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Matuszewska O, Battisti T, Ferreira RR, Biot N, Demitri N, Mézière C, Allain M, Sallé M, Mañas-Valero S, Coronado E, Fresta E, Costa RD, Bonifazi D. Tweaking the Optoelectronic Properties of S-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Chemical Oxidation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203115. [PMID: 36333273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peri-thiaxanthenothiaxanthene, an S-doped analog of peri-xanthenoxanthene, is used as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) scaffold to tune the molecular semiconductor properties by editing the oxidation state of the S-atoms. Chemical oxidation of peri-thiaxanthenothiaxanthene with H2 O2 led to the relevant sulfoxide and sulfone congeners, whereas electrooxidation gave access to sulfonium-type derivatives forming crystalline mixed valence (MV) complexes. These complexes depicted peculiar molecular and solid-state arrangements with face-to-face π-π stacking organization. Photophysical studies showed a widening of the optical bandgap upon progressive oxidation of the S-atoms, with the bis-sulfone derivative displaying the largest value (E00 =2.99 eV). While peri-thiaxanthenothiaxanthene showed reversible oxidation properties, the sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives mainly showed reductive events, corroborating their n-type properties. Electric measurements of single crystals of the MV complexes exhibited a semiconducting behavior with a remarkably high conductivity at room temperature (10-1 -10-2 S cm-1 and 10-2 -10-3 S cm-1 for the O and S derivatives, respectively), one of the highest reported so far. Finally, the electroluminescence properties of the complexes were tested in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), obtaining the first S-doped mid-emitting PAH-based LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Matuszewska
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Tommaso Battisti
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Ruben R Ferreira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Biot
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cécile Mézière
- MOLTECH-Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Magali Allain
- MOLTECH-Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Marc Sallé
- MOLTECH-Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Elisa Fresta
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Lin YD, Lu CW, Su HC. Long-Wavelength Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Materials and Device Engineering. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202985. [PMID: 36346637 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-wavelength light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are potential deep-red and near infrared light sources with solution-processable simple device architecture, low-voltage operation, and compatibility with inert metal electrodes. Many scientific efforts have been made to material design and device engineering of the long-wavelength LECs over the past two decades. The materials designed the for long-wavelength LECs cover ionic transition metal complexes, small molecules, conjugated polymers, and perovskites. On the other hand, device engineering techniques, including spectral modification by adjusting microcavity effect, light outcoupling enhancement, energy down-conversion from color conversion layers, and adjusting intermolecular interactions, are also helpful in improving the device performance of long-wavelength LECs. In this review, recent advances in the long-wavelength LECs are reviewed from the viewpoints of materials and device engineering. Finally, discussions on conclusion and outlook indicate possible directions for future developments of the long-wavelength LECs. This review would like to pave the way for the researchers to design materials and device engineering techniques for the long-wavelength LECs in the applications of displays, bio-imaging, telecommunication, and night-vision displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ding Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Ching Su
- Institute of Lighting and Energy Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan
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Cavinato LM, Wölfl S, Pöthig A, Fresta E, Garino C, Fernandez-Cestau J, Barolo C, Costa RD. Multivariate Analysis Identifying [Cu(N^N)(P^P)] + Design and Device Architecture Enables First-Class Blue and White Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109228. [PMID: 35034407 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
White light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) comprising only [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ have not been reported yet, as all the attempts toward blue-emitting complexes failed. Multivariate analysis, based on prior-art [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -based thin-film lighting (>90 papers) and refined with computational calculations, identifies the best blue-emitting [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ design for LECs, that is, N^N: 2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine and P^P: 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene, to achieve predicted thin-film emission at 490 nm and device performance of 3.8 cd A-1 @170 cd m-2 . Validation comes from synthesis, X-ray structure, thin-film spectroscopic/microscopy/electrochemical characterization, and device optimization, realizing the first [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -based blue-LEC with 3.6 cd A-1 @180 cd m-2 . This represents a record performance compared to the state-of-the-art tricoordinate Cu(I)-complexes blue-LECs (0.17 cd A-1 @20 cd m-2 ). Versatility is confirmed with the synthesis of the analogous complex with 2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine (N^N), showing a close prediction/experiment match: λ = 590/580 nm; efficiency = 0.55/0.60 cd A-1 @30 cd m-2 . Finally, experimental design is applied to fabricate the best white multicomponent host:guest LEC, reducing the number of trial-error attempts toward the first white all-[Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -LECs with 0.6 cd A-1 @30 cd m-2 . This corresponds to approximately ten-fold enhancement compared to previous LECs (<0.05 cd A-1 @<12 cd m-2 ). Hence, this work sets in the first multivariate approach to design emitters/active layers, accomplishing first-class [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ -based blue/white LECs that were previously elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Cavinato
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Sarah Wölfl
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Elisa Fresta
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Julio Fernandez-Cestau
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, Turin, 10125, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Lungo Dora Siena 100, Turin, 10153, Italy
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315, Straubing, Germany
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Adsetts JR, Whitworth Z, Chu K, Yang L, Zhang C, Ding Z. Closely Following Equivalent Circuit Changes during Operation of Graphene Dot Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells**. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhifeng Ding
- University of Western Ontario Chemistry 1151 Richmond St N6A5B7 London CANADA
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Ueberricke L, Mastalerz M. Triptycene End-Capping as Strategy in Materials Chemistry to Control Crystal Packing and Increase Solubility. CHEM REC 2021; 21:558-573. [PMID: 33411413 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In materials chemistry of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) the kind of aggregation and the spatial arrangement of the π-planes are of utmost importance, e. g. for charge transport properties. Unfortunately, controlling these during crystallization is not trivial. In the past decade, we have introduced one-fold triptycene end-capping of quinoxalinophenanthrophenazines (QPPs) and other related structures to overcome this problem. When two instead of one triptycene end-caps are introduced, packing is largely suppressed, making typical PACs or pigments soluble in common organic solvents - which is another important property for such compounds to be processable from solution. In this account an overview of our research on using triptycene end-capping as dual strategy is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ueberricke
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im NeuenheimerFeld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im NeuenheimerFeld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Benke BP, Hertwig L, Yang X, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Triptycene End-Capped Indigo Derivatives - Turning Insoluble Pigments to Soluble Dyes. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:72-76. [PMID: 33510580 PMCID: PMC7821156 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a highly soluble triptycene end-capped indigo and its bay annulated derivative is reported. Both compounds have been studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy cyclic voltammetry, as well as theoretical calculations and compared to the parent indigo and bay annulated indigo. Besides a large improvement of solubility in organic solvents by the factor of approx. 70(!) the compounds also show a pronounced tendency to form crystals. Both properties, making these compounds promising electron acceptors for organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiru P. Benke
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Leif Hertwig
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Xuan Yang
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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Emami M, Shahroosvand H, Bikas R, Lis T, Daneluik C, Pilkington M. Synthesis, Study, and Application of Pd(II) Hydrazone Complexes as the Emissive Components of Single-Layer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:982-994. [PMID: 33404233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, square planar Pd(II) complexes of hydrazone ligands have been investigated as the emissive components of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). The neutral transition metal complex, [Pd(L1)2]·2CH3OH (1), (HL1 = (E)-N'-(phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methylene)isonicotinhydrazide), was prepared and structurally characterized. Complex 1 displays quasireversible redox properties and is emissive at room temperature in solution with a λmax of 590 nm. As a result, it was subsequently employed as the emissive material of a single-layer LEC with configuration FTO/1/Ga/In, where studies reveal that it has a yellow color with CIE(x, y) = (0.33, 0.55), a luminance of 134 cd cm-2, and a turn-on voltage of 3.5 V. Protonation of the pendant pyridine nitrogen atoms of L1 afforded a second ionic complex [Pd(L1H)2](ClO4)2 (2) which is also emissive at room temperature with a λmax of 611 nm, resulting in an orange LEC with CIE(x, y) = (0.43, 0.53). The presence of mobile anions and cations in the second inorganic transition metal complex resulted in more efficient charge injection and transport which significantly improved the luminance and turn-on voltage of the device to 188.6 cd cm-2 and 3 V, respectively. This study establishes Pd(II) hydrazone complexes as a new class of materials whose emissive properties can be chemically tuned and provides proof-of-concept for their use in LECs, opening up exciting new avenues for potential applications in the field of solid state lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Emami
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hashem Shahroosvand
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA), Chemistry Department, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Rahman Bikas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, 34148-96818 Qazvin, Iran
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Cody Daneluik
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S3A1, Canada
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John JC, Shanmugasundaram K, Brahmmananda Rao CVS, Gopakumar G, Choe Y. Furil-based ionic small molecules for green-emitting non-doped LECs with improved color purity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel furil-based small molecules FlBzPy and FlThPy were designed and synthesized with simple synthetic procedures for the first time for the LEC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino C. John
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - C. V. S. Brahmmananda Rao
- Solution Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Section
- Fuel Chemistry Division
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
- Kalpakkam 603102
- India
| | - Gopinadhanpillai Gopakumar
- Solution Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Section
- Fuel Chemistry Division
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
- Kalpakkam 603102
- India
| | - Youngson Choe
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Republic of Korea
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Fresta E, Dosso J, Cabanillas-Gonzalez J, Bonifazi D, Costa RD. Revealing the Impact of Heat Generation Using Nanographene-Based Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28426-28434. [PMID: 32476401 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-heating in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) has been long overlooked, while it has a significant impact on (i) device chromaticity by changing the electroluminescent band shape, (ii) device efficiency because of thermal quenching and exciton dissociation reducing the external quantum efficiency (EQE), and (iii) device stability because of thermal degradation of excitons and eliminate doped species, phase separation, and collapse of the intrinsic emitting zone. Herein, we reveal, for the first time, a direct relationship between self-heating and the early changes in the device chromaticity as well as the magnitude of the error comparing theoretical/experimental EQEs-that is, an overestimation error of ca. 35% at usual pixel working temperatures of around 50 °C. This has been realized in LECs using a benchmark nanographene-that is, a substituted hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-as an emerging class of emitters with outstanding device performance compared to the prior art of small-molecule LECs-for example, luminances of 345 cd/m2 and EQEs of 0.35%. As such, this work is a fundamental contribution highlighting how self-heating is a critical limitation toward the optimization and wide use of LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fresta
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, E-28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, Great Britain
| | | | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, Great Britain
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubén D Costa
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, E-28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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