando XAS measurements during photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions. We have used the operando photochemical cell to monitor the formation of Pt nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4-ns) via photodeposition under visible light illumination and observed the formation of highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles with an estimated size of ∼2.5 nm and >60% dispersion. We have also tested this cell to follow the oxidation state of Pt in Pt/TiO2 and Pt/g-C3N4-ns during H2 evolution reaction (HER). We observed that Pt predominantly existed as metallic (reduced) Pt0 species under HER conditions, and that PtOx species were partially reduced from PtIV to Pt0 upon illumination with UV or visible light. The rates of H2 evolution obtained in the photochemical cell (12.1 mmol g-1 h-1 on Pt/TiO2 and 1.01 mmol g-1 h-1 on Pt/g-C3N4-ns) were comparable to that obtained in a standard top-irradiated photoreactor (16.6 mmol g-1 h-1 on Pt/TiO2 and 1.76 mmol g-1 h-1 on Pt/g-C3N4-ns). The operando electrochemical cell was successfully tested to monitor the changes in the structure and oxidation state of Pd in Pd/C electrocatalyst during electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of benzaldehyde. It was demonstrated that Pd in Pd/C was present in a partially reduced state (∼80% Pd0 and ∼20% PdII) and Pd nanoparticles did not degrade upon the application of an external potential under ECH reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Andreas Jentys
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany. and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| |
Collapse
|