1
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Xu N, Rosander P, Schäfer C, Lindgren E, Österbacka N, Fang M, Chen W, He Y, Fan Z, Erhart P. Tensorial Properties via the Neuroevolution Potential Framework: Fast Simulation of Infrared and Raman Spectra. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3273-3284. [PMID: 38572734 PMCID: PMC11044275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are widely used for the characterization of gases, liquids, and solids, as the spectra contain a wealth of information concerning, in particular, the dynamics of these systems. Atomic scale simulations can be used to predict such spectra but are often severely limited due to high computational cost or the need for strong approximations that limit the application range and reliability. Here, we introduce a machine learning (ML) accelerated approach that addresses these shortcomings and provides a significant performance boost in terms of data and computational efficiency compared with earlier ML schemes. To this end, we generalize the neuroevolution potential approach to enable the prediction of rank one and two tensors to obtain the tensorial neuroevolution potential (TNEP) scheme. We apply the resulting framework to construct models for the dipole moment, polarizability, and susceptibility of molecules, liquids, and solids and show that our approach compares favorably with several ML models from the literature with respect to accuracy and computational efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the TNEP approach to the prediction of infrared and Raman spectra of liquid water, a molecule (PTAF-), and a prototypical perovskite with strong anharmonicity (BaZrO3). The TNEP approach is implemented in the free and open source software package gpumd, which makes this methodology readily available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Petter Rosander
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Lindgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Österbacka
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mandi Fang
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process
Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- Institute
of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zheyong Fan
- College
of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai
University, Jinzhou 121013, P. R. China
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Mortensen JJ, Larsen AH, Kuisma M, Ivanov AV, Taghizadeh A, Peterson A, Haldar A, Dohn AO, Schäfer C, Jónsson EÖ, Hermes ED, Nilsson FA, Kastlunger G, Levi G, Jónsson H, Häkkinen H, Fojt J, Kangsabanik J, Sødequist J, Lehtomäki J, Heske J, Enkovaara J, Winther KT, Dulak M, Melander MM, Ovesen M, Louhivuori M, Walter M, Gjerding M, Lopez-Acevedo O, Erhart P, Warmbier R, Würdemann R, Kaappa S, Latini S, Boland TM, Bligaard T, Skovhus T, Susi T, Maxson T, Rossi T, Chen X, Schmerwitz YLA, Schiøtz J, Olsen T, Jacobsen KW, Thygesen KS. GPAW: An open Python package for electronic structure calculations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:092503. [PMID: 38450733 DOI: 10.1063/5.0182685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We review the GPAW open-source Python package for electronic structure calculations. GPAW is based on the projector-augmented wave method and can solve the self-consistent density functional theory (DFT) equations using three different wave-function representations, namely real-space grids, plane waves, and numerical atomic orbitals. The three representations are complementary and mutually independent and can be connected by transformations via the real-space grid. This multi-basis feature renders GPAW highly versatile and unique among similar codes. By virtue of its modular structure, the GPAW code constitutes an ideal platform for the implementation of new features and methodologies. Moreover, it is well integrated with the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE), providing a flexible and dynamic user interface. In addition to ground-state DFT calculations, GPAW supports many-body GW band structures, optical excitations from the Bethe-Salpeter Equation, variational calculations of excited states in molecules and solids via direct optimization, and real-time propagation of the Kohn-Sham equations within time-dependent DFT. A range of more advanced methods to describe magnetic excitations and non-collinear magnetism in solids are also now available. In addition, GPAW can calculate non-linear optical tensors of solids, charged crystal point defects, and much more. Recently, support for graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration has been achieved with minor modifications to the GPAW code thanks to the CuPy library. We end the review with an outlook, describing some future plans for GPAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Jørgen Mortensen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ask Hjorth Larsen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aleksei V Ivanov
- Riverlane Ltd., St Andrews House, 59 St Andrews Street, Cambridge CB2 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Taghizadeh
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew Peterson
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Anubhab Haldar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Asmus Ougaard Dohn
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark and Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, VR-III, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elvar Örn Jónsson
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Eric D Hermes
- Quantum-Si, 29 Business Park Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
| | | | - Georg Kastlunger
- CatTheory, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Hannes Jónsson
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jakub Fojt
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jiban Kangsabanik
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joachim Sødequist
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jouko Lehtomäki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Julian Heske
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jussi Enkovaara
- CSC-IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kirsten Trøstrup Winther
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Marcin Dulak
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marko M Melander
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martin Ovesen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martti Louhivuori
- CSC-IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Walter
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Morten Gjerding
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olga Lopez-Acevedo
- Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Warmbier
- School of Physics and Mandelstam Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, 2001 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rolf Würdemann
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sami Kaappa
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Simone Latini
- Nanomade, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tara Maria Boland
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bligaard
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Skovhus
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Toma Susi
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tristan Maxson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - Tuomas Rossi
- CSC-IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | | | - Jakob Schiøtz
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Olsen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Schäfer C, Fojt J, Lindgren E, Erhart P. Machine Learning for Polaritonic Chemistry: Accessing Chemical Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5402-5413. [PMID: 38354223 PMCID: PMC10910569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Altering chemical reactivity and material structure in confined optical environments is on the rise, and yet, a conclusive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms remains elusive. This originates mostly from the fact that accurately predicting vibrational and reactive dynamics for soluted ensembles of realistic molecules is no small endeavor, and adding (collective) strong light-matter interaction does not simplify matters. Here, we establish a framework based on a combination of machine learning (ML) models, trained using density-functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics to accelerate such simulations. We then apply this approach to evaluate strong coupling, changes in reaction rate constant, and their influence on enthalpy and entropy for the deprotection reaction of 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylacetylene, which has been studied previously both experimentally and using ab initio simulations. While we find qualitative agreement with critical experimental observations, especially with regard to the changes in kinetics, we also find differences in comparison with previous theoretical predictions. The features for which the ML-accelerated and ab initio simulations agree show the experimentally estimated kinetic behavior. Conflicting features indicate that a contribution of dynamic electronic polarization to the reaction process is more relevant than currently believed. Our work demonstrates the practical use of ML for polaritonic chemistry, discusses limitations of common approximations, and paves the way for a more holistic description of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Lindgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Fojt J, Rossi TP, Kumar PV, Erhart P. Tailoring Hot-Carrier Distributions of Plasmonic Nanostructures through Surface Alloying. ACS Nano 2024; 18:6398-6405. [PMID: 38363179 PMCID: PMC10906084 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Alloyed metal nanoparticles are a promising platform for plasmonically enabled hot-carrier generation, which can be used to drive photochemical reactions. Although the non-plasmonic component in these systems has been investigated for its potential to enhance catalytic activity, its capacity to affect the photochemical process favorably has been underexplored by comparison. Here, we study the impact of surface alloy species and concentration on hot-carrier generation in Ag nanoparticles. By first-principles simulations, we photoexcite the localized surface plasmon, allow it to dephase, and calculate spatially and energetically resolved hot-carrier distributions. We show that the presence of non-noble species in the topmost surface layer drastically enhances hot-hole generation at the surface at the expense of hot-hole generation in the bulk, due to the additional d-type states that are introduced to the surface. The energy of the generated holes can be tuned by choice of the alloyant, with systematic trends across the d-band block. Already low surface alloy concentrations have a large impact, with a saturation of the enhancement effect typically close to 75% of a monolayer. Hot-electron generation at the surface is hindered slightly by alloying, but here a judicious choice of the alloy composition allows one to strike a balance between hot electrons and holes. Our work underscores the promise of utilizing multicomponent nanoparticles to achieve enhanced control over plasmonic catalysis and provides guidelines for how hot-carrier distributions can be tailored by designing the electronic structure of the surface through alloying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Priyank V. Kumar
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Mahendran S, Carrete J, Isacsson A, Madsen GKH, Erhart P. Quantitative Predictions of the Thermal Conductivity in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Impact of Point Defects in MoS 2 and WS 2 Monolayers. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2024; 128:1709-1716. [PMID: 38322774 PMCID: PMC10839904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides are investigated for various applications at the nanoscale because of their unique combination of properties and dimensionality. For many of the anticipated applications, heat conduction plays an important role. At the same time, these materials often contain relatively large amounts of point defects. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the impact of intrinsic and selected extrinsic defects on the lattice thermal conductivity of MoS2 and WS2 monolayers. We combine Boltzmann transport theory and Green's function-based T-matrix approach for the calculation of scattering rates. The force constants for the defect configurations are obtained from density functional theory calculations via a regression approach, which allows us to sample a rather large number of defects at a moderate computational cost and to systematically enforce both the translational and rotational acoustic sum rules. The calculated lattice thermal conductivity is in quantitative agreement with the experimental data for heat transport and defect concentrations for both MoS2 and WS2. Crucially, this demonstrates that the strong deviation from a 1/T temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity observed experimentally can be fully explained by the presence of point defects. We furthermore predict the scattering strengths of the intrinsic defects to decrease in the sequence VMo ≈ V2S= > V2S⊥ > VS > Sad in both materials, while the scattering rates for the extrinsic (adatom) defects decrease with increasing mass such that Liad > Naad > Kad. Compared with earlier work, we find that both intrinsic and extrinsic adatoms are relatively weak scatterers. We attribute this difference to the treatment of the translational and rotational acoustic sum rules, which, if not enforced, can lead to spurious contributions in the zero-frequency limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Mahendran
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jesús Carrete
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Isacsson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Hultman L, Mazur S, Ankarcrona C, Palmqvist A, Abrahamsson M, Antti ML, Baltzar M, Bergström L, de Laval P, Edman L, Erhart P, Kloo L, Lundberg MW, Mikkelsen A, Moons E, Persson C, Rensmo H, Rosén J, Rudén C, Selleby M, Sundgren JE, Dick Thelander K, Tybrandt K, Weihed P, Zou X, Åstrand M, Björkman CP, Schneider JM, Eriksson O, Berggren M. Advanced materials provide solutions towards a sustainable world. Nat Mater 2024; 23:160-161. [PMID: 38307974 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hultman
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Mazur
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ankarcrona
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmqvist
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta-Lena Antti
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Malin Baltzar
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- H2 Green Steel, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pontus de Laval
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Kloo
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats W Lundberg
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Sandvik AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- NanoLund Center for Nanoscience, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen Moons
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Materials Science Research, Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosén
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Materials Design Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christina Rudén
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Selleby
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Sundgren
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Swedish Association of Engineering Industries, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Dick Thelander
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Pär Weihed
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Åstrand
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Northvolt AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Platzer Björkman
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schneider
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, .
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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7
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Eriksson F, Fransson E, Linderälv C, Fan Z, Erhart P. Tuning the Through-Plane Lattice Thermal Conductivity in van der Waals Structures through Rotational (Dis)ordering. ACS Nano 2023; 17:25565-25574. [PMID: 38063207 PMCID: PMC10753894 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that MoS2 with irregular interlayer rotations can achieve an extreme anisotropy in the lattice thermal conductivity (LTC), which is, for example, of interest for applications in waste heat management in integrated circuits. Here, we show by atomic-scale simulations based on machine-learned potentials that this principle extends to other two-dimensional materials, including C and BN. In all three materials, introducing rotational disorder drives the through-plane LTC to the glass limit, while the in-plane LTC remains almost unchanged compared to those of the ideal bulk materials. We demonstrate that the ultralow through-plane LTC is connected to the collapse of their transverse acoustic modes in the through-plane direction. Furthermore, we find that the twist angle in periodic moiré structures representing rotational order provides an efficient means for tuning the through-plane LTC that operates for all chemistries considered here. The minimal through-plane LTC is obtained for angles between 1 and 4° depending on the material, with the biggest effect in MoS2. The angular dependence is correlated with the degree of stacking disorder in the materials, which in turn is connected to the slip surface. This provides a simple descriptor for predicting the optimal conditions at which the LTC is expected to become minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Eriksson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Fransson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Linderälv
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zheyong Fan
- College
of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai
University, Jinzhou 121013, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Nielsen LC, Erhart P, Guizar-Sicairos M, Liebi M. Small-angle scattering tensor tomography algorithm for robust reconstruction of complex textures. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2023; 79:515-526. [PMID: 37855136 PMCID: PMC10626654 DOI: 10.1107/s205327332300863x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of small-angle scattering tensor tomography has enabled the study of anisotropic nanostructures in a volume-resolved manner. It is of great value to have reconstruction methods that can handle many different nanostructural symmetries. For such a method to be employed by researchers from a wide range of backgrounds, it is crucial that its reliance on prior knowledge about the system is minimized, and that it is robust under various conditions. Here, a method is presented that employs band-limited spherical functions to enable the reconstruction of reciprocal-space maps of a wide variety of nanostructures. This method has been thoroughly tested and compared with existing methods in its ability to retrieve known reciprocal-space maps, as well as its robustness to changes in initial conditions, using both simulations and experimental data. It has also been evaluated for its computational performance. The anchoring of this method in a framework of integral geometry and linear algebra highlights its possibilities and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard C. Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manuel Guizar-Sicairos
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Erhart P, Rahm JM. The Wulff construction goes low-symmetry. Nat Mater 2023; 22:941-942. [PMID: 36443575 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - J Magnus Rahm
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Compular AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Fojt J, Rossi TP, Kuisma M, Erhart P. Hot-Carrier Transfer across a Nanoparticle-Molecule Junction: The Importance of Orbital Hybridization and Level Alignment. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8786-8792. [PMID: 36200744 PMCID: PMC9650767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While direct hot-carrier transfer can increase photocatalytic activity, it is difficult to discern experimentally and competes with several other mechanisms. To shed light on these aspects, here, we model from first-principles hot-carrier generation across the interface between plasmonic nanoparticles and a CO molecule. The hot-electron transfer probability depends nonmonotonically on the nanoparticle-molecule distance and can be effective at long distances, even before a strong chemical bond can form; hot-hole transfer on the other hand is limited to shorter distances. These observations can be explained by the energetic alignment between molecular and nanoparticle states as well as the excitation frequency. The hybridization of the molecular orbitals is the key predictor for hot-carrier transfer in these systems, emphasizing the necessity of ground state hybridization for accurate predictions. Finally, we show a nontrivial dependence of the hot-carrier distribution on the excitation energy, which could be exploited when optimizing photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens
Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Fan Z, Wang Y, Ying P, Song K, Wang J, Wang Y, Zeng Z, Xu K, Lindgren E, Rahm JM, Gabourie AJ, Liu J, Dong H, Wu J, Chen Y, Zhong Z, Sun J, Erhart P, Su Y, Ala-Nissila T. GPUMD: A package for constructing accurate machine-learned potentials and performing highly efficient atomistic simulations. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:114801. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present our latest advancements of machine-learned potentials (MLPs) based on the neuroevolution potential (NEP) framework introduced in [Fan et al., Phys. Rev. B 104, 104309 (2021)] and their implementation in the open-source package GPUMD.We increase the accuracy of NEP models both by improving the radial functions in the atomic-environment descriptor using a linear combination of Chebyshev basis functions and by extending the angular descriptor with some four-body and five-body contributions as in the atomic cluster expansion approach.We also detail our efficient implementation of the NEP approach in graphics processing units as well as our workflow for the construction of NEP models, and we demonstrate their application in large-scale atomistic simulations.By comparing to state-of-the-art MLPs, we show that the NEP approach not only achieves above-average accuracy but also is far more computationally efficient.These results demonstrate that the GPUMD package is a promising tool for solving challenging problems requiring highly accurate, large-scale atomistic simulations.To enable the construction of MLPs using a minimal training set, we propose an active-learning scheme based on the latent space of a pre-trained NEP model.Finally, we introduce three separate Python packages, GPYUMD, CALORINE, and PYNEP, which enable the integration of GPUMD into Python workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Fan
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Bohai University, China
| | | | - Penghua Ying
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, China
| | - Keke Song
- University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Ke Xu
- Xiamen University, Xiamen University, China
| | | | | | | | - Jiahui Liu
- University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianyang Wu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, China
| | | | - Yanjing Su
- Corrosion and Protection Center, Key Laboratory for Environmental Fracture (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
| | - Tapio Ala-Nissila
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University Department of Applied Physics, Finland
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12
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Kuisma M, Rousseaux B, Czajkowski KM, Rossi TP, Shegai T, Erhart P, Antosiewicz TJ. Ultrastrong Coupling of a Single Molecule to a Plasmonic Nanocavity: A First-Principles Study. ACS Photonics 2022; 9:1065-1077. [PMID: 35308405 PMCID: PMC8931765 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastrong coupling (USC) is a distinct regime of light-matter interaction in which the coupling strength is comparable to the resonance energy of the cavity or emitter. In the USC regime, common approximations to quantum optical Hamiltonians, such as the rotating wave approximation, break down as the ground state of the coupled system gains photonic character due to admixing of vacuum states with higher excited states, leading to ground-state energy changes. USC is usually achieved by collective coherent coupling of many quantum emitters to a single mode cavity, whereas USC with a single molecule remains challenging. Here, we show by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations that a single organic molecule can reach USC with a plasmonic dimer, consisting of a few hundred atoms. In this context, we discuss the capacity of TDDFT to represent strong coupling and its connection to the quantum optical Hamiltonian. We find that USC leads to appreciable ground-state energy modifications accounting for a non-negligible part of the total interaction energy, comparable to k B T at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Kuisma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Benjamin Rousseaux
- Laboratoire
de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université,
Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Brorsson J, Hashemi A, Fan Z, Fransson E, Eriksson F, Ala‐Nissila T, Krasheninnikov AV, Komsa H, Erhart P. Efficient Calculation of the Lattice Thermal Conductivity by Atomistic Simulations with Ab Initio Accuracy. Advcd Theory and Sims 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Brorsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg SE‐412 96 Sweden
| | - Arsalan Hashemi
- Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P.O. Box 11100 Aalto 00076 Finland
| | - Zheyong Fan
- Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P.O. Box 11100 Aalto 00076 Finland
- School of Mathematics and Physics Bohai University Jinzhou Liaoning 121013 China
| | - Erik Fransson
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology SE‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Fredrik Eriksson
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology SE‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Tapio Ala‐Nissila
- QTF Centre of Excellence Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P.O. Box 11100 Aalto 00076 Finland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Department of Mathematical Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
| | - Arkady V. Krasheninnikov
- Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P.O. Box 11100 Aalto 00076 Finland
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf Dresden 01328 Germany
| | - Hannu‐Pekka Komsa
- Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P.O. Box 11100 Aalto 00076 Finland
- Microelectronics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology SE‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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14
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Zhang Y, Brorsson J, Kamiyama T, Saito T, Erhart P, Palmqvist AEC. Investigating the Chemical Ordering in Quaternary Clathrate Ba 8Al xGa 16-xGe 30. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16977-16985. [PMID: 34730983 PMCID: PMC8596372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recently, there has
been an increased interest in quaternary clathrate
systems as promising thermoelectric materials. Because of their increased
complexity, however, the chemical ordering in the host framework of
quaternary clathrates has not yet been comprehensively analyzed. Here,
we have synthesized a prototypical quaternary type-I clathrate Ba8AlxGa16–xGe30 by Czochralski and flux methods, and we employed
a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction along with atomic scale
simulations to investigate chemical ordering in this material. We
show that the site occupancy factors of trivalent elements at the
6c site differ, depending on the synthesis method,
which can be attributed to the level of equilibration. The flux-grown
samples are consistent with the simulated high-temperature disordered
configuration, while the degree of ordering for the Czochralski sample
lies between the ground state and the high-temperature state. Moreover,
we demonstrate that the atomic displacement parameters of the Ba atoms
in the larger tetrakaidecahedral cages are related to chemical ordering.
Specifically, Ba atoms are either displaced toward the periphery or
localized at the cage centers. Consequently, this study reveals key
relationships between the chemical ordering in the quaternary clathrates
Ba8AlxGa16–xGe30 and the structural properties, thereby
offering new perspectives on designing these materials and optimizing
their thermoelectric properties. The chemical
ordering of quaternary clathrate Ba8AlxGa16−xGe30 is
determined, showing that the Al occupation
at the 6c site differs explicitly, depending on the
synthesis methods. It is further corroborated by the theoretical calculations
that the flux-grown samples are consistent with the simulated high-temperature
disordered configuration, while the degree of ordering for the Czochralski
sample lies between the ground state and the high-temperature state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Brorsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki319-1106, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki319-1106, Japan.,SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders E C Palmqvist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Hultmark S, Cravcenco A, Kushwaha K, Mallick S, Erhart P, Börjesson K, Müller C. Vitrification of octonary perylene mixtures with ultralow fragility. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/29/eabi4659. [PMID: 34272241 PMCID: PMC8284888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong glass formers with a low fragility are highly sought-after because of the technological importance of vitrification. In the case of organic molecules and polymers, the lowest fragility values have been reported for single-component materials. Here, we establish that mixing of organic molecules can result in a marked reduction in fragility. Individual bay-substituted perylene derivatives display a high fragility of more than 70. Instead, slowly cooled perylene mixtures with more than three components undergo a liquid-liquid transition and turn into a strong glass former. Octonary perylene mixtures display a fragility of 13 ± 2, which not only is a record low value for organic molecules but also lies below values reported for the strongest known inorganic glass formers. Our work opens an avenue for the design of ultrastrong organic glass formers, which can be anticipated to find use in pharmaceutical science and organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alex Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Suman Mallick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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16
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Ibragimova R, Erhart P, Rinke P, Komsa HP. Surface Functionalization of 2D MXenes: Trends in Distribution, Composition, and Electronic Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2377-2384. [PMID: 33657317 PMCID: PMC8041312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Using a multiscale computational scheme, we study the trends in distribution and composition of the surface functional groups -O, -OH, and -F on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes). We consider Ti2N, Ti4N3, Nb2C, Nb4C3, Ti2C, and Ti3C2 to explore MXenes with different chemistry and different number of atomic layers. Using a combination of cluster expansion, Monte Carlo, and density functional theory methods, we study the distribution and composition of functional groups at experimentally relevant conditions. We show that mixtures of functional groups are favorable on all studied MXene surfaces. The distribution of functional groups appears to be largely independent of the type of metal, carbon, or nitrogen species and/or number of atomic layers in the MXene. We further show that some properties (e.g., the work function) strongly depend on the surface composition, while others, for example, the electric conductivity, exhibit only a weak dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Ibragimova
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrick Rinke
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hannu-Pekka Komsa
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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17
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Fojt J, Rossi TP, Antosiewicz TJ, Kuisma M, Erhart P. Dipolar coupling of nanoparticle-molecule assemblies: An efficient approach for studying strong coupling. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094109. [PMID: 33685155 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interactions facilitate not only emerging applications in quantum and non-linear optics but also modifications of properties of materials. In particular, the latter possibility has spurred the development of advanced theoretical techniques that can accurately capture both quantum optical and quantum chemical degrees of freedom. These methods are, however, computationally very demanding, which limits their application range. Here, we demonstrate that the optical spectra of nanoparticle-molecule assemblies, including strong coupling effects, can be predicted with good accuracy using a subsystem approach, in which the response functions of different units are coupled only at the dipolar level. We demonstrate this approach by comparison with previous time-dependent density functional theory calculations for fully coupled systems of Al nanoparticles and benzene molecules. While the present study only considers few-particle systems, the approach can be readily extended to much larger systems and to include explicit optical-cavity modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fojt
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuomas P Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Fant M, Ångqvist M, Hellman A, Erhart P. To Every Rule There is an Exception: A Rational Extension of Loewenstein's Rule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5132-5135. [PMID: 33315307 PMCID: PMC7986852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Loewenstein's rule, which states that Al-O-Al motifs are energetically unstable, is fundamental to the understanding and design of zeolites. Here, using a combination of electronic structure calculations and lattice models, we show under which circumstances this rule becomes invalid and how it can be rationally extended using the chabasite framework for demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Fant
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ångqvist
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hellman
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Fant M, Ångqvist M, Hellman A, Erhart P. To Every Rule There is an Exception: A Rational Extension of Loewenstein's Rule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Fant
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mattias Ångqvist
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anders Hellman
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
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20
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Abstract
Trends in atomic properties are well-established tools for guiding the analysis and discovery of materials. Here, we show how compression can reveal a long sought-after connection between two central chemical concepts - van-der-Waals (vdW) radii and electronegativity - and how these relate to the driving forces behind chemical and physical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Roberto Cammi
- Department of Chemical Science, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parma Italy
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21
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Fransson E, Slabanja M, Erhart P, Wahnström G. dynasor
—A Tool for Extracting Dynamical Structure Factors and Current Correlation Functions from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Adv Theory Simul 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Fransson
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology S‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mattias Slabanja
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology S‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology S‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Göran Wahnström
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology S‐412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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22
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Brem S, Linderälv C, Erhart P, Malic E. Tunable Phases of Moiré Excitons in van der Waals Heterostructures. Nano Lett 2020; 20:8534-8540. [PMID: 32970445 PMCID: PMC7729935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stacking monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides into a heterostructure with a finite twist-angle gives rise to artificial moiré superlattices with a tunable periodicity. As a consequence, excitons experience a periodic potential, which can be exploited to tailor optoelectronic properties of these materials. Whereas recent experimental studies have confirmed twist-angle-dependent optical spectra, the microscopic origin of moiré exciton resonances has not been fully clarified yet. Here, we combine first-principles calculations with the excitonic density matrix formalism to study transitions between different moiré exciton phases and their impact on optical properties of the twisted MoSe2/WSe2 heterostructure. At angles smaller than 2°, we find flat, moiré-trapped states for inter- and intralayer excitons. This moiré exciton phase changes into completely delocalized states at 3°. We predict a linear and quadratic twist-angle dependence of excitonic resonances for the moiré-trapped and delocalized exciton phases, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brem
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ermin Malic
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Rahm M, Ångqvist M, Rahm JM, Erhart P, Cammi R. Non-Bonded Radii of the Atoms Under Compression. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2441-2453. [PMID: 32896974 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present quantum mechanical estimates for non-bonded, van der Waals-like, radii of 93 atoms in a pressure range from 0 to 300 gigapascal. Trends in radii are largely maintained under pressure, but atoms also change place in their relative size ordering. Multiple isobaric contractions of radii are predicted and are explained by pressure-induced changes to the electronic ground state configurations of the atoms. The presented radii are predictive of drastically different chemistry under high pressure and permit an extension of chemical thinking to different thermodynamic regimes. For example, they can aid in assignment of bonded and non-bonded contacts, for distinguishing molecular entities, and for estimating available space inside compressed materials. All data has been made available in an interactive web application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ångqvist
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Magnus Rahm
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roberto Cammi
- Department of Chemical Science, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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24
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Rossi TP, Erhart P, Kuisma M. Hot-Carrier Generation in Plasmonic Nanoparticles: The Importance of Atomic Structure. ACS Nano 2020; 14:9963-9971. [PMID: 32687311 PMCID: PMC7458472 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are attractive for plasmon-enhanced generation of hot carriers, which may be harnessed in photochemical reactions. In this work, we analyze the coherent femtosecond dynamics of photon absorption, plasmon formation, and subsequent hot-carrier generation through plasmon dephasing using first-principles simulations. We predict the energetic and spatial hot-carrier distributions in small metal nanoparticles and show that the distribution of hot electrons is very sensitive to the local structure. Our results show that surface sites exhibit enhanced hot-electron generation in comparison to the bulk of the nanoparticle. Although the details of the distribution depend on particle size and shape, as a general trend, lower-coordinated surface sites such as corners, edges, and {100} facets exhibit a higher proportion of hot electrons than higher-coordinated surface sites such as {111} facets or the core sites. The present results thereby demonstrate how hot carriers could be tailored by careful design of atomic-scale structures in nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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25
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Eklöf-Österberg J, Löfgren J, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K. Understanding Interactions Driving the Template-Directed Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanoparticles at Surfaces. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2020; 124:4660-4667. [PMID: 32140202 PMCID: PMC7050997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlled deposition of colloidal nanoparticles using self-assembly is a promising technique for, for example, manufacturing of miniaturized electronics, and it bridges the gap between top-down and bottom-up methods. However, selecting materials and geometry of the target surface for optimal deposition results presents a significant challenge. Here, we describe a predictive framework based on the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory that allows rational design of colloidal nanoparticle deposition setups. The framework is demonstrated for a model system consisting of gold nanoparticles stabilized by trisodium citrate that are directed toward prefabricated sub-100 nm features on a silicon substrate. Experimental results for the model system are presented in conjunction with theoretical analysis to assess its reliability. It is shown that three-dimensional, nickel-coated structures are well suited for attracting gold nanoparticles and that optimization of the feature geometry based on the proposed framework leads to a systematic improvement in the number of successfully deposited particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnas Eklöf-Österberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Joakim Löfgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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26
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Ye C, Gray V, Kushwaha K, Kumar Singh S, Erhart P, Börjesson K. Optimizing photon upconversion by decoupling excimer formation and triplet triplet annihilation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1715-1720. [PMID: 31895392 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06561j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Perylene is a promising annihilator candidate for triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion, which has been successfully used in solar cells and in photocatalysis. Perylene can, however, form excimers, reducing the energy conversion efficiency and hindering further development of TTA-UC systems. Alkyl substitution of perylene can suppress excimer formation, but decelerate triplet energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation at the same time. Our results show that mono-substitution with small alkyl groups selectively blocks excimer formation without severly compromising the TTA-UC efficiency. The experimental results are complemented by DFT calculations, which demonstrate that excimer formation is suppressed by steric repulsion. The results demonstrate how the chemical structure can be modified to block unwanted intermolecular excited state relaxation pathways with minimal effect on the preferred ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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27
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Rossi TP, Shegai T, Erhart P, Antosiewicz TJ. Strong plasmon-molecule coupling at the nanoscale revealed by first-principles modeling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3336. [PMID: 31350397 PMCID: PMC6659639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interactions in both the single-emitter and collective strong coupling regimes attract significant attention due to emerging applications in quantum and nonlinear optics as well as opportunities for modifying material-related properties. Exploration of these phenomena is theoretically demanding, as polaritons exist at the intersection between quantum optics, solid state physics, and quantum chemistry. Fortunately, nanoscale polaritons can be realized in small plasmon-molecule systems, enabling treatment with ab initio methods. Here, we show that time-dependent density-functional theory calculations access the physics of nanoscale plasmon-molecule hybrids and predict vacuum Rabi splitting. By considering a system comprising a few-hundred-atom aluminum nanoparticle interacting with benzene molecules, we show that cavity quantum electrodynamics holds down to resonators of a few cubic nanometers in size, yielding a single-molecule coupling strength exceeding 200 meV due to a massive vacuum field of 4.5 V · nm−1. In a broader perspective, ab initio methods enable parameter-free in-depth studies of polaritonic systems for emerging applications. Light-matter interaction is described by many different approaches and approximations depending on the coupling strength. Here the authors model a plasmonic system of aluminum nanoparticle interacting with benzene molecules using TDDFT and show its validity to a strong plasmon-molecule coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas P Rossi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Ångqvist M, Muñoz WA, Rahm JM, Fransson E, Durniak C, Rozyczko P, Rod TH, Erhart P. ICET – A Python Library for Constructing and Sampling Alloy Cluster Expansions. Adv Theory Simul 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Ångqvist
- Chalmers University of TechnologyDepartment of PhysicsGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - William A. Muñoz
- Chalmers University of TechnologyDepartment of PhysicsGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - J. Magnus Rahm
- Chalmers University of TechnologyDepartment of PhysicsGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Erik Fransson
- Chalmers University of TechnologyDepartment of PhysicsGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Céline Durniak
- Data Management and Software CentreEuropean Spallation Source2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Piotr Rozyczko
- Data Management and Software CentreEuropean Spallation Source2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Thomas H. Rod
- Data Management and Software CentreEuropean Spallation Source2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Paul Erhart
- Chalmers University of TechnologyDepartment of PhysicsGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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29
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Kumar PV, Rossi TP, Marti-Dafcik D, Reichmuth D, Kuisma M, Erhart P, Puska MJ, Norris DJ. Plasmon-Induced Direct Hot-Carrier Transfer at Metal-Acceptor Interfaces. ACS Nano 2019; 13:3188-3195. [PMID: 30768238 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-induced hot-carrier transfer from a metal nanostructure to an acceptor is known to occur via two key mechanisms: (i) indirect transfer, where the hot carriers are produced in the metal nanostructure and subsequently transferred to the acceptor, and (ii) direct transfer, where the plasmons decay by directly exciting carriers from the metal to the acceptor. Unfortunately, an atomic-level understanding of the direct-transfer process, especially with regard to its quantification, remains elusive even though it is estimated to be more efficient compared to the indirect-transfer process. This is due to experimental challenges in separating direct from indirect transfer as both processes occur simultaneously at femtosecond time scales. Here, we employ time-dependent density-functional theory simulations to isolate and study the direct-transfer process at a model metal-acceptor (Ag147-Cd33Se33) interface. Our simulations show that, for a 10 fs Gaussian laser pulse tuned to the plasmon frequency, the plasmon formed in the Ag147-Cd33Se33 system decays within 10 fs and induces the direct transfer with a probability of about 40%. We decompose the direct-transfer process further and demonstrate that the direct injection of both electrons and holes into the acceptor, termed direct hot-electron transfer (DHET) and direct hot-hole transfer (DHHT), takes place with similar probabilities of about 20% each. Finally, effective strategies to control and tune the probabilities of DHET and DHHT processes are proposed. We envision our work to provide guidelines toward the design of metal-acceptor interfaces that enable more efficient plasmonic hot-carrier devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank V Kumar
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Tuomas P Rossi
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Daniel Marti-Dafcik
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Reichmuth
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Martti J Puska
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - David J Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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30
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Kushwaha K, Yu L, Stranius K, Singh SK, Hultmark S, Iqbal MN, Eriksson L, Johnston E, Erhart P, Müller C, Börjesson K. A Record Chromophore Density in High-Entropy Liquids of Two Low-Melting Perylenes: A New Strategy for Liquid Chromophores. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1801650. [PMID: 30828534 PMCID: PMC6382313 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromophores constitute a rare but intriguing class of molecules that are in high demand for the design of luminescent inks, liquid semiconductors, and solar energy storage materials. The most common way to achieve liquid chromophores involves the introduction of long alkyl chains, which, however, significantly reduces the chromophore density. Here, strategy is presented that allows for the preparation of liquid chromophores with a minimal increase in molecular weight, using the important class of perylenes as an example. Two synergistic effects are harnessed: (1) the judicious positioning of short alkyl substituents, and (2) equimolar mixing, which in unison results in a liquid material. A series of 1-alkyl perylene derivatives is synthesized and it is found that short ethyl or butyl chains reduce the melting temperature from 278 °C to as little as 70 °C. Then, two low-melting derivatives are mixed, which results in materials that do not crystallize due to the increased configurational entropy of the system. As a result, liquid chromophores with the lowest reported molecular weight increase compared to the neat chromophore are obtained. The mixing strategy is readily applicable to other π-conjugated systems and, hence, promises to yield a wide range of low molecular weight liquid chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Kati Stranius
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of PhysicsMaterials and Surface Theory DivisionChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Muhammad Naeem Iqbal
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Eric Johnston
- Sigrid Therapeutics ABSankt Göransgatan 159112 17StockholmSweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of PhysicsMaterials and Surface Theory DivisionChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 441296GothenburgSweden
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31
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Eriksson F, Fransson E, Erhart P. The Hiphive Package for the Extraction of High‐Order Force Constants by Machine Learning. Adv Theory Simul 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Eriksson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Erik Fransson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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32
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Mansø M, Kilde MD, Singh SK, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Dithiafulvene derivatized donor-acceptor norbornadienes with redshifted absorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3092-3097. [PMID: 30672939 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of norbornadiene (N) to its metastable isomer quadricyclane (Q) has attracted interest as a strategy for harvesting and storing solar energy. For this strategy to mature the absorption maximum of N has to be moved from the UV to the visible region. Here we show that functionalization of the system with dithiafulvene (DTF) electron donors causes remarkable redshifts of various N derivatives. Thus, some derivatives were found to absorb light with an absorption onset up to 556 nm. The incorporation of DTF units comes, however, with a drawback with regard to achieving reversible N-to-Q and Q-to-N isomerizations. For some derivatives, the photoisomerization was completely quenched. The compounds were subjected to a computational study to shed light on the underlying reason for this reluctance to undergo photoisomerization. The computational study revealed that in these systems, the first excited state (S1) is positioned close to or lower than the transition state for photoconversion, effectively blocking a possible conversion to Q, thus revealing a practical challenge for the future design of N-Q energy storage systems with an improved solar spectrum match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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33
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Abstract
An ab initio computational study of direct hot-carrier transfer at metal–molecule interfaces with relevance to plasmonic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank V. Kumar
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory
- ETH Zurich
- 8092 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Tuomas P. Rossi
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- 40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - David J. Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory
- ETH Zurich
- 8092 Zurich
- Switzerland
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34
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Shafeie S, Guo S, Erhart P, Hu Q, Palmqvist A. Balancing Scattering Channels: A Panoscopic Approach toward Zero Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Using High-Entropy Alloys. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1805392. [PMID: 30407664 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Designing alloys with an accurate temperature-independent electrical response over a wide temperature range, specifically a low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), remains a big challenge from a material design point of view. More than a century after their discovery, Constantan (Cu-Ni) and Manganin (Cu-Mn-Ni) alloys remain the top choice for strain gauge applications and high-quality resistors up to 473-573 K. Here, an average TCR is demonstrated that is up to ≈800 times smaller in the temperature range 5-300 K and >800 times smaller than for any of these standard materials over a wide temperature range (5 K < T < 1200 K). This is achieved for selected compositions of Alx CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs), for which a strong correlation of the ultralow TCR is established with the underlying microstructure and its local composition. The exceptionally low electron-phonon coupling expected in these HEAs is crucial for developing novel devices, e.g., hot-electron detectors, high-Q resonant antennas, and materials in gravitational wave detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrand Shafeie
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qiang Hu
- Institute of Applied Physics, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
| | - Anders Palmqvist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Jevric M, Petersen AU, Mansø M, Kumar Singh S, Wang Z, Dreos A, Sumby C, Nielsen MB, Börjesson K, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K. Cover Feature: Norbornadiene-Based Photoswitches with Exceptional Combination of Solar Spectrum Match and Long-Term Energy Storage (Chem. Eur. J. 49/2018). Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anne U. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Sumby
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; SA 5005 Australia
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; 41296 Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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36
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Jevric M, Petersen AU, Mansø M, Kumar Singh S, Wang Z, Dreos A, Sumby C, Nielsen MB, Börjesson K, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K. Norbornadiene-Based Photoswitches with Exceptional Combination of Solar Spectrum Match and Long-Term Energy Storage. Chemistry 2018; 24:12767-12772. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anne U. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Sumby
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; SA 5005 Australia
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; 41296 Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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37
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Mansø M, Petersen AU, Wang Z, Erhart P, Nielsen MB, Moth-Poulsen K. Molecular solar thermal energy storage in photoswitch oligomers increases energy densities and storage times. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1945. [PMID: 29769524 PMCID: PMC5956078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches can be used for solar thermal energy storage by photoisomerization into high-energy, meta-stable isomers; we present a molecular design strategy leading to photoswitches with high energy densities and long storage times. High measured energy densities of up to 559 kJ kg−1 (155 Wh kg−1), long storage lifetimes up to 48.5 days, and high quantum yields of conversion of up to 94% per subunit are demonstrated in norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) photo-/thermoswitch couples incorporated into dimeric and trimeric structures. By changing the linker unit between the NBD units, we can at the same time fine-tune light-harvesting and energy densities of the dimers and trimers so that they exceed those of their monomeric analogs. These new oligomers thereby meet several of the criteria to be met for an optimum molecule to ultimately enter actual devices being able to undergo closed cycles of solar light-harvesting, energy storage, and heat release. Molecular solar thermal systems are promising for storing solar energy but achieving high energy storage densities and absorption characteristics matching the solar spectrum is challenging. Here the authors present a design strategy for electronically coupled photoswitches which allow for high energy density storage for solar energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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38
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Berghäuser G, Bernal-Villamil I, Schmidt R, Schneider R, Niehues I, Erhart P, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Bratschitsch R, Knorr A, Malic E. Inverted valley polarization in optically excited transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat Commun 2018; 9:971. [PMID: 29511185 PMCID: PMC5840402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large spin-orbit coupling in combination with circular dichroism allows access to spin-polarized and valley-polarized states in a controlled way in transition metal dichalcogenides. The promising application in spin-valleytronics devices requires a thorough understanding of intervalley coupling mechanisms, which determine the lifetime of spin and valley polarizations. Here we present a joint theory-experiment study shedding light on the Dexter-like intervalley coupling. We reveal that this mechanism couples A and B excitonic states in different valleys, giving rise to an efficient intervalley transfer of coherent exciton populations. We demonstrate that the valley polarization vanishes and is even inverted for A excitons, when the B exciton is resonantly excited and vice versa. Our theoretical findings are supported by energy-resolved and valley-resolved pump-probe experiments and also provide an explanation for the recently measured up-conversion in photoluminescence. The gained insights might help to develop strategies to overcome the intrinsic limit for spin and valley polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Berghäuser
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden.
| | - Ivan Bernal-Villamil
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Iris Niehues
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Ermin Malic
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
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39
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Abstract
Wide band gap oxides are versatile materials with numerous applications in research and technology. Many properties of these materials are intimately related to defects, with the most important defect being the oxygen vacancy. Here, using electronic structure calculations, we show that the charge transition level (CTL) and eigenstates associated with oxygen vacancies, which to a large extent determine their electronic properties, are confined to a rather narrow energy range, even while band gap and the electronic structure of the conduction band vary substantially. Vacancies are classified according to their character (deep versus shallow), which shows that the alignment of electronic eigenenergies and CTL can be understood in terms of the transition between cavity-like localized levels in the large band gap limit and strong coupling between conduction band and vacancy states for small to medium band gaps. We consider both conventional and hybrid functionals and demonstrate that the former yields results in very good agreement with the latter provided that band edge alignment is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Lindman
- Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Physics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Physics, Gothenburg, Sweden
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40
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Brandt T, Kloss M, Lindner A, Erhart P, Grond-Ginsbach C, Engelter ST. Cervical artery dissection in two monozygotic twin-pairs. Eur J Neurol 2017; 25:e1-e2. [PMID: 29271581 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Brandt
- Suva/Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - M Kloss
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| | - A Lindner
- Neurology Department, Marienhospital, Stuttgart
| | - P Erhart
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - S T Engelter
- University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation, Felix Platter Hospital, Basel.,Department of Neurology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Rossi TP, Kuisma M, Puska MJ, Nieminen RM, Erhart P. Kohn–Sham Decomposition in Real-Time Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory: An Efficient Tool for Analyzing Plasmonic Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4779-4790. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas P. Rossi
- COMP
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martti J. Puska
- COMP
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Risto M. Nieminen
- COMP
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Abstract
In the pursuit of complete control over morphology in nanoparticle synthesis, knowledge of the thermodynamic equilibrium shapes is a key ingredient. While approaches exist to determine the equilibrium shape in the large size limit (≳10-20 nm) as well as for very small particles (≲2 nm), the experimentally increasingly important intermediate size regime has largely remained elusive. Here, we present an algorithm, based on atomistic simulations in a constrained thermodynamic ensemble, that efficiently predicts equilibrium shapes for any number of atoms in the range from a few tens to many thousands of atoms. We apply the algorithm to Cu, Ag, Au, and Pd particles with diameters between approximately 1 and 7 nm and reveal an energy landscape that is more intricate than previously suggested. The thus obtained particle type distributions demonstrate that the transition from icosahedral particles to decahedral and further into truncated octahedral particles occurs only very gradually, which has implications for the interpretation of experimental data. The approach presented here is extensible to alloys and can in principle also be adapted to represent different chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magnus Rahm
- Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Physics, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Physics, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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43
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Gray V, Dreos A, Erhart P, Albinsson B, Moth-Poulsen K, Abrahamsson M. Loss channels in triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion: importance of annihilator singlet and triplet surface shapes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10931-10939. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Differences in triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion efficiencies between structurally similar annihilators can be understood in terms of singlet and triplet surface shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
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44
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Quant M, Lennartson A, Dreos A, Kuisma M, Erhart P, Börjesson K, Moth-Poulsen K. Low Molecular Weight Norbornadiene Derivatives for Molecular Solar-Thermal Energy Storage. Chemistry 2016; 22:13265-74. [PMID: 27492997 PMCID: PMC5096010 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular solar‐thermal energy storage systems are based on molecular switches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and computational evaluation of a series of low molecular weight (193–260 g mol−1) norbornadiene–quadricyclane systems. The molecules feature cyano acceptor and ethynyl‐substituted aromatic donor groups, leading to a good match with solar irradiation, quantitative photo‐thermal conversion between the norbornadiene and quadricyclane, as well as high energy storage densities (396–629 kJ kg−1). The spectroscopic properties and energy storage capability have been further evaluated through density functional theory calculations, which indicate that the ethynyl moiety plays a critical role in obtaining the high oscillator strengths seen for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lennartson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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45
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Kuisma M, Lundin A, Moth-Poulsen K, Hyldgaard P, Erhart P. Optimization of Norbornadiene Compounds for Solar Thermal Storage by First-Principles Calculations. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:1786-1794. [PMID: 27254282 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of storing solar energy are interesting candidates for future renewable energy applications. Here, using quantum mechanical calculations, we carry out a systematic screening of crucial optical (solar spectrum match) and thermal (storage energy density) properties of 64 such compounds based on the norbornadiene-quadricyclane system. Whereas a substantial number of these molecules reach the theoretical maximum solar power conversion efficiency, this requires a strong red-shift of the absorption spectrum, which causes undesirable absorption by the photoisomer as well as reduced thermal stability. These compounds typically also have a large molecular mass, leading to low storage densities. By contrast, single-substituted systems achieve a good compromise between efficiency and storage density, while avoiding competing absorption by the photo-isomer. This establishes guiding principles for the future development of molecular solar thermal storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lundin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Hyldgaard
- Department of Microtechnology and Nano Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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46
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Löfgren J, Grönbeck H, Moth-Poulsen K, Erhart P. Understanding the Phase Diagram of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiolates on Gold. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2016; 120:12059-12067. [PMID: 27313813 PMCID: PMC4904245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Alkanethiolate monolayers on gold are important both for applications in nanoscience as well as fundamental studies of adsorption and self-assembly at metal surfaces. While considerable experimental effort has been put into understanding the phase diagram of these systems, theoretical work based on density functional theory (DFT) has long been hampered by the inability of conventional exchange-correlation functionals to describe dispersive interactions. In this work, we combine dispersion-corrected DFT calculations using the new vdW-DF-CX functional with the ab initio thermodynamics method to study the stability of dense standing-up and low-coverage lying-down phases on Au(111). We demonstrate that the lying-down phase has a thermodynamic region of stability starting from thiolates with alkyl chains consisting of n ≈ 3 methylene units. This phase emerges as a consequence of a competition between dispersive chain-chain and chain-substrate interactions, where the strength of the latter varies more strongly with n. A phase diagram is derived under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, detailing the phase transition temperatures of the system as a function of the chain length. The present work illustrates that accurate ab initio modeling of dispersive interactions is both feasible and essential for describing self-assembled monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Löfgren
- Department of Physics and Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- E-mail ; Phone 0046317722902 (J.L.)
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Physics and Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics and Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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47
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Kuisma MJ, Lundin AM, Moth-Poulsen K, Hyldgaard P, Erhart P. Comparative Ab-Initio Study of Substituted Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Compounds for Solar Thermal Storage. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2016; 120:3635-3645. [PMID: 26966476 PMCID: PMC4780837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches that are capable of storing solar energy, so-called molecular solar thermal storage systems, are interesting candidates for future renewable energy applications. In this context, substituted norbornadiene-quadricyclane systems have received renewed interest due to recent advances in their synthesis. The optical, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties of these systems can vary dramatically depending on the chosen substituents. The molecular design of optimal compounds therefore requires a detailed understanding of the effect of individual substituents as well as their interplay. Here, we model absorption spectra, potential energy storage, and thermal barriers for back-conversion of several substituted systems using both single-reference (density functional theory using PBE, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, M06, M06-2x, and M06-L functionals as well as MP2 calculations) and multireference methods (complete active space techniques). Already the diaryl substituted compound displays a strong red-shift compared to the unsubstituted system, which is shown to result from the extension of the conjugated π-system upon substitution. Using specific donor/acceptor groups gives rise to a further albeit relatively smaller red-shift. The calculated storage energy is found to be rather insensitive to the specific substituents, although solvent effects are likely to be important and require further study. The barrier for thermal back-conversion exhibits strong multireference character and as a result is noticeably correlated with the red-shift. Two possible reaction paths for the thermal back-conversion of diaryl substituted quadricyclane are identified and it is shown that among the compounds considered the path via the acceptor side is systematically favored. Finally, the present study establishes the basis for high-throughput screening of norbornadiene-quadricyclane compounds as it provides guidelines for the level of accuracy that can be expected for key properties from several different techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J. Kuisma
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- E-mail:
| | - Angelica M. Lundin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Hyldgaard
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- E-mail:
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48
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Mendaza ADDZ, Melianas A, Rossbauer S, Bäcke O, Nordstierna L, Erhart P, Olsson E, Anthopoulos TD, Inganäs O, Müller C. High-Entropy Mixtures of Pristine Fullerenes for Solution-Processed Transistors and Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2015; 27:7325-7331. [PMID: 26460821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of pristine fullerenes can be enhanced by mixing C60 and C70 due to the associated increase in configurational entropy. This "entropic dissolution" allows the preparation of field-effect transistors with an electron mobility of 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and polymer solar cells with a highly reproducible power-conversion efficiency of 6%, as well as a thermally stable active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Diaz de Zerio Mendaza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Armantas Melianas
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stephan Rossbauer
- Department of Physics and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, SW7 2BW, London, UK
| | - Olof Bäcke
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Nordstierna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and Center for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, SW7 2BW, London, UK
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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49
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Erhart P, Hyhlik-Dürr A, Geisbüsch P, Kotelis D, Müller-Eschner M, Gasser TC, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Böckler D. Finite element analysis in asymptomatic, symptomatic, and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: in search of new rupture risk predictors. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 49:239-45. [PMID: 25542592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare biomechanical rupture risk parameters of asymptomatic, symptomatic and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using finite element analysis (FEA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective biomechanical single center analysis of asymptomatic, symptomatic, and ruptured AAAs. Comparison of biomechanical parameters from FEA. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2011 to 2013 computed tomography angiography (CTA) data from 30 asymptomatic, 15 symptomatic, and 15 ruptured AAAs were collected consecutively. FEA was performed according to the successive steps of AAA vessel reconstruction, segmentation and finite element computation. Biomechanical parameters Peak Wall Rupture Risk Index (PWRI), Peak Wall Stress (PWS), and Rupture Risk Equivalent Diameter (RRED) were compared among the three subgroups. RESULTS PWRI differentiated between asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs (p < .0004) better than PWS (p < .1453). PWRI-dependent RRED was higher in the symptomatic subgroup compared with the asymptomatic subgroup (p < .0004). Maximum AAA external diameters were comparable between the two groups (p < .1355). Ruptured AAAs showed the highest values for external diameter, total intraluminal thrombus volume, PWS, RRED, and PWRI compared with asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs. In contrast with symptomatic and ruptured AAAs, none of the asymptomatic patients had a PWRI value >1.0. This threshold value might identify patients at imminent risk of rupture. CONCLUSIONS From different FEA derived parameters, PWRI distinguishes most precisely between asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs. If elevated, this value may represent a negative prognostic factor for asymptomatic AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Erhart
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Hyhlik-Dürr
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Geisbüsch
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Kotelis
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Müller-Eschner
- Department of Radiology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T C Gasser
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H von Tengg-Kobligk
- Department of Radiology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Böckler
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Erhart P, Wortmann M, Wieker C, Kovács B, Wehrmeister M, Böckler D. [Rare aortic diseases: infections, tumors, congenital anomalies]. Chirurg 2014; 85:800-5. [PMID: 25200629 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-014-2721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Congenital malformations, tumors and aortic infections are rare and mostly asymptomatic. Unspecific clinical symptoms may cause delayed verification of the underlying disease. Contrast enhanced computer tomography- and magnetic resonance angiography are important sectional imaging methods for diagnostic completion. Consistent guidelines concerning diagnosis and therapy of rare aortic diseases are non-existent. Aortic tumors must be resected by open surgery, aortic infections in general require medical treatment and anomalies, if indicated, are treated more and more by endovascular or hybrid procedures. Therefore, it is recommended to treat these entities in an interdisciplinary approach in specialized aortic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Erhart
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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