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Nunn N, Milikisiyants S, Torelli MD, Monge R, Delord T, Shames AI, Meriles CA, Ajoy A, Smirnov AI, Shenderova OA. Optical and electronic spin properties of fluorescent micro- and nanodiamonds upon prolonged ultrahigh-temperature annealing. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. B, NANOTECHNOLOGY & MICROELECTRONICS : MATERIALS, PROCESSING, MEASUREMENT, & PHENOMENA : JVST B 2023; 41:042206. [PMID: 37387792 PMCID: PMC10306410 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature annealing is a promising but still mainly unexplored method for enhancing spin properties of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond particles. After high-energy irradiation, the formation of NV centers in diamond particles is typically accomplished via annealing at temperatures in the range of 800-900 °C for 1-2 h to promote vacancy diffusion. Here, we investigate the effects of conventional annealing (900 °C for 2 h) against annealing at a much higher temperature of 1600 °C for the same annealing duration for particles ranging in size from 100 nm to 15 μm using electron paramagnetic resonance and optical characterization. At this high temperature, the vacancy-assisted diffusion of nitrogen can occur. Previously, the annealing of diamond particles at this temperature was performed over short time scales because of concerns of particle graphitization. Our results demonstrate that particles that survive this prolonged 1600 °C annealing show increased NV T1 and T2 electron spin relaxation times in 1 and 15 μm particles, due to the removal of fast relaxing spins. Additionally, this high-temperature annealing also boosts magnetically induced fluorescence contrast of NV centers for particle sizes ranging from 100 nm to 15 μm. At the same time, the content of NV centers is decreased fewfold and reaches a level of <0.5 ppm. The results provide guidance for future studies and the optimization of high-temperature annealing of fluorescent diamond particles for applications relying on the spin properties of NV centers in the host crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nunn
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Sergey Milikisiyants
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | | | | | - Tom Delord
- Department of Physics, CUNY—City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
| | - Alexander I. Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | | | | | - Alex I. Smirnov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
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2
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Francis SJ, Torelli MD, Nunn NA, Arepally GM, Shenderova OA. Clot Imaging Using Photostable Nanodiamond. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:961. [PMID: 36985855 PMCID: PMC10055895 DOI: 10.3390/nano13060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While thrombosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, an understanding of its triggers, progression, and response to anticoagulant therapy is lacking. Intravital fluorescence microscopy has advanced the study of thrombus formation by providing targeted, multi-color contrast. However, photodegradation of fluorophores limits the application in longitudinal studies (e.g., clot progression and/or dissolution). Fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) is a fluorophore which utilizes intrinsic fluorescence of chromogenic centers within and protected by the diamond crystalline lattice. Recent developments in diamond processing have allowed for the controlled production of nanodiamonds emitting in green or red. Here, the use of FND to label blood clots and/or clot lysis is demonstrated and compared to commonly used organic fluorophores. Model ex vivo clots were formed with incorporated labeled fibrinogen to allow imaging. FND was shown to match the morphology of organic fluorophore labels absent of photobleaching over time. The addition of tissue plasminogen activator (tPa) allowed visualization of the clot lysis stage, which is vital to studies of both DVT and pulmonary embolism resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Francis
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Gowthami M. Arepally
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Yang T, Azuma T, Huang Y, Hui YY, Chiang C, Chang H. Stimulated emission cross sections and
temperature‐dependent
spectral shifts of neutral
nitrogen‐vacancy
centers in diamonds. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng‐I Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Terumitsu Azuma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Wen Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yuen Yung Hui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Tien Chiang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Huan‐Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
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4
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Yang TI, Huang YW, Bista P, Ding CF, Chen J, Chiang CT, Chang HC. Photoluminescence of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers by Ultraviolet One- and Two-Photon Excitation of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11280-11287. [PMID: 36449371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds contain nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers as quantum defects. When exposed to a continuous-wave 325 nm laser or a femtosecond 344 nm laser, the particles emit red fluorescence from NV0 centers at ∼620 nm. Power dependence measurements of the emission strength revealed a predominantly linear behavior at the laser peak intensity lower than 1 GW·cm-2, contributed mainly by photoexcitation of electrons from the valence band of diamond to the NV0 centers, followed by relaxation via electron-hole recombination. In the higher power regions, however, nonresonant two-photon interband excitation of the diamond matrix dominates the photoluminescence processes. Best fits of the experimental data to semiempirical models revealed an ionization coefficient of ∼1 cm-1 for the one-photon valence-to-defect excitation and a saturation intensity of 180 ± 60 GW·cm-2 for the two-photon interband excitation. The study provides new insight into the photoionization of NV0 centers and the interband excitation properties of diamond in the UV region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-I Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Prabesh Bista
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Taoyuan320317, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fang Ding
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Jeson Chen
- Department of Electric Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City242062, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Chiang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
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5
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Abstract
Implementing the modern technologies of light-emitting devices, light harvesting, and quantum information processing requires the understanding of the structure-function relations at spatial scales below the optical diffraction limit and time scales of energy and information flows. Here, we distinctively combine cathodoluminescence (CL) with ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), termed CL-UEM, because CL and UEM synergetically afford the required spectral and spatiotemporal sensitivities, respectively. For color centers in nanodiamonds, we demonstrate the measurement of CL lifetime with a local sensitivity of 50 nm and a time resolution of 100 ps. It is revealed that the emitting states of the color centers can be populated through charge transfer among the color centers across diamond lattices upon high-energy electron beam excitation. The technical advance achieved in this study will facilitate the specific control over energy conversion at nanoscales, relevant to quantum dots and single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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Moore RP, O'Shaughnessy EC, Shi Y, Nogueira AT, Heath KM, Hahn KM, Legant WR. A multi-functional microfluidic device compatible with widefield and light sheet microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:136-147. [PMID: 34859808 PMCID: PMC9022779 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic device compatible with high resolution light sheet and super-resolution microscopy. The device is a 150 μm thick chamber with a transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) cover that has a similar refractive index (1.34) to water (1.33), making it compatible with top-down imaging used in light sheet microscopy. We provide a detailed fabrication protocol and characterize the optical performance of the device. We demonstrate that the device supports long-term imaging of cell growth and differentiation as well as the rapid addition and removal of reagents while simultaneously maintaining sterile culture conditions by physically isolating the sample from the dipping lenses used for imaging. Finally, we demonstrate that the device can be used for super-resolution imaging using lattice light sheet structured illumination microscopy (LLS-SIM) and DNA PAINT. We anticipate that FEP-based microfluidics, as shown here, will be broadly useful to researchers using light sheet microscopy due to the ability to switch reagents, image weakly adherent cells, maintain sterility, and physically isolate the specimen from the optics of the instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan P Moore
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Ellen C O'Shaughnessy
- Pharmacology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Ana T Nogueira
- Pharmacology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Katelyn M Heath
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Pharmacology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Pharmacology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Žurauskas M, Alex A, Park J, Hood SR, Boppart SA. Fluorescent nanodiamonds for characterization of nonlinear microscopy systems. PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2021; 9:2309-2318. [PMID: 37181134 PMCID: PMC10174270 DOI: 10.1364/prj.434236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the performance of fluorescence microscopy and nonlinear imaging systems is an essential step required for imaging system optimization and quality control during longitudinal experiments. Emerging multimodal nonlinear imaging techniques require a new generation of microscopy calibration targets that are not susceptible to bleaching and can provide a contrast across the multiple modalities. Here, we present a nanodiamond-based calibration target for microscopy, designed for facilitating reproducible measurements at the object plane. The target is designed to support day-to-day instrumentation development efforts in microscopy laboratories. The images of a phantom contain information about the imaging performance of a microscopy system across multiple spectral windows and modalities. Since fluorescent nanodiamonds are not prone to bleaching, the proposed imaging target can serve as a standard, shelf-stable sample to provide rapid reference measurements for ensuring consistent performance of microscopy systems in microscopy laboratories and imaging facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Žurauskas
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Aneesh Alex
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Steve R. Hood
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Corresponding author:
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Bilal M, Cheng H, González-González RB, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HM. Bio-applications and biotechnological applications of nanodiamonds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Prabhakar N, Peurla M, Shenderova O, Rosenholm JM. Fluorescent and Electron-Dense Green Color Emitting Nanodiamonds for Single-Cell Correlative Microscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5897. [PMID: 33322105 PMCID: PMC7764487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is revolutionizing how cell samples are studied. CLEM provides a combination of the molecular and ultrastructural information about a cell. For the execution of CLEM experiments, multimodal fiducial landmarks are applied to precisely overlay light and electron microscopy images. Currently applied fiducials such as quantum dots and organic dye-labeled nanoparticles can be irreversibly quenched by electron beam exposure during electron microscopy. Generally, the sample is therefore investigated with a light microscope first and later with an electron microscope. A versatile fiducial landmark should offer to switch back from electron microscopy to light microscopy while preserving its fluorescent properties. Here, we evaluated green fluorescent and electron dense nanodiamonds for the execution of CLEM experiments and precisely correlated light microscopy and electron microscopy images. We demonstrated that green color emitting fluorescent nanodiamonds withstand electron beam exposure, harsh chemical treatments, heavy metal straining, and, importantly, their fluorescent properties remained intact for light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Prabhakar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Markus Peurla
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Olga Shenderova
- Adámas Nanotechnologies, Inc., 8100 Brownleigh Drive, Suite 120, Raleigh, NC 27617, USA;
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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10
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Zhou S, Deng C, Xu P, Fan Q, Zhang X, Jia Y, Su L, He Q, Liu Y, Song B. Cellular Metabolism of Fluorescent Nanoprobes Formed by Self-Assembly of Amphiphiles: Dynamic Trafficking from the Golgi Apparatus to the Lysosome. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5790-5798. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pan Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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