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Nandhini S, Ranjani M, Thiruppathi G, Jaithanya YM, Kalaiarasi G, Ravi M, Prabusankar G, Malecki JG, Sundararaj P, Prabhakaran R. Organoruthenium metallocycle induced mutation in gld-1 tumor suppression gene in JK1466 strain and appreciable lifespan expansion. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112593. [PMID: 38754275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Four Ru(II) complexes (A2-A5) were synthesized from the reaction of coumarin Schiff base ligands (7da2-tsc, 7da3-mtsc, 7da4-etsc and 7da5-ptsc) with [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3]. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR, mass spectrometry and crystallographic analysis. Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) binding studies revealed the intercalative mode of binding of the complexes with DNA. The results of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding studies established the interaction between BSA followed static quenching mechanism. The cytotoxic effects of the complexes and the ligands were evaluated against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and lung carcinoma cell lines (A549 and NCI-H460) using MTT assay. Complex A4 demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects on both breast and lung cancer cells. Furthermore, morphological observations and FACS analysis showed the decrease in cell density by complex A4 by induced morphological changes and apoptotic body formation and cell death in both breast and lung cancer cells. Moreover, the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans was employed to assess the in vivo anticancer activity of compound A4. The findings indicated that the treatment with A4 reduced tumor development and significantly extended organismal lifespan by 64 % in the tumoral strain JK1466 without adversely affecting essential physiological functions of the worm. Additionally, A4 demonstrated an upregulation of two crucial antioxidant defense genes. Overall, these results suggested that the compound A4 can be a potential candidate with novel chemotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nandhini
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - M Ranjani
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - G Thiruppathi
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Y M Jaithanya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - G Kalaiarasi
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - M Ravi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India.
| | - G Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, India
| | - J G Malecki
- Department of Crystallography, Silesia University, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - P Sundararaj
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - R Prabhakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
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Shi J, Xie L, Gong W, Bai H, Wang W, Wang A, Cao W, Tong H, Wang H. Insight into the anti-proliferation activity and photoinduced NO release of four nitrosylruthenium isomeric complexes and their HSA complex adducts. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae005. [PMID: 38263542 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Four Ru(II)-centered isomeric complexes [RuCl(5cqn)(Val)(NO)] (1-4) were synthesized with 5cqn (5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline) and chiral Val (Val = L- or D-valine) as co-ligand, and their structures were confirmed using the X-ray diffraction method. The cytotoxicity and photodynamic activity of the isomeric complexes and their human serum albumin (HSA) complex adducts were evaluated. Both the isomeric complexes and their HSA complex adducts significantly affected HeLa cell proliferation, with an IC50 value in the range of 0.3-0.5 μM. The photo-controlled release of nitric oxide (NO) in solution was confirmed using time-resolved Fourier transform infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. Furthermore, photoinduced NO release in living cells was observed using a selective fluorescent probe for NO. Moreover, the binding constants (Kb) of the complexes with HSA were calculated to be 0.17-1.98 × 104 M-1 and the average number of binding sites (n) was found to be close to 1, it can serve as a crucial carrier for delivering metal complexes. The crystal structure of the HSA complex adduct revealed that one [RuCl(H2O)(NO)(Val)]+ molecule binds to a pocket in domain I. This study provides insight into possible mechanism of metabolism and potential applications for nitrosylruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials of Shanxi Provence, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang 032200, China
| | - Leilei Xie
- Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Wenjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials of Shanxi Provence, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hehe Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials of Shanxi Provence, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials of Shanxi Provence, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials of Shanxi Provence, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Experimental Center and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongbo Tong
- Experimental Center and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials of Shanxi Provence, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Grawe GF, Oliveira KM, Leite CM, de Oliveira TD, Costa AR, Moraes CA, Honorato J, Cominetti MR, Castellano EE, Correa RS, Machado SP, Batista AA. Cytotoxic activity of Ru(II)/DPEPhos/N,S-mercapto complexes (DPEPhos -[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112204. [PMID: 37004320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
We report here on three new ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(DPEPhos)(mtz)(bipy)]PF6 (Ru1), [Ru(DPEPhos)(mmi)(bipy)]PF6 (Ru2) and [Ru(DPEPhos)(dmp)(bipy)]PF6 (Ru3). DPEPhos = bis-[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether, mtz = 2-mercapto-2-thiazoline, mmi = 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole, dmp = 4,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidine and bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine. The compounds were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, and the molecular structure of Ru1 complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of Ru1 - Ru3 complexes were tested against the A549 (human lung) and the MDA-MB-231 (human breast) cancer cell lines and against MRC-5 (non-tumor lung) and MCF-10A (non-tumor breast) cell lines through the MTT assay. All three complexes are cytotoxic against the cell lines studied, with IC50 values lower than those found for the cisplatin. Among them, the Ru2 complex has shown the best selectivity against MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines, with an IC50 value 12 times lower than that on MCF-10A. The complex Ru2 was capable to induce changes in MDA-MB-231 cells morphology, with loss of cellular adhesion, inhibited colony formation and induce an accumulation of cells at the sub-G1 phase, with an increase in S-phase and decrease of cells at G2 phase. Viscosity, electrochemical and Hoechst 33258 displacement experiments for Ru1 - Ru3 complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) showed an electrostatic and groove binding mode of interaction. Additionally, the complexes interact with the protein Human Serum Albumin (HSA) by static mechanism. The negative values for ΔH and ΔS indicate that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding may occurs between the complexes and HSA. Therefore, this class of complexes are promising anticancer candidates and may be selected to further detailed studies.
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Izadyar A, Mansouri-Torshizi H, Dehghanian E, Shahraki S. Spectroscopy, docking and molecular dynamics studies on the interaction between cis and trans palladium-alanine complexes with calf-thymus DNA and antitumor activities. J COORD CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2023.2192331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Leitao RCF, Silva F, Ribeiro GH, Santos IC, Guerreiro JF, Mendes F, Batista AA, Pavan FR, da S Maia PI, Paulo A, Deflon VM. Gallium and indium complexes with isoniazid-derived ligands: Interaction with biomolecules and biological activity against cancer cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112091. [PMID: 36527994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gallium and indium octahedral complexes with isoniazid derivative ligands were successfully prepared. The ligands, isonicotinoyl benzoylacetone (H2L1) and 4-chlorobenzoylacetone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (H2L2), and their respective coordination compounds with gallium and indium [GaL1(HL1)] (GaL1), [GaL2(HL2)] (GaL2), [InL1(HL1)] (InL1) and [InL2(HL2)] (InL2) were investigated by NMR, ESI-MS, UV-Vis, IR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis. In vitro interaction studies with human serum albumin (HSA) evidenced a moderate affinity of all complexes with HSA through spontaneous hydrophobic interactions. The greatest suppression of HSA fluorescence was caused by GaL2 and InL2, which was associated to the higher lipophilicity of H2L2. In vitro interaction studies with CT-DNA indicated weak interactions of the biomolecule with all complexes. Cytotoxicity assays with MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), PC-3 (prostate carcinoma) and RWPE-1 (healthy human prostate epithelial) cell lines showed that complexes with H2L2 are more active and selective against MCF-7, with the greatest cytotoxicity observed for InL2 (IC50 = 10.34 ± 1.69 μM). H2L1 and H2L2 were labelled with gallium-67, and it was verified that 67GaL2 has a greater lipophilicity than 67GaL1, as well as higher stability in human serum or in the presence of apo-transferrin. Cellular uptake assays with 67GaL1 and 67GaL2 evidenced that the H2L2-containing radiocomplex has a higher accumulation in MCF-7 and PC-3 cells than the non-halogenated congener 67GaL1. The anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis assays revealed that both ligands and metal complexes are potent growth inhibitors, with MIC90 (μg mL-1) values observed from 0.419 ± 0.05 to 1.378 ± 0.21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C F Leitao
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Gabriel H Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Filipa Mendes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ivo da S Maia
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-440 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Victor M Deflon
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Nie Y, Dai Z, Fozia, Zhao G, Jiang J, Xu X, Ying M, Wang Y, Hu Z, Xu H. Comparative Studies on DNA-Binding Mechanisms between Enantiomers of a Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complex. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4787-4798. [PMID: 35731588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A pair of ruthenium(II) complex enantiomers, Δ- and Λ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, MBIP = 2-(3-bromophenyl)imidazo[5,6-f]phenanthroline), were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Comparative studies between the enantiomers on their binding behaviors to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were conducted using UV-visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopies, viscosity measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry, a photocleavage experiment, and molecular simulation. The experimental results indicated that both the enantiomers spontaneously bound to CT-DNA through intercalation stabilized by the van der Waals force or the hydrogen bond and driven by enthalpy and that Δ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ intercalated into DNA more deeply than Λ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ did and exhibited a better DNA photocleavage ability. Molecular simulation further indicated that Δ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ more preferentially intercalated between the base pairs of CT-DNA to the major groove, and Λ-[Ru(bpy)2MBIP]2+ more favorably intercalated to the minor groove. These research findings should be very helpful to the understanding of the stereoselectivity mechanism of DNA-bindings of metal complexes, and be useful for the design of novel metal-complex-based antitumor drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Nie
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Dai
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Fozia
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,China Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Jiang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ying
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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Martín-Encinas E, Selas A, Palacios F, Alonso C. The design and discovery of topoisomerase I inhibitors as anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:581-601. [PMID: 35321631 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2055545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer has been identified as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The biological target of some anticancer agents is topoisomerase I, an enzyme involved in the relaxation of supercoiled DNA. The synthesis of new compounds with antiproliferative effect and behaving as topoisomerase I inhibitors has become an active field of research. Depending on their mechanism of inhibition, they can be classified as catalytic inhibitors or poisons. AREAS COVERED This review article summarizes the state of the art for the development of selective topoisomerase I inhibitors. Collected compounds showed inhibition of the enzyme, highlighting those approved for clinical use, the combination therapies developed, as well as related drawbacks and future focus. EXPERT OPINION Research related to topoisomerase I inhibitors in cancer therapy started with camptothecin (CPT). This compound was first selected as a good anticancer agent and then topoisomerase I was identified as its therapeutic target. Derivatives of CPT irinotecan, topotecan, and belotecan are the only clinically approved inhibitors. Currently, their limitations are being addressed by different stretegies. Future studies should focus not only on developing other active molecules but also on improving the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of potent synthetic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endika Martín-Encinas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Asier Selas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Concepción Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I - Centro de Investigación Lascaray, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
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Gonzaga de França Lopes L, Gouveia Júnior FS, Karine Medeiros Holanda A, Maria Moreira de Carvalho I, Longhinotti E, Paulo TF, Abreu DS, Bernhardt PV, Gilles-Gonzalez MA, Cirino Nogueira Diógenes I, Henrique Silva Sousa E. Bioinorganic systems responsive to the diatomic gases O2, NO, and CO: From biological sensors to therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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da Silva MM, Ribeiro GH, de Camargo MS, Ferreira AG, Ribeiro L, Barbosa MIF, Deflon VM, Castelli S, Desideri A, Corrêa RS, Ribeiro AB, Nicolella HD, Ozelin SD, Tavares DC, Batista AA. Ruthenium(II) Diphosphine Complexes with Mercapto Ligands That Inhibit Topoisomerase IB and Suppress Tumor Growth In Vivo. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14174-14189. [PMID: 34477373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru1-Ru5), with the general formula [Ru(N-S)(dppe)2]PF6, bearing two 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) ligands and a series of mercapto ligands (N-S), have been developed. The combination of these ligands in the complexes endowed hydrophobic species with high cytotoxic activity against five cancer cell lines. For the A549 (lung) and MDA-MB-231 (breast) cancer cell lines, the IC50 values of the complexes were 288- to 14-fold lower when compared to cisplatin. Furthermore, the complexes were selective for the A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines compared to the MRC-5 nontumor cell line. The multitarget character of the complexes was investigated by using calf thymus DNA (CT DNA), human serum albumin, and human topoisomerase IB (hTopIB). The complexes potently inhibited hTopIB. In particular, complex [Ru(dmp)(dppe)2]PF6 (Ru3), bearing the 4,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidine (dmp) ligand, effectively inhibited hTopIB by acting on both the cleavage and religation steps of the catalytic cycle of this enzyme. Molecular docking showed that the Ru1-Ru5 complexes have binding affinity by active sites on the hTopI and hTopI-DNA, mainly via π-alkyl and alkyl hydrophobic interactions, as well as through hydrogen bonds. Complex Ru3 displayed significant antitumor activity against murine melanoma in mouse xenograph models, but this complex did not damage DNA, as revealed by Ames and micronucleus tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monize M da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana S de Camargo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília I F Barbosa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor M Deflon
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Castelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rodrigo S Corrêa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arthur B Ribeiro
- Universidade de Franca, CEP 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo D Ozelin
- Universidade de Franca, CEP 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise C Tavares
- Universidade de Franca, CEP 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xie L, Bai H, Song L, Liu C, Gong W, Wang W, Zhao X, Takemoto C, Wang H. Structural and Photodynamic Studies on Nitrosylruthenium-Complexed Serum Albumin as a Delivery System for Controlled Nitric Oxide Release. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8826-8837. [PMID: 34060309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
How to deliver nitric oxide (NO) to a physiological target and control its release quantitatively is a key issue for biomedical applications. Here, a water-soluble nitrosylruthenium complex, [(CH3)4N][RuCl3(5cqn)(NO)] (H5cqn = 5-chloro-8-quinoline), was synthesized, and its structure was confirmed with 1H NMR and X-ray crystal diffraction. Photoinduced NO release was investigated with time-resolved Fourier transform infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. The binding constant of the [RuCl3(5cqn)(NO)]- complex with human serum albumin (HSA) was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy, and the binding mode was identified by X-ray crystallography of the HSA and Ru-NO complex adduct. The crystal structure reveals that two molecules of the Ru-NO complex are located in the subdomain IB, which is one of the major drug binding regions of HSA. The chemical structures of the Ru complexes were [RuCl3(5cqn)(NO)]- and [RuCl3(Glycerin)NO]-, in which the electron densities for all ligands to Ru are unambiguously identified. EPR spin-trapping data showed that photoirradiation triggered NO radical generation from the HSA complex adduct. Moreover, the near-infrared image of exogenous NO from the nitrosylruthenium complex in living cells was observed using a NO-selective fluorescent probe. This study provides a strategy to design an appropriate delivery system to transport NO and metallodrugs in vivo for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hehe Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Luna Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Shanxi Provence, Shanxi, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Chie Takemoto
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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12
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Balou S, Zarkadoulas A, Koukouvitaki M, Marchiò L, Efthimiadou EK, Mitsopoulou CA. Synthesis, DNA-Binding, Anticancer Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Bishomoleptic and Trisheteroleptic Ru-Diimine Complexes Bearing 2-(2-Pyridyl)-quinoxaline. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:5599773. [PMID: 34093697 PMCID: PMC8137304 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a bishomoleptic and a trisheteroleptic ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complex, namely, [Ru(bpy)2(2, 2'-pq)](PF6)2 (1) and [Ru(bpy) (phen) (2, 2'-pq)](PF6)2 (2), respectively, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2, 2'-pq = 2-(2'-pyridyl)-quinoxaline. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, emission spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Their structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 1 and 2 were crystalized in orthorhombic, Pbca, and monoclinic, P21/n systems, respectively. Various spectroscopic techniques were employed to investigate the interaction of both complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA). The experimental data were confirmed by molecular docking studies, employing two different DNA sequences. Both complexes, 1 and 2, bind with DNA via a minor groove mode of binding. MTT experiments revealed that both complexes induce apoptosis of MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells in low concentrations. Confocal microscopy indicated that 2 localizes in the nucleus and internalizes more efficiently in MCF-7 than in HEK-293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Balou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zarkadoulas
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Maria Koukouvitaki
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, I43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleni K. Efthimiadou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Christiana A. Mitsopoulou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
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13
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Leite CM, de Araujo-Neto JH, Corrêa RS, Colina-Vegas L, Martínez-Otero D, Martins PR, Silva CG, Batista AA. On the Cytotoxicity of Chiral Ruthenium Complexes Containing Sulfur Amino Acids against Breast Tumor Cells (MDA-231 and MCF-7). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1172-1182. [PMID: 32838726 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200824114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common types among women. Its incidence progressively increases with age, especially after age 50. Platinum compounds are not efficient in the treatment of breast cancer, highlighting the use of other metals for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to obtain three new ruthenium compounds that incorporate sulfur amino acids in their structures and to investigate their cytotoxic activity in breast tumor cell lines. METHODS Complexes with general formula [Ru(AA)(dppb)(bipy)] (complexes 1 and 2) or [Ru(AA)(dppb) (bipy)]PF6 (complex 3), where AA = L-cysteinate (1), D-penicillaminate (2), and L-deoxyalliinate (3), dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane and 2,2´-bipyridine, were obtained from the cis-[RuCl2(dppb)(bipy)] precursor. The cytotoxicity of the complexes on MDA-MB-231 (triple negative human breast cancer); MCF-7 (double positive human breast cancer) and V79 (hamster lung fibroblast) was performed by the MTT (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The control agent was the cisplatin, which is a commercially available drug for cancer treatment. RESULTS In complexes (1) and (2), the ligands are coordinated to the metal center by nitrogen and sulfur atoms, while in complex (3), coordination is through the oxygen and nitrogen atoms. These suggestions are based on the infrared and 31P{1H} NMR data. For complexes (1) and (2), their X-ray structures were determined confirming this suggestion. The three complexes are stable in a mixture of DMSO (80%) and biological medium (20%) for at least 48h and presented cytotoxicity against the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 tumor cells with reasonable selectivity indexes. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated that ruthenium complexes containing sulfur amino acids, bipyridines and bisphosphines showed cytotoxicity against the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, in vitro, and that they interact weakly with the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and the HSA (Human Serum Albumin) biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celisnolia M Leite
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos-UFSCar, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo S Corrêa
- Departamento de Quimica, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - UFOP, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Legna Colina-Vegas
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigacion en Quimica Sustentable, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-UNAM, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paulo R Martins
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Goias-UFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Cristiane G Silva
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Goias-UFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Goias-UFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil
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14
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Nayeem N, Contel M. Exploring the Potential of Metallodrugs as Chemotherapeutics for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Chemistry 2021; 27:8891-8917. [PMID: 33857345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on studies of coordination and organometallic compounds as potential chemotherapeutics against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which has one of the poorest prognoses and worst survival rates from all breast cancer types. At present, chemotherapy is still the standard of care for TNBC since only one type of targeted therapy has been recently developed. References for metal-based compounds studied in TNBC cell lines will be listed, and those of metal-specific reviews, but a detailed overview will also be provided on compounds studied in vivo (mostly in mice models) and those compounds for which some preliminary mechanistic data was obtained (in TNBC cell lines and tumors) and/or for which bioactive ligands have been used. The main goal of this review is to highlight the most promising metal-based compounds with potential as chemotherapeutic agents in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nayeem
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA
| | - Maria Contel
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,Chemistry and Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
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15
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Graminha AE, Honorato J, Correa RS, Cominetti MR, Menezes ACS, Batista AA. A novel ruthenium(ii) gallic acid complex disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and inhibits migration, invasion and adhesion of triple negative breast tumor cells. Dalton Trans 2020; 50:323-335. [PMID: 33305766 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03490h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of three new ruthenium(ii) complexes with gallic acid and derivatives of the general formula [Ru(L)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6, where L = gallate (GAC), benzoate (BAC), and esterified-gallate (EGA), bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, NMR, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, and two of them by X-ray crystallography. Cell viability assays show promising results, indicating higher cytotoxicity of the complexes in MDA-MB-231 cells, a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, compared with the hormone-dependent MCF-7 cell line. Studies in vitro with the MDA-MB-231 cell line showed that only Ru(BAC) and Ru(GAC) interacted with BSA. Besides that, the Ru(GAC) complex, which has a polyphenolic acid, interacted in an apo-Tf structure and function dependent manner and it was able to inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species. Ru(GAC) was able to cause damage to the cellular cytoskeleton leading to inhibition of some cellular processes of TNBC cells, such as invasion, migration, and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica E Graminha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235, CP 676, 13561-901, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Bessas NC, Silva LA, Comar Júnior M, Lima RG. Interaction of the nitrosyl ruthenium complex [Ru
II
(NH.NHq‐R)(tpy)NO]
3+
with human serum albumin: a spectroscopic and computational investigation. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 36:391-408. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Cristina Bessas
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, ICENP Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Rua Vinte, 1600, 38304‐402, Tupã Ituiutaba MG Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38400‐902 Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Letícia Alves Silva
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38400‐902 Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Moacyr Comar Júnior
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38400‐902 Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Renata Galvão Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, ICENP Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Rua Vinte, 1600, 38304‐402, Tupã Ituiutaba MG Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Avenida João Naves de Avila, 2121, 38400‐902 Uberlândia MG Brazil
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17
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Inhibition of histone deacetylases, topoisomerases and epidermal growth factor receptor by metal-based anticancer agents: Design & synthetic strategies and their medicinal attributes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104396. [PMID: 33130345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC), DNA topoisomerases (Topos) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) have demonstrated their cytotoxic potential against various cancer types such as breast, lung, uterus, colon, etc. Additionally, these have proven their role in resolving the resistance issues, enhancing the affinity, lipophilicity, stability, and biocompatibility and therefore, emerged as potential candidates for molecularly targeted therapeutics. This review focusses on nature and role of metals and organic ligands in tuning the anticancer activity in multiple modes of inhibition considering HDACs, Topos or EGFR as one of the primary targets. The conceptual design and synthetic approaches of platinum and non-platinum metal complexes comprising of chiefly ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc metals coordinated with organic scaffolds, along with their biological activity profiles, structure-activity relationships (SARs), docking studies, possible modes of action, and their scope and limitations are discussed in detail.
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18
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Ribeiro GH, Guedes APM, de Oliveira TD, de Correia CRSTB, Colina-Vegas L, Lima MA, Nóbrega JA, Cominetti MR, Rocha FV, Ferreira AG, Castellano EE, Teixeira FR, Batista AA. Ruthenium(II) Phosphine/Mercapto Complexes: Their in Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Actions as Inhibitors of Topoisomerase and Proteasome Acting as Possible Triggers of Cell Death Induction. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15004-15018. [PMID: 32997499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of new ruthenium complexes of the general formula [Ru(NS)(dpphpy)(dppb)]PF6 (Ru1-Ru3), where dpphpy = diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine, NS ligands = 2-thiazoline-2-thiol (tzdt, Ru1), 2-mercaptopyrimidine (pySm, Ru2), and 4,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidine (damp, Ru3), and dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV/visible, and 1D and 2D NMR), and X-ray diffraction. In the characterization, the correlation between the phosphorus atoms and their respective aromatic hydrogen atoms of the compounds in the assignment stands outs, by 1H-31P HMBC experiments. The compounds show anticancer activities against A549 (lung) and MDA-MB-231 (breast) cancer cell lines, higher than the clinical drug cisplatin. All of the complexes are more cytotoxic against the cancer cell lines than against the MRC-5 (lung) and MCF-10A (breast) nontumorigenic human cell lines. For A549 tumor cells, cell cycle analysis upon treatment with Ru2 showed that it inhibits the mitotic phase because arrest was observed in the Sub-G1 phase. Additionally, the compound induces cell death by an apoptotic pathway in a dose-dependent manner, according to annexin V-PE assay. The multitargeted character of the compounds was investigated, and the biomolecules were DNA, topoisomerase IB, and proteasome, as well as the fundamental biomolecule in the pharmacokinetics of drugs, human serum albumin. The experimental results indicate that the complexes do not target DNA in the cells. At low concentrations, the compounds showed the ability to partially inhibit the catalytic activity of topoisomerase IB in the process of relaxation of the DNA plasmid. Among the complexes assayed in cultured cells, complex Ru3 was able to diminish the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana P M Guedes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamires D de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila R S T B de Correia
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Legna Colina-Vegas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mauro A Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A Nóbrega
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Cominetti
- Departamento de Gerontologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fillipe V Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E Castellano
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe R Teixeira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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