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Jin B, Yan M, Feng LY, Miao CQ, Wang YJ. CBe 2 H 5 - : Unprecedented 2σ/2π Double Aromaticity and Dynamic Structural Fluxionality in a Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Cluster. Chemistry 2024:e202304134. [PMID: 38205620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A 14-electron ternary anionic CBe2 H5 - cluster containing a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom is designed herein. Remarkably, it can be stabilized by only two beryllium atoms with both π-acceptor/σ-donor properties and two hydrogen atoms, which means that the conversion from planar methane (transition state) to ptC species (global minimum) requires the substitution of only two hydrogen atoms. Moreover, two ligand H atoms exhibit alternate rotation, giving rise to interesting dynamic fluxionality in this cluster. The electronic structure analysis reveals the flexible bonding positions of ligand H atoms due to C-H localized bonds, highlighting the rotational fluxionality in the cluster, and two CBe2 3c-2e delocalized bonds endow its rare 2σ/2π double aromaticity. Unprecedentedly, the fluxional process exhibits a conversion in the type of bonding (σ bond↔π bond), which is an uncommon fluxional mechanism. The cluster can be seen as an attempt to apply planar hypercoordinate carbon species to molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
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2
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Structure and Bonding in Planar Hypercoordinate Carbon Compounds. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term hypercoordination refers to the extent of the coordination of an element by its normal value. In the hypercoordination sphere, the element can achieve planar and/or non-planar molecular shape. Hence, planar hypercoordinate carbon species violate two structural rules: (i) The highest coordination number of carbon is four and (ii) the tetrahedral orientation by the connected elements and/or groups. The unusual planar orientations are mostly stabilized by the electronic interactions of the central atom with the surrounding ligands. In this review article, we will talk about the current progress in the theoretical prediction of viable planar hypercoordinate carbon compounds. Primary knowledge of the planar hypercoordinate chemistry will lead to its forthcoming expansion. Experimental and theoretical interests in planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC), and planar hexacoordinate carbon (phC) are continued. The proposed electronic and mechanical strategies are helpful for the designing of the ptC compounds. Moreover, the 18-valence electron rule can guide the design of new ptC clusters computationally as well as experimentally. However, the counting of 18-valence electrons is not a requisite condition to contain a ptC in a cluster. Furthermore, this ptC idea is expanded to the probability of a greater coordination number of carbon in planar orientations. Unfortunately, until now, there are no such logical approaches to designing ppC, phC, or higher-coordinate carbon molecules/ions. There exist a few global minimum structures of phC clusters identified computationally, but none have been detected experimentally. All planar hypercoordinate carbon species in the global minima may be feasible in the gas phase.
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Liu FL, Guo JC. Ternary CE 2Ba 2 (E = As, Sb) Clusters: New Pentaatomic Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Species with 18 Valence Electrons. J Mol Model 2022; 28:230. [PMID: 35881274 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
18-valence-electron (ve) rule is one important guide for us to design planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) species. Using the "polarization of ligands" strategy, the new pentaatomic ptC species CE2Ba2 (E = As, Sb) with 18 ve are designed in this work. Computer structural searches and high-level calculations reveal that the ptC CE2Ba2 (E = As, Sb) species are global minima (GMs) on the potential energy surfaces, whose C center is coordinated by the interspaced E and Ba atoms. CE2Ba2 (E = As, Sb) are also kinetically stable. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that the ptC core is stabilized by two localized C-E σ bonds, one delocalized five-center two-electron (5c-2e) σ bond and one delocalized 5c-2e π bond. One π and three σ bonds collectively conform to the 8-electron counting, which determines the stability of ptC CE2Ba2 (E = As, Sb) species. Interestingly, the delocalized 2π and 2σ electrons render the ptC systems π/σ double aromaticity. Additional 10 electrons contribute to peripheral lone pairs of E and E-Ba bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Lin Liu
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Jin B, Wang ZR. Binary mono-anions with unprecedented anti-aromatic planar tetracoordinate carbon and nitrogen atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17956-17960. [PMID: 35876834 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Global minima (CBe4- and NBe4-) with planar tetracoordinate carbon and nitrogen atoms are stabilized by multicentric bonds. Their unusual anti-aromaticity is due to the strong localized Be-Be bonds preventing the full delocalization of the electrons in the CBe4/NBe4 skeleton. These binary mono-anions are expected to be experimentally realized in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zai-Ran Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China.
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Das P, Khatun M, Anoop A, Chattaraj PK. CSi nGe 4-n2+ ( n = 1-3): prospective systems containing planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16701-16711. [PMID: 35770562 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations have been carried out to explore the potential energy surface (PES) of CSinGe4-n2+/+/0 (n = 1-3) systems. The global minimum structures in the di-cationic states (1a, 1b, and 1c) contain a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC). For the CSi2Ge22+ system, the second stable isomer (2b) also contains a ptC with 0.67 kcal mol-1 higher energy than that of the 1b ptC isomer. The global minima of the neutral and mono-cationic states of the designed systems are not planar. The 1a, 1b, and 1c structures follow the 18 valence electron rule. The relative energies of the low-lying isomers of CSiGe32+, CSi2Ge22+, and CSi3Ge2+ systems with respect to the global minima were calculated using the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ method. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for 50 ps time indicate that all the global minimum structures (1a, 1b, and 1c) are kinetically stable at 300 K and 500 K temperatures. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis suggests strong σ-acceptance of the ptC from the four surrounding atoms and simultaneously π-donation occurs from the ptC center. The nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) showed σ/π-dual aromaticity. We hope that the designed di-cationic systems may be viable in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Maya Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Anakuthil Anoop
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Das P, Chattaraj PK. CSiGaAl 2 -/0 and CGeGaAl 2 -/0 having planar tetracoordinate carbon atoms in their global minimum energy structures. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:894-905. [PMID: 35322887 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is used to explore the structure, stability, and bonding in CSiGaAl2 -/0 and CGeGaAl2 -/0 systems having planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC). The neutral systems have 17 valence electrons and the mono-anionic systems have 18 valence electrons. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for 2000 fs time at two different temperatures (300 and 500 K) supported the kinetic stability of the systems. From the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis it is shown that there is a strong electron donation from the ligand atoms to the ptC atom. We have used Li+ ion for the neutralization of the mono-anionic systems and more interestingly it does not disrupt the planar structure. The most preferable site for binding of Li+ ion is along the AlAl bond in both of the mono-anionic systems. All the systems in this work have both σ and π aromaticity which is predicted from the computations of nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS). Although the anionic species obey the 18 valence electronic rule, the neutral systems break the rule with 17 valence electrons. However, both sets of systems are stable in the planar form. The bonding analysis of the systems includes molecular orbital, adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), electron localization function (ELF) basin, and aromaticity analyses. The energy decomposition analysis (EDA) determines the interaction of Li+ ion with CSiGaAl2 - and CGeGaAl2 - in Li@SiGaAl2 and Li@GeGaAl2 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Zhao LQ, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Ternary 14-electron XB 2Be 2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters: a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) system and its ptGe/Sn/Pb congeners. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7068-7076. [PMID: 35258052 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A class of ternary 14-electron clusters, XB2Be2 (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), have been computationally predicted with a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) unit, as well as its heavier ptGe/Sn/Pb congeners. These pentaatomic ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb species are established as global-minimum structures via computer global searches, followed by electronic structure calculations at the PBE0-D3, B3LYP-D3, and single-point CCSD(T) levels. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that they are also kinetically stable against isomerization or decomposition. Chemical bonding analyses show that the clusters have double 2π/2σ aromaticity. The latter concept underlies the stability of ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb clusters, overriding the 14-electron count or its variants, such as the 18-electron rule. No sp3 hybridization occurs in these species, which naturally explains why they are ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb (rather than traditional tetrahedral) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Qing Zhao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Sun R, Jin B, Huo B, Yuan C, Zhai HJ, Wu YB. Planar pentacoordinate carbon in a sulphur-surrounded boron wheel: the global minimum of CB 5S 5. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2552-2555. [PMID: 35103735 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07313c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a σ + π double aromatic CB5S5+ cluster, the first global minimum unusually having a planar hypercoordinate carbon inside a boron wheel. Five peripheral sulfur atoms stabilize the carbon-centered boron wheel by weakening the electron deficiency of the boron atoms through strong S → B π back-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China. .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Jin
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Huo
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Caixia Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China. .,Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of the Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China.
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Abstract
We have explored the chemical space of BAl4Mg−/0/+ for the first time and theoretically characterized several isomers with interesting bonding patterns. We have used chemical intuition and a cluster building method based on the tabu-search algorithm implemented in the Python program for aggregation and reaction (PyAR) to obtain the maximum number of possible stationary points. The global minimum geometries for the anion (1a) and cation (1c) contain a planar tetracoordinate boron (ptB) atom, whereas the global minimum geometry for the neutral (1n) exhibits a planar pentacoordinate boron (ppB) atom. The low-lying isomers of the anion (2a) and cation (3c) also contain a ppB atom. The low-lying isomer of the neutral (2n) exhibits a ptB atom. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations carried out at 298 K for 2000 fs suggest that all isomers are kinetically stable, except the cation 3c. Simulations carried out at low temperatures (100 and 200 K) for 2000 fs predict that even 3c is kinetically stable, which contains a ppB atom. Various bonding analyses (NBO, AdNDP, AIM, etc.) are carried out for these six different geometries of BAl4Mg−/0/+ to understand the bonding patterns. Based on these results, we conclude that ptB/ppB scenarios are prevalent in these systems. Compared to the carbon counter-part, CAl4Mg−, here the anion (BAl4Mg−) obeys the 18 valence electron rule, as B has one electron fewer than C. However, the neutral and cation species break the rule with 17 and 16 valence electrons, respectively. The electron affinity (EA) of BAl4Mg is slightly higher (2.15 eV) than the electron affinity of CAl4Mg (2.05 eV). Based on the EA value, it is believed that these molecules can be identified in the gas phase. All the ptB/ppB isomers exhibit π/σ double aromaticity. Energy decomposition analysis predicts that the interaction between BAl4−/0/+ and Mg is ionic in all these six systems.
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Stereomutation in Tetracoordinate Centers via Stabilization of Planar Tetracoordinated Systems. ATOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms9040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for stabilizing planar forms of tetracoordinate carbon started five decades ago and intends to achieve interconversion between [R]- and [S]-stereoisomers without breaking covalent bonds. Several strategies are successful in making the planar tetracoordinate form a minimum on its potential energy surface. However, the first examples of systems where stereomutation is possible were reported only recently. In this study, the possibility of neutral and dications of simple hydrocarbons (cyclopentane, cyclopentene, spiropentane, and spiropentadiene) and their counterparts with the central carbon atom replaced by elements from groups 13, 14, and 15 are explored using ab initio MP2 calculations. The energy difference between the tetrahedral and planar forms decreases from row II to row III or IV substituents. Additionally, aromaticity involving the delocalization of the lone pair on the central atom appears to help in further stabilizing the planar form compared to the tetrahedral form, especially for the row II substituents. We identified 11 systems where the tetrahedral state is a minimum on the potential energy surface, and the planar form is a transition state corresponding to stereomutation. Interestingly, the planar structures of three systems were found to be minimum, and the corresponding tetrahedral states were transition states. The energy profiles corresponding to such transitions involving both planar and tetrahedral states without the breaking of covalent bonds were examined. The systems showcased in this study and research in this direction are expected to realize molecules that experimentally exhibit stereomutation.
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In Silico Studies on Selected Neutral Molecules, CGa2Ge2, CAlGaGe2, and CSiGa2Ge Containing Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon. ATOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms9030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the structure, stability, and bonding in some selected neutral pentaatomic systems, viz., CGa2Ge2, CAlGaGe2, and CSiGa2Ge containing planar tetracoordinate carbon. The systems are kinetically stable, as predicted from the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed that strong electron donation occurs to the central planar carbon atom by the peripheral atoms in all the studied systems. From the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) analysis, it is shown that the systems possess both σ- and π- aromaticity. The presence of 18 valence electrons in these systems, in their neutral form, appears to be important for their stability with planar geometries rather than tetrahedral structures. The nature of bonding is understood through the adaptive natural density partitioning analysis (AdNDP), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis, and also via Wiberg bond index (WBI) and electron localization function (ELF).
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Abstract
Isomers of CAl4Mg and CAl4Mg− have been theoretically characterized for the first time. The most stable isomer for both the neutral and anion contain a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom. Unlike the isovalent CAl4Be case, which contains a planar pentacoordinate carbon atom as the global minimum geometry, replacing beryllium with magnesium makes the ptC isomer the global minimum due to increased ionic radii of magnesium. However, it is relatively easier to conduct experimental studies for CAl4Mg0/− as beryllium is toxic. While the neutral molecule containing the ptC atom follows the 18 valence electron rule, the anion breaks the rule with 19 valence electrons. The electron affinity of CAl4Mg is in the range of 1.96–2.05 eV. Both the global minima exhibit π/σ double aromaticity. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for both the global minima at 298 K for 10 ps to confirm their kinetic stability.
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Wang MH, Dong X, Cui ZH, Orozco-Ic M, Ding YH, Barroso J, Merino G. Planar pentacoordinate silicon and germanium atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13772-13775. [PMID: 33089264 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global minimum of XMg4Y- (X = Si, Ge; Y = In, Tl) and SiMg3In2 contains a planar pentacoordinate atom of group 14 other than carbon. Its design is based on the "localization" approach, replacing one or two peripheral atoms in XMg52- by more electronegative ones. This change diminishes the repulsion and leads to stronger covalent X-Y bonds, stabilizing the planar pentacoordinate atom species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Chen J, Yang H, Wang J, Cheng SB. Revealing the effect of the oriented external electronic field on the superatom-polymeric Zr 3O 3 cluster: Superhalogen modulation and spectroscopic characteristics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 237:118400. [PMID: 32348920 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeking novel strategies for designing superatoms is of significance for the potential applications in cluster-assembled nanomaterials. Herein, by employing the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the effect of the oriented external electronic field (OEEF) on the electronic and photoelectron spectroscopic properties of the superatom-polymeric Zr3O3 cluster was explored. We present the evidence that the increment of the OEEF along all directions results in the remarkable enhancement of the electron affinity (EA) of Zr3O3, which turns it into superhalogen with an EA value of 4.02 eV under 0.020 au OEEF along +y direction. Strikingly, this EA value is larger than that of any halogen atoms in the periodic table. The downward shift of the electronic spectrum induced by the OEEF was confirmed to be the origin of the observed EA enhancement. Furthermore, the investigation of the OEEF's effect on the molecular orbitals (MOs) and photoelectron spectra (PES) of the cluster reveals that the OEEF could alter the electron distribution as well as promoting the blue shift of the PES without changing the spacings between different energetic levels. The OEEF highlighted here provides a new strategy in designing superatoms together with tuning their electronic and spectroscopic properties conveniently and precisely. We wish this finding could stimulate more efforts in designing novel superatoms or superatom-assembled materials from both theory and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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Zheng HF, Xu J, Ding YH. A sixteen-valence-electron carbon-group 13 family with global penta-atomic planar tetracoordinate carbon: an ionic strategy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3975-3982. [PMID: 32022042 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) has always been a challenge due to its unique bonding mode that necessitates the perfect balance between the carbon center and surrounding ligands both electronically and mechanically. A unique type of 18-valence-electron (18ve) template, i.e., CAl42-, has been found to be very effective in designing various novel 18ve-species upon skeletal substitution. In this work, we showed that though ptC is not the global structure for the parent 16ve-CAl4, suitable skeletal substitution can allow for a series of global minimum ptC species. Theoretical calculations at the level of CCSD(T)/def2-QZVP//B3LYP/def2-QZVP for 35 carbon-group 13 systems with 16-ve, i.e., CXaYbZcKd (X, Y, Z, K = Al/Ga/In/Tl; 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 4, a + b + c + d = 4), showed that 9 systems (CAl3Tl, CGa3Tl, CGa2Tl2, CAl2GaTl, CAl2InTl, CGa2InTl, CAlGa2Tl, CGa2InTl and CAlGaInTl) possess global minimum ptC and 2 systems (CAl3In and CAl2Tl2) have quasi-GM ptC. Except for CAl3Tl and CAl3In, all the ptCs were predicted for the first time. All these stable ptC structures have the same skeleton and can be described as the same ionic sub-structure, i.e., [A-]B+. This study not only enriches 16ve-ptC, but also directly demonstrates that utilizing an ionic strategy, non-ptC CAl4 also can be used as a template to extend the ptC family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China.
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Guo JC, Feng LY, Zhai HJ. Planar tetracoordinate carbon molecules with 14 valence electrons: examples of CBe4Mnn−2 (M = Li, Au; n = 1–3) clusters. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Planar tetracoordinate carbon species are viable with 14 valence electrons, which violate the 18-electron rule. Chemical bonding around the C center is governed by double 2π/6σ aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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