1
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Sharma G, Verma R, Masuda S, Badawy KM, Singh N, Tsukuda T, Polshettiwar V. Pt-doped Ru nanoparticles loaded on 'black gold' plasmonic nanoreactors as air stable reduction catalysts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:713. [PMID: 38267414 PMCID: PMC10808126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a plasmonic reduction catalyst, stable only in the presence of air, achieved by integrating Pt-doped Ru nanoparticles on black gold. This innovative black gold/RuPt catalyst showcases good efficiency in acetylene semi-hydrogenation, attaining over 90% selectivity with an ethene production rate of 320 mmol g-1 h-1. Its stability, evident in 100 h of operation with continuous air flow, is attributed to the synergy of co-existing metal oxide and metal phases. The catalyst's stability is further enhanced by plasmon-mediated concurrent reduction and oxidation of the active sites. Finite-difference time-domain simulations reveal a five-fold electric field intensification near the RuPt nanoparticles, crucial for activating acetylene and hydrogen. Kinetic isotope effect analysis indicates the contribution from the plasmonic non-thermal effects along with the photothermal. Spectroscopic and in-situ Fourier transform infrared studies, combined with quantum chemical calculations, elucidate the molecular reaction mechanism, emphasizing the cooperative interaction between Ru and Pt in optimizing ethene production and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 40005, India
| | - Rishi Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 40005, India
| | - Shinya Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Nirpendra Singh
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Vivek Polshettiwar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 40005, India.
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2
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Yuan L, Zhao Y, Toma A, Aglieri V, Gerislioglu B, Yuan Y, Lou M, Ogundare A, Alabastri A, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. A Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum Dielectric Metasurface-Based Antenna-Reactor Photocatalyst. Nano Lett 2024; 24:172-179. [PMID: 38156648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are a class of two-dimensional artificial resonators, creating new opportunities for strong light-matter interactions. One type of nonradiative optical metasurface that enables substantial light concentration is based on quasi-Bound States in the Continuum (quasi-BIC). Here we report the design and fabrication of a quasi-BIC dielectric metasurface that serves as an optical frequency antenna for photocatalysis. By depositing Ni nanoparticle reactors onto the metasurface, we create an antenna-reactor photocatalyst, where the virtually lossless metasurface funnels light to drive a chemical reaction. This quasi-BIC-Ni antenna-reactor drives H2 dissociation under resonant illumination, showing strong polarization, wavelength, and optical power dependencies. Both E-field-induced electronic and photothermal heating effects drive the reaction, supported by load-dependent reactivity studies and our theoretical model. This study unlocks new opportunities for photocatalysis that employ dielectric metasurfaces for light harvesting in an antenna-reactor format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yage Zhao
- Department of Physics&Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics&Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yigao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Minghe Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adebola Ogundare
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics&Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics&Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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3
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Jin H, Herran M, Cortés E, Lischner J. Theory of Hot-Carrier Generation in Bimetallic Plasmonic Catalysts. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:3629-3636. [PMID: 37869558 PMCID: PMC10588455 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoreactors in which a plasmonic metal is used to funnel solar energy toward a catalytic metal have recently been studied experimentally, but a detailed theoretical understanding of these systems is lacking. Here, we present theoretical results of hot-carrier generation rates of different Au-Pd nanoarchitectures. In particular, we study spherical core-shell nanoparticles with a Au core and a Pd shell as well as antenna-reactor systems consisting of a large Au nanoparticle that acts as an antenna and a smaller Pd satellite nanoparticle separated by a gap. In addition, we investigate an antenna-reactor system in which the satellite is a core-shell nanoparticle. Hot-carrier generation rates are obtained from an atomistic quantum-mechanical modeling technique which combines a solution of Maxwell's equation with a tight-binding description of the nanoparticle electronic structure. We find that antenna-reactor systems exhibit significantly higher hot-carrier generation rates in the catalytic material than the core-shell system as a result of strong electric field enhancements associated with the gap between the antenna and the satellite. For these systems, we also study the dependence of the hot-carrier generation rate on the size of the gap, the radius of the antenna nanoparticle, and the direction of light polarization. Overall, we find a strong correlation between the calculated hot-carrier generation rates and the experimentally measured chemical activity for the different Au-Pd photocatalysts. Our insights pave the way toward a microscopic understanding of hot-carrier generation in heterogeneous nanostructures for photocatalysis and other energy-conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Jin
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matias Herran
- Nanoinstitute
Munich Faculty of Physics, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität
München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitute
Munich Faculty of Physics, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität
München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Department
of Materials and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation
of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Ibrayev NK, Seliverstova EV, Valiev RR, Kanapina AE, Ishchenko AA, Kulinich AV, Kurten T, Sundholm D. Influence of plasmons on the luminescence properties of solvatochromic merocyanine dyes with different solvatochromism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22851-22861. [PMID: 37584652 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a system consisting of a highly dipolar merocyanine dye and a silver nanoparticle (NP) was studied experimentally and theoretically. A theoretical model for estimating the fluorescence quantum yield (φfl) using quantum chemical calculations of intramolecular and intermolecular electronic transition rate constants was developed. Calculations show that the main deactivation channels of the lowest excited singlet state of the studied merocyanines are internal conversion (kIC(S1 → S0)) and fluorescence (kr(S1 → S0)). The intersystem-crossing transition has a low probability due to the large energy difference between the singlet and triplet levels. In the presence of plasmonic NPs, the fluorescence quantum yield is increased by a factor of two according to both experiment and computations. The calculated values of φfl, when considering changes in kr(S1 → S0) and the energy-transfer rate constant (ktransfer) from the dye to the NP was also twice as large at distances of 6-8 nm between the NP and the dye molecule. We also found that the LSPR effect can be increased or decreased depending on the value of the dielectric constant (εm) of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazbek Kh Ibrayev
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Evgeniya V Seliverstova
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel E Kanapina
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Theo Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Lyu P, Espinoza R, Nguyen SC. Photocatalysis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Interband vs Intraband Induced Mechanisms. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:15685-15698. [PMID: 37609384 PMCID: PMC10440817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis induced by localized surface plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles has been studied for more than a decade, but photocatalysis originating from direct interband excitations is still under-explored. The spectral overlap and the coupling of these two optical regimes also complicate the determination of hot carriers' energy states and eventually hinder the accurate assignment of their catalytic role in studied reactions. In this Featured Article, after reviewing previous studies, we suggest classifying the photoexcitation via intra- and interband transitions where the physical states of hot carriers are well-defined. Intraband transitions are featured by creating hot electrons above the Fermi level and suitable for reductive catalytic pathways, whereas interband transitions are featured by generating hot d-band holes below the Fermi level and better for oxidative catalytic pathways. Since the contribution of intra- and interband transitions are different in the spectral regions of localized surface plasmon resonance and direct interband excitations, the wavelength dependence of the photocatalytic activities is very helpful in assigning which transitions and carriers contribute to the observed catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Lyu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Randy Espinoza
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Son C. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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6
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Michalska M, Matějka V, Pavlovský J, Praus P, Ritz M, Serenčíšová J, Gembalová L, Kormunda M, Foniok K, Reli M, Simha Martynková G. Effect of Ag modification on TiO 2 and melem/g-C 3N 4 composite on photocatalytic performances. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5270. [PMID: 37002319 PMCID: PMC10066401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, the comparison of two different semiconductor materials is demonstrated, TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4 composites-modified with balls of approximately 5 nm Ag nanoparticles (NPs) as photocatalysts for the degradation of the model dye acid orange 7 (AO7). The melem molecule synthesized here is one of a series of organic compounds consisting of triazine ring compounds with a structure similar to that of melam and melamine. The photodegradation process of AO7 was carried out to examine all powder materials as a potential photocatalyst. Additionally, two different lamps of wavelengths 368 nm (UV light) and 420 nm (VIS light) were applied to compare the photodegradation tests. A new synthesis route for the acquisition of Ag NPs (Ag content 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 wt%), based on a wet and low temperature method without the use of reducing reagents was proposed. The best photocatalytic performances under UV and VIS light were obtained for both, TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4 materials (new synthesis route) modified with a very low Ag content-0.5 wt%. The photodegradation activities using UV lamp (3 h, 368 nm irradiation) for samples with 0.5 wt% of Ag: TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4, in excess of 95 and 94%, respectively, were achieved. The highest photoactive materials melem/g-C3N4 with 0.5 and 1 wt% Ag revealed 98% of activity under the VIS lamp after 3 h long irradiation. Our work demonstrates a novel, environmentally acceptable, and cost-effective chemical strategy for preparation of photocatalysts suitable for degradation of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michalska
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - V Matějka
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - J Pavlovský
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - P Praus
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - M Ritz
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - J Serenčíšová
- Energy Research Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - L Gembalová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Kormunda
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, Pasteurova 15, 400 96, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - K Foniok
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - M Reli
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - G Simha Martynková
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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7
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Han P, Mao X, Jin Y, Sarina S, Jia J, Waclawik ER, Du A, Bottle SE, Zhao JC, Zhu HY. Plasmonic Silver-Nanoparticle-Catalysed Hydrogen Abstraction from the C(sp 3 )-H Bond of the Benzylic C α atom for Cleavage of Alkyl Aryl Ether Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215201. [PMID: 36450692 PMCID: PMC10108273 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation of the C(sp3 )-H bond is an important process in organic synthesis, where efficiently activating a specific C(sp3 )-H bond without causing side reactions remains one of chemistry's great challenges. Here we report that illuminated plasmonic silver metal nanoparticles (NPs) can abstract hydrogen from the C(sp3 )-H bond of the Cα atom of an alkyl aryl ether β-O-4 linkage. The intense electromagnetic near-field generated at the illuminated plasmonic NPs promotes chemisorption of the β-O-4 compound and the transfer of photo-generated hot electrons from the NPs to the adsorbed molecules leads to hydrogen abstraction and direct cleavage of the unreactive ether Cβ -O bond under moderate reaction conditions (≈90 °C). The plasmon-driven process has certain exceptional features: enabling hydrogen abstraction from a specific C(sp3 )-H bond, along with precise scission of the targeted C-O bond to form aromatic compounds containing unsaturated, substituted groups in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yichao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Sarina Sarina
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, P. R. China
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jin-Cai Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huai-Yong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Understanding the intricate relationship between illumination and temperature in metallic nano-particles is crucial for elucidating the role of illumination in various physical processes which rely on plasmonic enhancement but are also sensitive to temperature. Recent studies have shown that the temperature rise in optically thick ensembles of metal nanoparticles under intense illumination is dominated by the thermal conductivity of the host, rather than by the optical properties of the metal or the host. Here, we show that the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the host dominates the nonlinear photothermal response of these systems. In particular, this dependence typically causes the temperature rise to become strongly sublinear, reaching even several tens of percent. We then show that this effect can explain experimental observations in several recent plasmon-assisted photocatalysis experiments. Under certain conditions, we show that thermal emission may also contribute to photothermal nonlinearity. This shows that any claim for the dominance of non-thermal electrons in plasmon-assisted photocatalysis must account first for this photothermal nonlinear mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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9
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Hartelt M, Terekhin PN, Eul T, Mahro AK, Frisch B, Prinz E, Rethfeld B, Stadtmüller B, Aeschlimann M. Energy and Momentum Distribution of Surface Plasmon-Induced Hot Carriers Isolated via Spatiotemporal Separation. ACS Nano 2021; 15:19559-19569. [PMID: 34852458 PMCID: PMC8717854 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the differences between photon-induced and plasmon-induced hot electrons is essential for the construction of devices for plasmonic energy conversion. The mechanism of the plasmonic enhancement in photochemistry, photocatalysis, and light-harvesting and especially the role of hot carriers is still heavily discussed. The question remains, if plasmon-induced and photon-induced hot carriers are fundamentally different or if plasmonic enhancement is only an effect of field concentration producing these carriers in greater numbers. For the bulk plasmon resonance, a fundamental difference is known, yet for the technologically important surface plasmons, this is far from being settled. The direct imaging of surface plasmon-induced hot carriers could provide essential insight, but the separation of the influence of driving laser, field-enhancement, and fundamental plasmon decay has proven to be difficult. Here, we present an approach using a two-color femtosecond pump-probe scheme in time-resolved 2-photon-photoemission (tr-2PPE), supported by a theoretical analysis of the light and plasmon energy flow. We separate the energy and momentum distribution of the plasmon-induced hot electrons from that of photoexcited electrons by following the spatial evolution of photoemitted electrons with energy-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and momentum microscopy during the propagation of a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) pulse along a gold surface. With this scheme, we realize a direct experimental access to plasmon-induced hot electrons. We find a plasmonic enhancement toward high excitation energies and small in-plane momenta, which suggests a fundamentally different mechanism of hot electron generation, as previously unknown for surface plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartelt
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Pavel N. Terekhin
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tobias Eul
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Mahro
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frisch
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eva Prinz
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Baerbel Rethfeld
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stadtmüller
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Staudingerweg
7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Aeschlimann
- Department
of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS,TU
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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10
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Abstract
We provide a complete quantitative theory for light emission from Drude metals under continuous wave illumination, based on our recently derived steady-state nonequilibrium electron distribution. We show that the electronic contribution to the emission exhibits a dependence on the emission frequency which is very similar to the energy dependence of the nonequilibrium distribution, and characterize different scenarios determining the measurable emission line shape. This enables the identification of experimentally relevant situations, where the emission lineshapes deviate significantly from predictions based on the standard theory (namely, on the photonic density of states), and enables the differentiation between cases where the emission scales with the metal object surface or with its volume. We also provide an analytic description (which is absent from the literature) of the (polynomial) dependence of the metal emission on the electric field, its dependence on the pump laser frequency, and its nontrivial exponential dependence on the electron temperature, both for the Stokes and anti-Stokes regimes. Our results imply that the emission does not originate from either Fermion statistics (due to e-e interactions), and even though one could have expected the emission to follow boson statistics due to involvement of photons (as in Planck's Black Body emission), it turns out that it deviates from that form as well. Finally, we resolve the arguments associated with the effects of electron and lattice temperatures on the emission, and which of them can be extracted from the anti-Stokes emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
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11
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Devasia D, Wilson AJ, Heo J, Mohan V, Jain PK. A rich catalog of C-C bonded species formed in CO 2 reduction on a plasmonic photocatalyst. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2612. [PMID: 33972538 PMCID: PMC8110802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding and rational design of heterogeneous catalysts for complex reactions, such as CO2 reduction, requires knowledge of elementary steps and chemical species prevalent on the catalyst surface under operating conditions. Using in situ nanoscale surface-enhanced Raman scattering, we probe the surface of a Ag nanoparticle during plasmon-excitation-driven CO2 reduction in water. Enabled by the high spatiotemporal resolution and surface sensitivity of our method, we detect a rich array of C1-C4 species formed on the photocatalytically active surface. The abundance of multi-carbon compounds, such as butanol, suggests the favorability of kinetically challenging C-C coupling on the photoexcited Ag surface. Another advance of this work is the use of isotope labeling in nanoscale probing, which allows confirmation that detected species are the intermediates and products of the catalytic reaction rather than spurious contaminants. The surface chemical knowledge made accessible by our approach will inform the modeling and engineering of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinumol Devasia
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.266623.50000 0001 2113 1622Present Address: Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Varun Mohan
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Prashant K. Jain
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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12
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Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the usage of mm-scale composites of plasmonic nanoparticles for enhancing the rates of chemical reactions; the effect was shown recently to be predominantly associated with the elevated temperature caused by illumination. Here, we study the dependence of the temperature distribution on the various parameters of these samples, and provide analytic expressions for simple cases. We show that since these systems are usually designed to absorb all the incoming light, the temperature distribution in them is weakly-dependent on the illumination spectrum, pulse duration, particle shape, size and density. Thus, changes in these parameters yield at most modest quantitative changes. We also show that the temperature distribution is linearly dependent on the beam radius and the thermal conductivity of the host. Finally, we study the sensitivity of the reaction rate to these parameters as a function of the activation energy and show how it manifests itself in various previous experimental reports. These results would simplify the optimization of photocatalysis experiments, as well as of other energy-related applications based on light harvesting for heat generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
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13
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Rossi TP, Erhart P, Kuisma M. Hot-Carrier Generation in Plasmonic Nanoparticles: The Importance of Atomic Structure. ACS Nano 2020; 14:9963-9971. [PMID: 32687311 PMCID: PMC7458472 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are attractive for plasmon-enhanced generation of hot carriers, which may be harnessed in photochemical reactions. In this work, we analyze the coherent femtosecond dynamics of photon absorption, plasmon formation, and subsequent hot-carrier generation through plasmon dephasing using first-principles simulations. We predict the energetic and spatial hot-carrier distributions in small metal nanoparticles and show that the distribution of hot electrons is very sensitive to the local structure. Our results show that surface sites exhibit enhanced hot-electron generation in comparison to the bulk of the nanoparticle. Although the details of the distribution depend on particle size and shape, as a general trend, lower-coordinated surface sites such as corners, edges, and {100} facets exhibit a higher proportion of hot electrons than higher-coordinated surface sites such as {111} facets or the core sites. The present results thereby demonstrate how hot carriers could be tailored by careful design of atomic-scale structures in nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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14
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Dubi Y, Un IW, Sivan Y. Thermal effects - an alternative mechanism for plasmon-assisted photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5017-5027. [PMID: 34122958 PMCID: PMC8159236 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments claimed that the catalysis of reaction rates in numerous bond-dissociation reactions occurs via the decrease of activation barriers driven by non-equilibrium ("hot") electrons in illuminated plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Thus, these experiments identify plasmon-assisted photocatalysis as a promising path for enhancing the efficiency of various chemical reactions. Here, we argue that what appears to be photocatalysis is much more likely thermo-catalysis, driven by the well-known plasmon-enhanced ability of illuminated metallic nanoparticles to serve as heat sources. Specifically, we point to some of the most important papers in the field, and show that a simple theory of illumination-induced heating can explain the extracted experimental data to remarkable agreement, with minimal to no fit parameters. We further show that any small temperature difference between the photocatalysis experiment and a control experiment performed under external heating is effectively amplified by the exponential sensitivity of the reaction, and is very likely to be interpreted incorrectly as "hot" electron effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University Israel
- Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel
- Joan and Irwin Jacobs TIX Institute, National Tsing Hua University Taiwan
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel
- Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University Israel
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