1
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Kim J, Lee K, Kim S, Sohn BH. Orientation and stretching of supracolloidal chains of diblock copolymer micelles by spin-coating process. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10377-10387. [PMID: 38739015 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Supracolloidal chains consisting of nano- or micro-scale particles exhibit anisotropic properties not observed in individual particles. The orientation of the chains is necessary to manifest such characteristics on a macroscopic scale. In this study, we demonstrate the orientation of supracolloidal chains composed of nano-scale micelles of a diblock copolymer through spin-coating. We observed separate chains coated on a substrate with electron microscopy, and analyzed the orientation and stretching of the chains quantitatively with image analysis software. In drop-casting, the chains were coated randomly with no preferred orientation, and the degree of stretching exhibited an intrinsic semi-flexible nature. In contrast, spin-coated chains were aligned in the radial direction, and the apparent persistence length of the chain increased, confirming the stretching of the chain quantitatively. Furthermore, by incorporating fluorophores into supracolloidal chains and confirming the oriented chains with confocal fluorescence microscopy, it is demonstrated that oriented chains can be utilized as a template to align functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangyoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Hyeok Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Hosaka M, Ichikawa H, Sajiki S, Kawamura T, Kawai T. Uniform, convex structuring of polymeric colloids via site-selected swelling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:542-549. [PMID: 38194825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Non-spherical, polymeric colloids serve as building blocks for advanced functional materials. We propose a novel method to produce morphologically controlled, non-spherical particles by generating site-selected, convex structures on polystyrene (PS) particles. It consists of two simple procedures: a monolayer of PS particles is illuminated with UV light and is subsequently immersed in a fluorinated solvent (HFIP). UV irradiation generates site-selected, oxidized domains on PS particles with a different solvent affinity than unoxidized PS, and HFIP immersion preferentially swells the oxidized domains. Such swelling gives rise to site-selected, convex structures on PS particles. By adjusting UV irradiation conditions, including incident and azimuth angles, the oxidized sites, i.e., the swelled portions, can be accurately situated, allowing us to produce various convex shapes, including chiral shapes at desired positions on PS particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Hosaka
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku 6-3-1, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ichikawa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku 6-3-1, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunta Sajiki
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku 6-3-1, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawamura
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku 6-3-1, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku 6-3-1, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Shi J, Yang ZX, Wan H, Li B, Nie J, Huang T, Li L, Huang GF, Leng C, Si Y, Huang WQ. Rapid Construction of Double Crystalline Prussian Blue Analogue Hetero-Superstructure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311267. [PMID: 38534041 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The controllable construction of complex metal-organic coordination polymers (CPs) merits untold scientific and technological potential, yet remains a grand challenge of one-step construction and modulating simultaneously valence states of metals and topological morphology. Here, a thiocyanuric acid (TCA)-triggered strategy is presented to one-step rapid synthesis a double-crystalline Prussian blue analogue hetero-superstructure (PBA-hs) that comprises a Co3[Fe(CN)6]2 cube overcoated with a KCo[Fe(CN)6] shell, followed by eight self-assembled small cubes on vertices. Unlike common directing surfactants, TCA not only acts as a trigger for the fast growth of KCo[Fe(CN)6] on the Co3[Fe(CN)6]2 phase resulting in a PBA-on-PBA hetero-superstructure, but also serves as a flange-like bridge between them. By combining experiments with simulations, a deprotonation-induced electron transfer (DIET) mechanism is proposed for formation of second phase in PBA-hs, differing from thermally and photo-induced electron transfer processes. To prove utility, the calcined PBA-hs exhibits enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance. This work provides a new method to design of novel CPs for enriching chemistry and material science. This work offers a practical approach to design novel CPs for enriching chemistry and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Shi
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wan
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jianhang Nie
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Fang Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Can Leng
- College of Intelligent Manufacture, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, 410205, P. R. China
- National Supercomputing Center in Changsha, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qing Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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4
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van Kesteren S, Diethelm P, Isa L. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for purifying colloidal clusters. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2881-2886. [PMID: 38477048 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal particles are considered to be essential building blocks for creating innovative self-assembled and active materials, for which complexity beyond that of compositionally uniform particles is key. However, synthesizing complex, multi-material colloids remains a challenge, often resulting in heterogeneous populations that require post-synthesis purification. Leveraging advances brought forward in the purification of biological samples, here we apply fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to sort colloidal clusters synthesized through capillary assembly. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of FACS in sorting clusters based on size, shape, and composition. Notably, we achieve a sorting purity of up to 97% for clusters composed of up to 9 particles, albeit observing a decline in purity with increasing cluster size. Additionally, dimers of different colloids can be purified to over 97%, while linear and triangular trimers can be separated with up to 88% purity. This work underscores the potential of FACS as a promising and little-used tool in colloidal science to support the development of increasingly more intricate particle-based building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven van Kesteren
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, ETH Zurich, Vladmir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Diethelm
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, ETH Zurich, Vladmir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, ETH Zurich, Vladmir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
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5
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Liu B, Lv DM, Wang YL, Li WY, Sun YW, Li ZW. Surface Engineering and Programmed Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles with Controllable Polystyrene/Poly(4-vinybenzyl azide) Patches. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6363-6374. [PMID: 38470241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The programmed self-assembly of patchy nanoparticles (NPs) through a bottom-up approach is an efficient strategy for producing highly organized materials with a predetermined architecture. Herein, we report the preparation of di- and trivalent silica NPs with polystyrene (PS)/poly(4-vinylbenzyl azide) (PVBA) patches and assemble them in a THF mixture by lowering the solvent quality. Silica-PS/PVBA colloidal hybrid clusters were synthesized through the seeded growth emulsion copolymerization of styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl azide (VBA) in varying ratios. Subsequently, macromolecules on silica NPs originating from the copolymerization of growing PS or PVBA chains with the surface-grafted MMS compatibilizer are engineered by fine-tuning of polymer compositions or adjustment of solvent qualities. Moreover, multistage silica regrowth of tripod and tetrapod allowed a fine control of the patch-to-particle size ratio ranging from 0.69 to 1.54. Intriguingly, patchy silica NPs (1-, 2-, 3-PSNs) rather than hybrid clusters are successfully used as templates for multistep regrowth experiments, leading to the formation of silica NPs with a new morphology and size controllable PVBA/PS patches. Last but not least, combined with mesoscale dynamics simulations, the self-assembly kinetics of 2-PSN and 3-PSN into linear colloidal polymers and honeycomb-like lattices are studied. This work paves a new avenue for constructing colloidal polymers with a well-defined sequence and colloidal crystals with a predetermined architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Lan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- Nouryon Chemicals (Jiaxing) Co., Ltd., No. 1111, West Yashan Road, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Yu-Wei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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6
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Guillot K, Brahana PJ, Al Harraq A, Ogbonna ND, Lombardo NS, Lawrence J, An Y, Benton MG, Bharti B. Selective Vapor Condensation for the Synthesis and Assembly of Spherical Colloids with a Precise Rough Patch. JACS AU 2024; 4:1107-1117. [PMID: 38559733 PMCID: PMC10976603 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Patchy particles occupy an increasingly important space in soft matter research due to their ability to assemble into intricate phases and states. Being able to fine-tune the interactions among these particles is essential to understanding the principles governing the self-assembly processes. However, current fabrication techniques often yield patches that deviate chemically and physically from the native particles, impeding the identification of the driving forces behind self-assembly. To overcome this challenge, we propose a new approach to synthesizing spherical colloids with a well-defined rough patch on their surface. By treating polystyrene microspheres with vapors of a good solvent, here an acetone-water mixture, we achieve selective polymer corrugation on the particle surface resulting in a chemically similar yet rough surface patch. The key step is the selective condensation of the acetone-water vapors on the apex of the polystyrene microparticles immobilized on a substrate, which leads to rough patch formation. We leverage the ability to tune the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the volatile acetone-water mixture to precisely control the polymer corrugation on the particle surface. We demonstrate the dependence of patch formation on particle and substrate wettability, with the condensation occurring on the particle apex only when it is more wettable than the substrate, which is consistent with Volmer's classical nucleation theory. By combining experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we identify the role of the rough patch in the depletion interaction-driven self-assembly of the microspheres, which is crucial for designing programmable supracolloidal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nduka D. Ogbonna
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Lombardo
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jimmy Lawrence
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Yaxin An
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Michael G. Benton
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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7
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Hu JD, Wang T, Lei QL, Ma YQ. Transformable Superisostatic Crystals Self-Assembled from Segment Colloidal Rods. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8073-8082. [PMID: 38456633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Transformable mechanical structures can switch between distinct mechanical states. Whether this kind of structure can be self-assembled from simple building blocks at microscale is a question to be answered. In this work, we propose a self-assembly strategy for these structures based on a nematic monolayer of segmented colloidal rods with lateral cutting. By using Monte Carlo simulation, we find that rods with different cutting degrees can self-assemble into different crystals characterized by bond coordination z that varies from 3 to 6. Among these, we identify a transformable superisostatic structure with pgg symmetry and redundant bonds (z = 5). We show that this structure can support either soft bulk modes or soft edge modes depending on its Poisson's ratio, which can be tuned from positive to negative through a uniform soft deformation. We also prove that the bulk soft modes are associated with states of self-stress along the direction of zero strain during uniform soft deformation. The self-assembled transformable structures may act as mechanical metamaterials with potential applications in micromechanical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qun-Li Lei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
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8
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Rocha BC, Vashisth H. Porous Self-Assemblies Mediated by Dumbbell Particles as Cross-Linking Agents. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1590-1599. [PMID: 37650723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of colloidal particles is emerging as a promising approach for producing novel materials. These colloidal particles can be synthesized with protrusions (lobes) on their surfaces that allow the formation of porous structures with a wide range of applications. Using Langevin dynamics simulations, we studied self-assembly in the binary mixtures of lobed colloidal particles with variations in their lobe sizes to investigate the feasibility of using dumbbell particles (with two lobes) as cross-linkers to increase the porosity in self-assembled morphologies. Each binary system was formed by mixing the dumbbell particles with one of the following types of particles: trigonal planar (three lobes), tetrahedral (four lobes), trigonal bipyramidal (five lobes), and octahedral (six lobes). We observed that the lobe size on each particle can be tuned to favor the formation of random aggregates and spherical aggregates when the lobes are larger and well-ordered crystalline structures when the lobes are smaller. We also observed that these polydisperse systems form self-assembled structures characterized by porosities higher than those of the structures formed by the monodisperse systems. These results indicate that the lobe size is an important design feature that can be optimized to achieve desired structures with distinct morphologies and porosities, and the dumbbell particles are effective cross-linking agents to enhance the porosity in self-assembled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno C Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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9
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Chassagne P, Garrigue P, Kuhn A. Bulk Electrosynthesis of Patchy Particles with Highly Controlled Asymmetric Features. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307539. [PMID: 37805916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric modification of particles with various patches of different composition and size at predefined positions is an important challenge in contemporary surface chemistry, as such particles have numerous potential applications, ranging from materials science and (photo)catalysis to self-assembly and drug delivery. However, approaches allowing the synthesis of this kind of complex objects in the bulk of a solution in a straightforward way are currently lacking. In this context, bipolar electrochemistry (BE) is a powerful technique for the asymmetric modification of conducting objects. Herein, this approach is used for the highly controlled modification of particles with different metal patches, generated at specific locations of isotropic objects. The synthesis is carried out in the bulk of the solution and leads to predefined patterns of increasing complexity, including even a specific chiral arrangement of the patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chassagne
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 16 av. Pey Berland, Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 16 av. Pey Berland, Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 16 av. Pey Berland, Pessac, 33600, France
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10
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Wu Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Dai L, Dong W, He H, Li H, Nie Z, Sang Y. Photo-Induced Self-assembly of Copolymer-Capped Nanoparticles into Colloidal Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313406. [PMID: 37801444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal molecules (CMs) are precisely defined assemblies of nanoparticles (NPs) that mimic the structure of real molecules, but externally programming the precise self-assembly of CMs is still challenging. In this work, we show that the photo-induced self-assembly of complementary copolymer-capped binary NPs can be precisely controlled to form clustered ABx or linear (AB)y CMs at high yield (x is the coordination number of NP-Bs, and y is the repeating unit number of AB clusters). Under UV light irradiation, photolabile p-methoxyphenacyl groups of copolymers on NP-A*s are converted to carboxyl groups (NP-A), which react with tertiary amines of copolymers on NP-B to trigger the directional NP bonding. The x value of ABx can be precisely controlled between 1 and 3 by varying the irradiation duration and hence the amount of carboxyl groups generated on NP-As. Moreover, when NP-A* and NP-B are irradiated after mixing, the assembly process generates AB clusters or linear (AB)y structures with alternating sequence of the binary NPs. This assembly approach offers a simple yet non-invasive way to externally regulate the formation of various CMs on demand without the need of redesigning the surface chemistry of NPs for use in drug delivery, diagnostics, optoelectronics, and plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huibin He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecule Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
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11
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Gao Y, Gao C, Fan Y, Sun H, Du J. Physically and Chemically Compartmentalized Polymersomes for Programmed Delivery and Biological Applications. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5511-5538. [PMID: 37933444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicompartment polymersomes (MCPs) refer to polymersomes that not only contain one single compartment, either in the membrane or in the internal cavity, but also mimic the compartmentalized structure of living cells, attracting much attention in programmed delivery and biological applications. The investigation of MCPs may promote the application of soft nanomaterials in biomedicine. This Review seeks to highlight the recent advances of the design principles, synthetic strategies, and biomedical applications of MCPs. The compartmentalization types including chemical, physical, and hybrid compartmentalization are discussed. Subsequently, the design and controlled synthesis of MCPs by the self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers, double emulsification, coprecipitation, microfluidics and particle assembly, etc. are summarized. Furthermore, the diverse applications of MCPs in programmed delivery of various cargoes and biological applications including cancer therapy, antimicrobials, and regulation of blood glucose levels are highlighted. Finally, future perspectives of MCPs from the aspects of controlled synthesis and applications are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chenchen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yirong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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12
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He M, Yang J, Qiu K, Wu Y, Sun Y, Qi D. Super-assembly platform for diverse nanoparticles with tunable topological architectures and surface morphologies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:849-860. [PMID: 37573731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly leveraged by nature enables the sophisticated generation of a wide range of nanoparticles (NPs) with rich architectures and morphologies. However, existing artificial self-assembly platforms largely only allow for the fabrication of single type of NPs with limited structures, due to their inability to define interfacial interaction between seeds and growth materials, which is critically important to gain controllable growth patterns of the grown materials on the seeds' surface. Here, we report a versatile super-assembly platform that shows the capabilities to fabricate diverse NPs with tunable topological architectures and surface morphologies, e.g., molecular-like NPs, hollow asymmetric NPs, patchy NPs, etc. We unprecedentedly discovered the powerful functions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which enable us to well define interfacial interaction between growth materials and seeds to achieve the controllable and tunable generation of various complex topological growth patterns. Moreover, the nucleation pattern (island nucleation or layered nucleation) of the patches can be thermodynamically modulated via the polarity of the solvent, while the number and size of the patches can be kinetically tuned by the ratio of polystyrene (PS), precursor, and catalyst. Interestingly, the hollow NPs can be generated by single-one processing step in our platform, unlike the multiple steps laboriously and widely employed by previously reported fabrication platforms. In addition, we demonstrate that our annealed NPs can not only selectively reflect visible light, and show well-controlled colors from gray, blue, to green, but also exhibit excellent photothermal conversion performances with a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 68.7% that are superior to currently routinely reported of 40%. This super-assembly platform can serve as a powerful toolset to sophisticatedly create varied NPs with tunable hierarchical architectures and controllable surface morphologies, which would significantly benefit the development of drug delivery, nanomaterial assembly, nano pigments, nanoreactors, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao He
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jifu Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kejun Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yangyi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Dongming Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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13
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Prestipino S, Pini D, Costa D, Malescio G, Munaò G. A density functional theory and simulation study of stripe phases in symmetric colloidal mixtures. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204902. [PMID: 38010334 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a binary mixture, stripes refer to a one-dimensional periodicity of the composition, namely, a regular alternation of layers filled with particles of mostly one species. We have recently introduced [Munaò et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 25, 16227 (2023)] a model that possibly provides the simplest binary mixture endowed with stripe order. The model consists of two species of identical hard spheres with equal concentration, which mutually interact through a square-well potential. In that paper, we have numerically shown that stripes are present in both liquid and solid phases when the attraction range is rather long. Here, we study the phase behavior of the model in terms of a density functional theory capable to account for the existence of stripes in the dense mixture. Our theory is accurate in reproducing the phases of the model, at least insofar as the composition inhomogeneities occur on length scales quite larger than the particle size. Then, using Monte Carlo simulations, we prove the existence of solid stripes even when the square well is much thinner than the particle diameter, making our model more similar to a real colloidal mixture. Finally, when the width of the attractive well is equal to the particle diameter, we observe a different and more complex form of compositional order in the solid, where each species of particle forms a regular porous matrix holding in its holes the other species, witnessing a surprising variety of emergent behaviors for a very basic model of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Prestipino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Pini
- Dipartimento di Fisica "A. Pontremoli," Università di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dino Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Malescio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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14
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Akarsu P, Reinicke S, Lehnen AC, Bekir M, Böker A, Hartlieb M, Reifarth M. Fabrication of Patchy Silica Microspheres with Tailor-Made Patch Functionality using Photo-Iniferter Reversible-Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (PI-RAFT) Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301761. [PMID: 37381652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Their inherent directional information renders patchy particles interesting building blocks for advanced applications in materials science. In this study, a feasible method to fabricate patchy silicon dioxide microspheres is demonstrated, which they are able to equip with tailor-made polymeric materials as patches. Their fabrication method relies on a solid-state supported microcontact printing (µCP) routine optimized for the transfer of functional groups to capillary-active substrates, which is used to introduce amino functionalities as patches to a monolayer of particles. Acting as anchor groups for polymerization, photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) is used to graft polymer from the patch areas. Accordingly, particles with poly(N-acryloyl morpholine), poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), and poly(n-butyl acrylate) are prepared as representative acrylic acid-derived functional patch materials. To facilitate their handling in water, a passivation strategy of the particles for aqueous systems is introduced. The protocol introduced here, therefore, promises a vast degree of freedom in engineering the surface properties of highly functional patchy particles. This feature is unmatched by other techniques to fabricate anisotropic colloids. The method, thus, can be considered a platform technology, culminating in the fabrication of particles that possess locally precisely formed patches on particles at a low µm scale with a high material functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Akarsu
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Reinicke
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Lehnen
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Reifarth
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Yokoyama T, Kobayashi Y, Arai N, Nikoubashman A. Aggregation of amphiphilic nanocubes in equilibrium and under shear. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6480-6489. [PMID: 37575055 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00671a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the self-assembly of amphiphilic nanocubes into finite-sized aggregates in equilibrium and under shear, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) calculations. These patchy nanoparticles combine both interaction and shape anisotropy, making them valuable models for studying folded proteins and DNA-functionalized nanoparticles. The nanocubes can self-assemble into various finite-sized aggregates ranging from rods to self-avoiding random walks, depending on the number and placement of the hydrophobic faces. Our study focuses on suspensions containing multi- and one-patch cubes, with their ratio systematically varied. When the binding energy is comparable to the thermal energy, the aggregates consist of only few cubes that spontaneously associate/dissociate. However, highly stable aggregates emerge when the binding energy exceeds the thermal energy. Generally, the mean aggregation number of the self-assembled clusters increases with the number of hydrophobic faces and decreases with increasing fraction of one-patch cubes. In sheared suspensions, the more frequent collisions between nanocube clusters lead to faster aggregation dynamics but also to smaller terminal steady-state mean cluster sizes. The results from the MD and KMC simulations are in excellent agreement for all investigated two-patch cases, whereas the three-patch cubes form systematically smaller clusters in the MD simulations compared to the KMC calculations due to finite-size effects and slow aggregation kinetics. By analyzing the rate kernels, we are able to identify the primary mechanisms responsible for (shear-induced) cluster growth and breakup. This understanding allows us to tune nanoparticle and process parameters to achieve desired cluster sizes and shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yokoyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yusei Kobayashi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan.
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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16
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Ding L, Chen X, Ma W, Li J, Liu X, Fan C, Yao G. DNA-mediated regioselective encoding of colloids for programmable self-assembly. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5684-5705. [PMID: 37522252 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
How far we can push chemical self-assembly is one of the most important scientific questions of the century. Colloidal self-assembly is a bottom-up technique for the rational design of functional materials with desirable collective properties. Due to the programmability of DNA base pairing, surface modification of colloidal particles with DNA has become fundamental for programmable material self-assembly. However, there remains an ever-lasting demand for surface regioselective encoding to realize assemblies that require specific, directional, and orthogonal interactions. Recent advances in surface chemistry have enabled regioselective control over the formation of DNA bonds on the particle surface. In particular, the structural DNA nanotechnology provides a simple yet powerful design strategy with unique regioselective addressability, bringing the complexity of colloidal self-assembly to an unprecedented level. In this review, we summarize the state-of-art advances in DNA-mediated regioselective surface encoding of colloids, with a focus on how the regioselective encoding is introduced and how the regioselective DNA recognition plays a crucial role in the self-assembly of colloidal structures. This review highlights the advantages of DNA-based regioselective modification in improving the complexity of colloidal assembly, and outlines the challenges and opportunities for the construction of more complex architectures with tailored functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wenhe Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Guangbao Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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17
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Lee K, Sohn BH. Step-growth polymerization of supracolloidal chains from patchy micelles of diblock copolymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:727-735. [PMID: 37321092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The formation of supracolloidal chains from the patchy micelles of diblock copolymers bears a close resemblance to traditional step-growth polymerization of difunctional monomers in many aspects, including chain-length evolution, size distribution, and initial-concentration dependence. Thus, understanding the colloidal polymerization based on the step-growth mechanism can offer potential control over the formation of supracolloidal chains in terms of chain structure and reaction rate. EXPERIMENTS We analyzed the size evolution of supracolloidal chains of patchy micelles of PS-b-P4VP by investigating a large number of colloidal chains visualized in SEM images. We varied the initial concentration of patchy micelles to achieve a high degree of polymerization and a cyclic chain. To manipulate the polymerization rate, we also changed the ratio of water to DMF and adjusted the patch size by employing PS(25)-b-P4VP(7) and PS(145)-b-P4VP(40). FINDINGS We confirmed the step-growth mechanism for the formation supracolloidal chains from patchy micelles of PS-b-P4VP. Based on this mechanism, we were able to achieve a high degree of polymerization early in the reaction by increasing the initial concentration and form cyclic chains by diluting the solution. We also accelerated colloidal polymerization by increasing the ratio of water to DMF in the solution and patch size by using PS-b-P4VP with a larger molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeok Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Herranz M, Pedrosa C, Martínez-Fernández D, Foteinopoulou K, Karayiannis NC, Laso M. Fine-tuning of colloidal polymer crystals by molecular simulation. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:064605. [PMID: 37464607 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.064605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Through extensive molecular simulations we determine a phase diagram of attractive, fully flexible polymer chains in two and three dimensions. A rich collection of distinct crystal morphologies appear, which can be finely tuned through the range of attraction. In three dimensions these include the face-centered cubic, hexagonal close packed, simple hexagonal, and body-centered cubic crystals and the Frank-Kasper phase. In two dimensions the dominant structures are the triangular and square crystals. A simple geometric model is proposed, based on the concept of cumulative neighbors of ideal crystals, which can accurately predict most of the observed structures and the corresponding transitions. The attraction range can thus be considered as an adjustable parameter for the design of colloidal polymer crystals with tailored morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herranz
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Pedrosa
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fernández
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Katerina Foteinopoulou
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nikos Ch Karayiannis
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Laso
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM) and Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales (ETSII), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Cui Y, Wang J, Liang J, Qiu H. Molecular Engineering of Colloidal Atoms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207609. [PMID: 36799197 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Creation of architectures with exquisite hierarchies actuates the germination of revolutionized functions and applications across a wide range of fields. Hierarchical self-assembly of colloidal particles holds the promise for materialized realization of structural programing and customizing. This review outlines the general approaches to organize atom-like micro- and nanoparticles into prescribed colloidal analogs of molecules by exploiting diverse interparticle driving motifs involving confining templates, interactive surface ligands, and flexible shape/surface anisotropy. Furthermore, the self-regulated/adaptive co-assembly of simple unvarnished building blocks is discussed to inspire new designs of colloidal assembly strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingchun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Juncong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huibin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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20
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Rivera-Rivera LY, Moore TC, Glotzer SC. Inverse design of triblock Janus spheres for self-assembly of complex structures in the crystallization slot via digital alchemy. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2726-2736. [PMID: 36974942 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The digital alchemy framework is an extended ensemble simulation technique that incorporates particle attributes as thermodynamic variables, enabling the inverse design of colloidal particles for desired behavior. Here, we extend the digital alchemy framework for the inverse design of patchy spheres that self-assemble into target crystal structures. To constrain the potentials to non-trivial solutions, we conduct digital alchemy simulations with constant second virial coefficient. We optimize the size, range, and strength of patchy interactions in model triblock Janus spheres to self-assemble the 2D kagome and snub square lattices and the 3D pyrochlore lattice, and demonstrate self-assembly of all three target structures with the designed models. The particles designed for the kagome and snub square lattices assemble into high quality clusters of their target structures, while competition from similar polymorphs lower the yield of the pyrochlore assemblies. We find that the alchemically designed potentials do not always match physical intuition, illustrating the ability of the method to find nontrivial solutions to the optimization problem. We identify a window of second virial coefficients that result in self-assembly of the target structures, analogous to the crystallization slot in protein crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy C Moore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Basu A, Okello LB, Castellanos N, Roh S, Velev OD. Assembly and manipulation of responsive and flexible colloidal structures by magnetic and capillary interactions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2466-2485. [PMID: 36946137 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00090g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The long-ranged interactions induced by magnetic fields and capillary forces in multiphasic fluid-particle systems facilitate the assembly of a rich variety of colloidal structures and materials. We review here the diverse structures assembled from isotropic and anisotropic particles by independently or jointly using magnetic and capillary interactions. The use of magnetic fields is one of the most efficient means of assembling and manipulating paramagnetic particles. By tuning the field strength and configuration or by changing the particle characteristics, the magnetic interactions, dynamics, and responsiveness of the assemblies can be precisely controlled. Concurrently, the capillary forces originating at the fluid-fluid interfaces can serve as means of reconfigurable binding in soft matter systems, such as Pickering emulsions, novel responsive capillary gels, and composites for 3D printing. We further discuss how magnetic forces can be used as an auxiliary parameter along with the capillary forces to assemble particles at fluid interfaces or in the bulk. Finally, we present examples how these interactions can be used jointly in magnetically responsive foams, gels, and pastes for 3D printing. The multiphasic particle gels for 3D printing open new opportunities for making of magnetically reconfigurable and "active" structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Basu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Lilian B Okello
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Natasha Castellanos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Sangchul Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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22
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Zhao K, Hu M, van Baalen C, Alvarez L, Isa L. Sorting of heterogeneous colloids by AC-dielectrophoretic forces in a microfluidic chip with asymmetric orifices. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:921-929. [PMID: 36571855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The synthesis of compositionally heterogeneous particles is central to the development of complex colloidal units for self-assembly and self-propulsion. Yet, as the complexity of particles grows, synthesis becomes more prone to "errors". We hypothesize that alternating-current dielectrophoretic forces can efficiently sort Janus particles, as a function of patch size and material, and colloidal dumbbells by size. EXPERIMENTS We prepared Janus particles with different patch size and material by physical vapor deposition and colloidal dumbbells via capillarity-assisted particle assembly. We then performed sorting experiments in a microfluidic chip comprising electrodes with asymmetric orifices, specifically exploiting the dielectric contrast between different portions of the particles or their size difference to steer them towards different outlets. FINDINGS We calculated that the DEP force for Janus particles may switch from positive to negative as a function of composition at a critical AC frequency, thus enabling sorting different particles crossing the electrodes' region. The predictions are confirmed by optical microscopy experiments. We also show that intact and "broken" dumbbells can be simply separated as they experience different DEP forces. The integration of multiple asymmetric orifices leads a larger zone with high field gradient to increase separation efficiency and makes it a promising tool to select precise particle populations, isolating fractions with narrowly distributed characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Minghan Hu
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina van Baalen
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Liu M, Shang C, Zhao T, Yu H, Kou Y, Lv Z, Hou M, Zhang F, Li Q, Zhao D, Li X. Site-specific anisotropic assembly of amorphous mesoporous subunits on crystalline metal-organic framework. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1211. [PMID: 36869046 PMCID: PMC9984484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important branch of anisotropic nanohybrids (ANHs) with multiple surfaces and functions, the porous ANHs (p-ANHs) have attracted extensive attentions because of the unique characteristics of high surface area, tunable pore structures and controllable framework compositions, etc. However, due to the large surface-chemistry and lattice mismatches between the crystalline and amorphous porous nanomaterials, the site-specific anisotropic assembly of amorphous subunits on crystalline host is challenging. Here, we report a selective occupation strategy to achieve site-specific anisotropic growth of amorphous mesoporous subunits on crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF). The amorphous polydopamine (mPDA) building blocks can be controllably grown on the {100} (type 1) or {110} (type 2) facets of crystalline ZIF-8 to form the binary super-structured p-ANHs. Based on the secondary epitaxial growth of tertiary MOF building blocks on type 1 and 2 nanostructures, the ternary p-ANHs with controllable compositions and architectures are also rationally synthesized (type 3 and 4). These intricate and unprecedented superstructures provide a good platform for the construction of nanocomposites with multiple functionalities and understanding of the structure-property-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Liu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Shang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Tiancong Zhao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyue Yu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Kou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Zirui Lv
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Hou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaowei Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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24
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van Kesteren S, Shen X, Aldeghi M, Isa L. Printing on Particles: Combining Two-Photon Nanolithography and Capillary Assembly to Fabricate Multimaterial Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207101. [PMID: 36601964 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing at the micro- and nanoscale has seen a recent upsurge to suit an increasing demand for more elaborate structures. However, the integration of multiple distinct materials at small scales remains challenging. To this end, capillarity-assisted particle assembly (CAPA) and two-photon polymerization direct laser writing (2PP-DLW) are combined to realize a new class of multimaterial microstructures. 2PP-DLW and CAPA both are used to fabricate 3D templates to guide the CAPA of soft- and hard colloids, and to link well-defined arrangements of functional microparticle arrays produced by CAPA, a process that is termed "printing on particles." The printing process uses automated particle recognition algorithms to connect colloids into 1D, 2D, and 3D tailored structures, via rigid, soft, or responsive polymer links. Once printed and developed, the structures can be easily re-dispersed in water. Particle clusters and lattices of varying symmetry and composition are reported, together with thermoresponsive microactuators, and magnetically driven "micromachines", which can efficiently move, capture, and release DNA-coated particles in solution. The flexibility of this method allows the combination of a wide range of functional materials into complex structures, which will boost the realization of new systems and devices for numerous fields, including microrobotics, micromanipulation, and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven van Kesteren
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Xueting Shen
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Michele Aldeghi
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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25
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Sun H, Leng Y, Zhou X, Li X, Wang T. Regulation of the nanostructures self-assembled from an amphiphilic azobenzene homopolymer: influence of initial concentration and solvent solubility parameter. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:743-748. [PMID: 36621933 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The control over the morphology and nanostructure of soft nanomaterials self-assembled from amphiphilic polymers is of high interest, but is still challenging. Herein, we manipulate the morphology of bowl-shaped nanoparticles by changing initial polymer concentrations, and prepare nanotubes and nanowires, both twisted and not, by using solvents with different solubility parameters. An amphiphilic azobenzene homopolymer (poly(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl methacrylamide), PAzoMAA) is designed and synthesized via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, which can self-assemble into bowl-shaped nanoparticles promoted by the synergy of hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. More significantly, the opening size of the bowl-shaped nanoparticles can be controlled by changing initial polymer concentrations. Nanotubes and nanowires, both twisted and not, are also obtained using a solvothermal method in alcohols. The relationship between the structure of the nanomaterials and the solubility parameters of the alcohols is investigated, revealing the molecular arrangement patterns of PAzoMAA in different nanostructures. Overall, we propose a facile strategy to manipulate the microstructure of bowl-shaped nanoparticles and one-dimensional nanomaterials by adjusting initial polymer concentration and solvent solubility parameters. Our study may bring new avenues for controlling the nanostructures of soft nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Ying Leng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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26
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Kang J, Sherman ZM, Crory HSN, Conrad DL, Berry MW, Roman BJ, Anslyn EV, Truskett TM, Milliron DJ. Modular mixing in plasmonic metal oxide nanocrystal gels with thermoreversible links. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024903. [PMID: 36641404 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelation offers a powerful strategy to assemble plasmonic nanocrystal networks incorporating both the distinctive optical properties of constituent building blocks and customizable collective properties. Beyond what a single-component assembly can offer, the characteristics of nanocrystal networks can be tuned in a broader range when two or more components are intimately combined. Here, we demonstrate mixed nanocrystal gel networks using thermoresponsive metal-terpyridine links that enable rapid gel assembly and disassembly with thermal cycling. Plasmonic indium oxide nanocrystals with different sizes, doping concentrations, and shapes are reliably intermixed in linked gel assemblies, exhibiting collective infrared absorption that reflects the contributions of each component while also deviating systematically from a linear combination of the spectra for single-component gels. We extend a many-bodied, mutual polarization method to simulate the optical response of mixed nanocrystal gels, reproducing the experimental trends with no free parameters and revealing that spectral deviations originate from cross-coupling between nanocrystals with distinct plasmonic properties. Our thermoreversible linking strategy directs the assembly of mixed nanocrystal gels with continuously tunable far- and near-field optical properties that are distinct from those of the building blocks or mixed close-packed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Kang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Zachary M Sherman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hannah S N Crory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Diana L Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Marina W Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin J Roman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Thomas M Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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27
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Assembled crystal structures of cubic patchy colloid-droplet mixtures: theoretical prediction and simulation study. Colloid Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Khalaf R, Viamonte A, Ducrot E, Mérindol R, Ravaine S. Transfer of multi-DNA patches by colloidal stamping. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:573-577. [PMID: 36515145 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Patchy particles have received great attention due to their ability to develop directional and selective interactions and serve as building units for the self-assembly of innovative colloidal molecules and crystalline structures. Although synthesizing particles with multiple dissimilar patches is still highly challenging and lacks efficient methods, these building blocks would open paths towards a broader range of ordered materials with inherent properties. Herein, we describe a new approach to pattern functional DNA patches at the surface of particles, by the use of colloidal stamps. DNA inks are transferred only at the contact zones between the target particles and the stamps thanks to selective strand-displacement reactions. The produced DNA-patchy particles are ideal candidates to act as advanced precision/designer building blocks to self-assemble the next generation of colloidal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Khalaf
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | | | - Etienne Ducrot
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Rémi Mérindol
- CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, L2C, UMR 5221, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Serge Ravaine
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France.
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29
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Kim YJ, Moon JB, Hwang H, Kim YS, Yi GR. Advances in Colloidal Building Blocks: Toward Patchy Colloidal Clusters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203045. [PMID: 35921224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The scalable synthetic route to colloidal atoms has significantly advanced over the past two decades. Recently, colloidal clusters with DNA-coated cores called "patchy colloidal clusters" have been developed, providing a directional bonding with specific angle of rotation due to the shape complementarity between colloidal clusters. Through a DNA-mediated interlocking process, they are directly assembled into low-coordination colloidal structures, such as cubic diamond lattices. Herein, the significant progress in recent years in the synthesis of patchy colloidal clusters and their assembly in experiments and simulations is reviewed. Furthermore, an outlook is given on the emerging approaches to the patchy colloidal clusters and their potential applications in photonic crystals, metamaterials, topological photonic insulators, and separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Bin Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ra Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
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30
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Bertuit E, Menguy N, Wilhelm C, Rollet AL, Abou-Hassan A. Angular orientation between the cores of iron oxide nanoclusters controls their magneto-optical properties and magnetic heating functions. Commun Chem 2022; 5:164. [PMID: 36698002 PMCID: PMC9814453 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented attachment of nanobricks into hierarchical multi-scale structures such as inorganic nanoclusters is one of the crystallization mechanisms that has revolutionized the field of nano and materials science. Herein, we show that the mosaicity, which measures the misalignment of crystal plane orientation between the nanobricks, governs their magneto-optical properties as well as the magnetic heating functions of iron oxide nanoclusters. Thanks to high-temperature and time-resolved millifluidic, we were able to isolate and characterize (structure, properties, function) the different intermediates involved in the diverse steps of the nanocluster's formation, to propose a detailed dynamical mechanism of their formation and establish a clear correlation between changes in mosaicity at the nanoscale and their resulting physical properties. Finally, we demonstrate that their magneto-optical properties can be described using simple molecular theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Bertuit
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8234, PHysico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, UMR 7590 CNRS—Sorbonne Université—IRD-MNHN, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Case 115, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 5 Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384PSL Research University—Sorbonne Université—CNRS, UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rollet
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8234, PHysico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ali Abou-Hassan
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8234, PHysico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), F-75005 Paris, France ,grid.440891.00000 0001 1931 4817Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
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31
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Shen S, Qin X, Feng H, Xie S, Yi Z, Jin M, Zhou G, Akinoglu EM, Mulvaney P, Shui L. Electro-Microfluidic Assembly Platform for Manipulating Colloidal Structures inside Water-in-Oil Emulsion Droplets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203341. [PMID: 36169113 PMCID: PMC9661862 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal assembly is a key strategy in nature and artificial device. Hereby, an electromicrofluidic assembly platform (eMAP) is proposed and validated to achieve 3D colloidal assembly and manipulation within water droplets. The water-in-oil emulsion droplets autoposition in the eMAP driven by dielectrophoresis, where the (di)electrowetting effect induces droplet deformation, facilitating quadratic growth of the electric field in water droplet to achieve "far-field" dielectrophoretic colloidal assembly. Reconfigurable 3D colloidal configurations are observed and dynamically programmed via applied electric fields, colloidal properties, and droplet size. Binary and ternary colloidal assemblies in one droplet allow designable chemical and physical anisotropies for functional materials and devices. Integration of eMAP in high throughput enables mass production of functional microcapsules, and programmable optoelectronic units for display devices. This eMAP is a valuable reference for expanding fundamental and practical exploration of colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Shen
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Qin
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Haoqiang Feng
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Shuting Xie
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityZhaoqingGuangdong526238P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityZhaoqingGuangdong526238P. R. China
| | - Eser Metin Akinoglu
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at ZhaoqingSouth China Normal UniversityZhaoqingGuangdong526238P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton ScienceSchool of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton ScienceSchool of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Lingling Shui
- International Joint Laboratory of Optofluidic Technology and SystemNational Centre for International Research on Green OptoelectronicsSouth China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics & School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and DevicesSchool of Information and Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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32
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Liao J, Zhu C, He Z, Zhang J, Zeng Y, Gu Z. Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Nonspherical Polystyrene Nanoparticles with Manipulatable Morphologies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12132-12139. [PMID: 36184816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of nanoparticles plays a critical role in determining their properties and applications. Herein, we report a versatile approach to the fabrication of nonspherical polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles with controlled morphologies on the basis of kinetically controlled seed-mediated polymerization. By manipulating parameters related to the reaction kinetics including the concentration of monomers, injection rate of reactants, and reaction temperature, the monomers could be directed to polymerize on the selective sites of PS seeds, and after the removal of the second polymer, nonspherical nanoparticles with a variety of thermodynamically unfavored morphologies could be synthesized. We systematically investigated the formation mechanism of these nonspherical nanoparticles by monitoring the evolution of seeds during the reaction. Moreover, we have also successfully extended this strategy to reaction systems containing monomers with different combinations and seeds with different sizes. We believe this work will provide a promising route to the fabrication of nonspherical polymer nanoparticles with controlled morphologies for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096
| | - Cun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096
| | - Zhenzhu He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096
| | - Junning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096
| | - Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 210096
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33
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Yandrapalli N, Antonietti M. Dewetting-Assisted Interface Templating: Complex Emulsions to Multicavity Particles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203265. [PMID: 35961950 PMCID: PMC9561762 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial tension-driven formation of intricate microparticle geometries from complex emulsions is presented in this work. Emulsion-templating is a reliable platform for the generation of a diverse set of microparticles. Here, water-in-styrene-in-water complex emulsions undergo reproducible metamorphosis, i.e., from liquid state emulsions to solid structured microparticles are employed. In contrast to the traditional usage of glass-based microfluidics, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) swelling behavior is employed to generate complex emulsions with multiple inner cores. In the presence of block copolymer surfactant, these emulsions undergo gravity-driven dewetting of styrene, to transform into membranous structures with compartments. Further polymerization of styrene skeletal remains resulted in microparticles with interesting geometries and intact membranes. Mechanical and confocal microscopic studies prove the absence of polystyrene within these membranes. Using osmotic pressure, membrane rupture and release of encapsulated gold nanoparticles from such polymerized emulsions leading up to applications in cargo delivery and membrane transport are promoted. Even after membrane rupture, the structured microparticles have shown interesting light-scattering behavior for applications in structural coloring and biosensing. Thereby, proving PDMS-based swelling as a potential methodology for reproducible production of complex emulsions with a potential to be transformed into membranous emulsions or solid microparticles with intricate structures and multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Yandrapalli
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesDepartment of Colloid ChemistryAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesDepartment of Colloid ChemistryAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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34
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Wang L, Petrescu FIT, Liu J, Li H, Shi G. Synthesis of Dimpled Particles by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization and Their Application in Superhydrophobic Coatings. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:876. [PMID: 36135896 PMCID: PMC9504608 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimpled particles are synthesized through the seeded polymerization of fluoroacrylate and styrene on swelled polystyrene spheres. The morphologies of the particles can be controlled by the polymerization temperature, the amount of solvent swelling the seeds or the ratio of the fluoroacrylate monomer over styrene. Golf-ball-like particles with many small dimples on their surfaces are obtained at low polymerization temperatures or with a small amount of solvent. Particles with a large single dimple are formed at higher polymerization temperatures, with larger solvent amounts or a higher ratio of fluoroacrylate over styrene. The morphology formation mechanism of these dimpled particles is proposed and the application of these particles in the fabrication of superhydrophobic coatings is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Gang Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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35
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Shanmugathasan S, Bagur A, Ducrot E, Buffière S, van Oostrum P, Ravaine S, Duguet E. Silica/polystyrene bipod-like submicron colloids synthesized by seed-growth dispersion polymerisation as precursors for two-patch silica particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Li P, Kierulf A, Whaley J, Smoot J, Herrera MP, Abbaspourrad A. Modulating Functionality of Starch-Based Patchy Particles by Manipulating Architecture and Environmental Factors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39497-39506. [PMID: 35960853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Starch as a food-grade thickener has been commonly used in food products to modulate textural properties. Improving viscosity-enhancing ability, so as to be able to use less starch for the same texture, has been considered as an approach to reduce the dietary consumption of carbohydrates. We have positively charged amaranth starch (∼1 μm) and negatively charged corn starch (>10 μm) and physically fused the particles together to create a starch with a heterogeneous pattern. This starch has a negatively charged main body, due to the larger corn particles, and positively charged patches from the amaranth starch. These patchy particles self-assembled through electrostatic interactions into a shear-reversible thickener. The impact of patchiness and charge density on material functionality was investigated. The degree of patchiness was controlled by manipulating the ratio between the two starches, and results showed that viscosity was reduced when the patchiness was higher. With the same patchy area, a higher charge density did not contribute to higher water-holding capacity. The more charged particles were able to enhance the viscosity, however, due to the stronger interparticle electrostatic interaction. The effects of environmental factors including pH level and ionic strength were also investigated, and the results showed that at extreme pH levels, or in the presence of Na+ or Ca2+, the charges on the starch particles were screened, and this inhibited interaction and reduced viscosity. The present work demonstrates that the texture of starch slurries can be fine-tuned by manipulating the degree of patchiness and the charge density of patchy particles. It also evaluates the application potential in food products with different pH levels and ionic strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Li
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Arkaye Kierulf
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Judith Whaley
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - James Smoot
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Mariana Perez Herrera
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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37
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Kobayashi Y, Nikoubashman A. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Cubes in Suspension. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10642-10648. [PMID: 35972298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the self-assembly of amphiphilic cubic colloids using molecular dynamics as well as rejection-free kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We vary both the number and location of the solvophobic faces (patches) on the cubes at several colloid volume fractions and determine the resulting size and shape distributions of the self-assembled aggregates. When the binding energy is comparable to the thermal energy of the system, aggregates typically consist of only few spontaneously associating/dissociating colloids. Increasing the binding energy (or lowering the temperature) leads to the emergence of highly stable aggregates, e.g., small dimers in pure suspensions of one-patch cubes or large (system-spanning) aggregates in suspensions of multipatch colloids. In mixtures of one- and multipatch cubes, the average aggregation number increases with increasing number of solvophobic faces on the multipatch cubes as well with increasing fraction of multipatch cubes. The resulting aggregate shapes range from elongated rods over fractal objects to compact spheres, depending on the number and arrangement of solvophobic patches on the cubic colloids. Our findings establish the complex self-assembly pathways for a class of building blocks that combine both interaction and shape anisotropy, with the potential of forming hierarchically ordered superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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38
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Mao J, Wu T, Tang Z, Xia L, He L, Zeng B, Xu Y, Yuan C, Dai L. Molecular Exchange of Dynamic Imine Bond for the Etching of Polymer Particles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200562. [PMID: 35926186 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The underlying trend of colloidal synthesis has focused on extending the structure and composition complexity of colloidal particles. Hollow and yolk-shell particles are successful examples that have potential applications in frontier fields. In this paper, we develop a facile and controllable etching method based on the molecular exchange of the dynamic imine bond to generate cavities in polymer particles. Starting from boronate ester polymer particles and inorganic@boronate core-shell particles with the imine bonds incorporated in the polymer networks, our etching method easily affords hollow and yolk-shell particles with tunable shell thicknesses. The molecular exchange dynamics analysis indicates that guest amine molecules cause the reconstruction of imine bonds and the leakage of molecular and oligomer fragments, resulting in the formation of the hollow structure. This molecular exchange-based etching method may be of interest in the construction of polymer architectures with increased composition and structure complexities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mao
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhenbin Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Long Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liu He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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39
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Exploiting anisotropic particle shape to electrostatically assemble colloidal molecules with high yield and purity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 629:322-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Stenqvist B, Crassous JJ. Modeling the assembly of oppositely charged multi-indented lock- and key-colloids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4983-4990. [PMID: 35757925 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between oppositely charged multi-indented lock- and spherical key-particles are investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations at low volume fractions. The specificity of the interactions is initially investigated in an excess of either lock- or key-particles, and we find ordered clusters with highly directional bonds. This suggests electrostatics alone to be capable of inducing the assembly of specifically bound clusters. Considering different numbers of indentations and number ratios corresponding to perfect lattices (cubic/hexagonal/diamond), we however only find gel-like structures with no tendency to form dense ordered aggregates or lattices. We conjecture that the high entropic cost that comes with specific binding of several keys to a single lock impedes the spontaneous formation of defined lattices at low volume fractions and "lock" the assembly into disordered gel-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Stenqvist
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, POB 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jérôme J Crassous
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, POB 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Jeon J, Kang H, Lee K, Sohn BH. Patch formation on diblock copolymer micelles confined in templates for inducing patch orientation and cyclic colloidal molecules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 616:813-822. [PMID: 35248968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Chemically or physically distinct patches can be induced on the micelles of amphiphilic block copolymers, which facilitate directional binding for the creation of hierarchical structures. Hence, control over the direction of patches on the micelles is a crucial factor to attain the directionality on the interactions between the micelles, particularly for generating colloidal molecules mimicking the symmetry of molecular structures. We hypothesized that direction and combination of the patches could be controlled by physical confinement of the micelles. EXPERIMENTS We first confined spherical micelles of diblock copolymers in topographic templates fabricated from nanopatterns of block copolymers by adjusting the coating conditions. Then, patch formation was conducted on the confined micelles by exposing them with a core-favorable solvent. Microscopic techniques of SEM, TEM, and AFM were employed to investigate directions of patches and structures of combined micelles in the template. FINDINGS The orientation of the patches on the micelles was guided by the physical confinement of the micelles in linear trenches. In addition, by confining the micelles in a circular hole, we obtained a specific polygon arrangement of the micelles depending on the number of micelles in the hole, which enabled the formation of cyclic colloidal molecules consisting of micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuk Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeok Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang NN, Shen X, Liu K, Nie Z, Kumacheva E. Polymer-Tethered Nanoparticles: From Surface Engineering to Directional Self-Assembly. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1503-1513. [PMID: 35576169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCurrent interest in nanoparticle ensembles is motivated by their collective synergetic properties that are distinct from or better than those of individual nanoparticles and their bulk counterparts. These new advanced optical, electronic, magnetic, and catalytic properties can find applications in advanced nanomaterials and functional devices, if control is achieved over nanoparticle organization. Self-assembly offers a cost-efficient approach to produce ensembles of nanoparticles with well-defined and predictable structures. Nanoparticles functionalized with polymer molecules are promising building blocks for self-assembled nanostructures, due to the comparable dimensions of macromolecules and nanoparticles, the ability to synthesize polymers with various compositions, degrees of polymerization, and structures, and the ability of polymers to self-assemble in their own right. Moreover, polymer ligands can endow additional functionalities to nanoparticle assemblies, thus broadening the range of their applications.In this Account, we describe recent progress of our research groups in the development of new strategies for the self-assembly of nanoparticles tethered to macromolecules. At the beginning of our journey, we developed a new approach to patchy nanoparticles and their self-assembly. In a thermodynamically driven strategy, we used poor solvency conditions to induce homopolymer surface segregation in pinned micelles (patches). Patchy nanoparticles underwent self-assembly in a well-defined and controlled manner. Following this work, we overcame the limitation of low yield of the generation of patchy nanoparticles, by using block copolymer ligands. For block copolymer-capped nanoparticles, patch formation and self-assembly were "staged" by using distinct stimuli for each process. We expanded this work to the generation of patchy nanoparticles via dynamic exchange of block copolymer molecules between the nanoparticle surface and micelles in the solution. The scope of our work was further extended to a series of strategies that utilized the change in the configuration of block copolymer ligands during nanoparticle interactions. To this end, we explored the amphiphilicity of block copolymer-tethered nanoparticles and complementary interactions between reactive block copolymer ligands. Both approaches enabled exquisite control over directional and self-limiting self-assembly of complex hierarchical nanostructures. Next, we focused on the self-assembly of chiral nanostructures. To enable this goal, we attached chiral molecules to the surface of nanoparticles and organized these hybrid building blocks in ensembles with excellent chiroptical properties. In summary, our work enables surface engineering of polymer-capped nanoparticles and their controllable and predictable self-assembly. Future research in the field of nanoparticle self-assembly will include the development of effective characterization techniques, the synthesis of new functional polymers, and the development of environmentally responsive self-assembly of polymer-capped nanoparticles for the fabrication of nanomaterials with tailored functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061 P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S3H6 ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9 ON, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E5 ON, Canada
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43
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Soft core fluid with competing interactions at a hard wall. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Li P, Kierulf A, Wang J, Yaghoobi M, Whaley J, Smoot J, Perez Herrera M, Abbaspourrad A. Fabrication of Charged Self-Assembling Patchy Particles Templated with Partially Gelatinized Starch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24955-24963. [PMID: 35588470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Starch, as a staple carbohydrate, is frequently used as a thickener to enhance food texture. As such, there is an increasing interest in studying starch modification to improve its thickening ability. Instead of the conventional mechanism of swelling-based thickening, the present work presents an alternative using starch-based patchy particles as a texturizer prepared through a bottom-up method by physically grafting small amaranth starch granules (∼1 μm) onto corn starch granules (>10 μm). After thermal treatment in aqueous ethanol, starches were partially gelatinized, and the particle stiffness was reduced. The corn starch and amaranth starch were modified to carry a negative charge and a positive charge, respectively. The hydrated swollen starch granules were centrifuged and dehydrated, which stitched particles together, forming a corona-shaped patchy structure with a negatively charged core and positively charged patches. The electrostatic interaction allowed particles to associate, and the pockets created in the flocs were able to trap more water. The enhanced water-holding capacity consequently contributed to a significantly higher storage modulus, loss modulus, and viscosity compared to the native starch and the mixed charged starch with the same blending ratio between amaranth and corn starch. The enhanced viscoelasticity was not affected by cooking and mechanical stress, which could be used as a shear-reversible thickener to modify texture with less raw ingredients, thus helping to reduce the amount of energy-dense starch in diets. This is the first time that the concept of patchy particles has been extended to food-grade ingredients with a facile and scalable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Li
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Arkaye Kierulf
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mohammad Yaghoobi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Judith Whaley
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - James Smoot
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Mariana Perez Herrera
- Tate & Lyle Solutions USA LLC, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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45
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AC electrohydrodynamic propulsion and rotation of active particles of engineered shape and asymmetry. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Jiang L, Wang L, Li S, Huang W, Xue X, Yang H, Jiang Q, Jiang B, Chen D. Noncovalent Postmodification Guided Reversible Compartmentalization of Polymeric Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:687-692. [PMID: 35570808 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalized micelles (CMs) are promising tailor-made soft matters that mimic natural designed structures and functions. Despite the structure of complex CMs, manipulating CM structures accessibly and reversibly remains elusive. Here, we report the fabrication of CMs via a generally valid noncovalent postmodification process. Starting from precursor micelles (PMs) based on one diblock copolymer, aromatic modification leads to the compartmentalization of PMs into well-defined spherical CMs. Control over compartment number, size and distribution in CMs, and segment distribution in their linear hierarchical assemblies is attained by simply tuning the postmodification degree and solvent composition. We also demonstrate the reversible transformation between PM and CMs during several heating-cooling cycles, which endows the micelles with potential in reversible functional transitions in situ close to nature's capability. Moreover, both hierarchically assembled or ill-structured micelles can rearrange into homogeneous CMs after one heating-cooling cycle, featuring the postmodification guided compartmentalization strategy with unprecedented micelle reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Qimin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Daoyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Fan X, Walther A. 1D Colloidal chains: recent progress from formation to emergent properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4023-4074. [PMID: 35502721 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrating nanoscale building blocks of low dimensionality (0D; i.e., spheres) into higher dimensional structures endows them and their corresponding materials with emergent properties non-existent or only weakly existent in the individual building blocks. Constructing 1D chains, 2D arrays and 3D superlattices using nanoparticles and colloids therefore continues to be one of the grand goals in colloid and nanomaterial science. Amongst these higher order structures, 1D colloidal chains are of particular interest, as they possess unique anisotropic properties. In recent years, the most relevant advances in 1D colloidal chain research have been made in novel synthetic methodologies and applications. In this review, we first address a comprehensive description of the research progress concerning various synthetic strategies developed to construct 1D colloidal chains. Following this, we highlight the amplified and emergent properties of the resulting materials, originating from the assembly of the individual building blocks and their collective behavior, and discuss relevant applications in advanced materials. In the discussion of synthetic strategies, properties, and applications, particular attention will be paid to overarching concepts, fresh trends, and potential areas of future research. We believe that this comprehensive review will be a driver to guide the interdisciplinary field of 1D colloidal chains, where nanomaterial synthesis, self-assembly, physical property studies, and material applications meet, to a higher level, and open up new research opportunities at the interface of classical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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48
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Prudente FV, Marques JMC. Thermodynamic Signatures of Structural Transitions and Dissociation of Charged Colloidal Clusters: A Parallel Tempering Monte Carlo Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082581. [PMID: 35458778 PMCID: PMC9032479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Computational simulation of colloidal systems make use of empirical interaction potentials that are founded in well-established theory. In this work, we have performed parallel tempering Monte Carlo (PTMC) simulations to calculate heat capacity and to assess structural transitions, which may occur in charged colloidal clusters whose effective interactions are described by a sum of pair potentials with attractive short-range and repulsive long-range components. Previous studies on these systems have shown that the global minimum structure varies from spherical-type shapes for small-size clusters to Bernal spiral and “beaded-necklace” shapes at intermediate and larger sizes, respectively. In order to study both structural transitions and dissociation, we have organized the structures appearing in the PTMC calculations by three sets according to their energy: (i) low-energy structures, including the global minimum; (ii) intermediate-energy “beaded-necklace” motifs; (iii) high-energy linear and branched structures that characterize the dissociative clusters. We observe that, depending on the cluster, either peaks or shoulders on the heat–capacity curve constitute thermodynamics signatures of dissociation and structural transitions. The dissociation occurs at T=0.20 for all studied clusters and it is characterized by the appearance of a significant number of linear structures, while the structural transitions corresponding to unrolling the Bernal spiral are quite dependent on the size of the colloidal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico V. Prudente
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil
- Correspondence: (F.V.P.); (J.M.C.M.)
| | - Jorge M. C. Marques
- CQC–IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.V.P.); (J.M.C.M.)
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49
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Zhang X, Li W. Periodic Patchy Spheres Self-Assembled by A mBCA n' Multiblock Terpolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4407-4414. [PMID: 35352945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have designed AmBCAn' multiblock terpolymers and studied their self-assembly using self-consistent field theory, aiming to generate the periodically arranged patchy spheres and thus to clarify the regulation mechanism of the number of patches. A number of two-dimensional phase diagrams are constructed for three typical architectures A2BCA2', A2BCA3', and A3BCA2'. Four kinds of stable patchy spheres with the number of patches as 2 (S2), 4 (S4), 5 (S5), and 6 (S6) are obtained. These phases follow a common transition sequence of S2 → S4 → S5 → S6 along with the increasing of the volume fraction of C-block (fC), which forms the core sphere patched with B-domains. Moreover, the S6 phase exhibits the widest stability window, while S5 has the narrowest one. The increased arms of A'-blocks in A2BCA3' architecture deflect the phase boundaries toward large fC and accordingly expand the regions of these patchy spheres due to the amplified effect of spontaneous curvature. In contrast, the increased arms of A-blocks in A3BCA2' remarkably expands the window of S6 but narrows those of the other patchy spheres, which is mainly caused by increased packing frustration resulting from the reduced extension of the more divided A-blocks. The widest window of the S6 phase reaches ΔfC ∼ 0.13, which is readily accessed by experiment. Our work not only demonstrates a self-assembly strategy to engineer the patchy spheres, but also sheds light on the regulation mechanism of the patchy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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50
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Zhang Z, Xia Y, Wan S, Yang D, Dong A. Confinement Assembly in Polymeric Micelles Enables Nanoparticle Superstructures with Tunable Molecular-Like Geometries. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200014. [PMID: 35142099 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of a small number of nanoparticles into superstructures that mimic the geometry of molecules provides an unprecedented route for creating materials with precisely defined structures and potentially programmable functionalities. Such nanoparticle clusters (NPCs), also known as colloidal molecules, have a wide range of applications due to the decisive ensemble effect. Here, a universal and straightforward strategy is developed to construct NPCs with tunable molecular-like geometries by confining the self-assembly of hydrophobic nanoparticles within micelles formed by amphiphilic copolymers. It is found that confinement assembly of both spherical and anisotropic nanoparticles can lead to NPCs, the molecular-like conformation of which is widely tunable by adjusting the ratio between copolymers and nanoparticles. Mechanistic studies reveal the formation of large-vesicle intermediates along the path toward forming NPCs. This work establishes a facile and general strategy of assembling finite nanoparticles with precisely tunable geometries without introducing any directional interactions, which can accelerate the exploration of clustered superstructures toward broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Siyu Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Angang Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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