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Huang ZY, Ye RY, Yu HL, Li AT, Xu JH. Mining methods and typical structural mechanisms of terpene cyclases. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:66. [PMID: 38650244 PMCID: PMC10992375 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, formed by cyclization and/or permutation of isoprenes, are the most diverse and abundant class of natural products with a broad range of significant functions. One family of the critical enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis is terpene cyclases (TCs), also known as terpene synthases (TSs), which are responsible for forming the ring structure as a backbone of functionally diverse terpenoids. With the recent advances in biotechnology, the researches on terpene cyclases have gradually shifted from the genomic mining of novel enzyme resources to the analysis of their structures and mechanisms. In this review, we summarize both the new methods for genomic mining and the structural mechanisms of some typical terpene cyclases, which are helpful for the discovery, engineering and application of more and new TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ru-Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ai-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Zhao J, Sun C, Shi F, Ma S, Zheng J, Du X, Zhang L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis among 1-, 2- and 3-year old Atractylodes chinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:354. [PMID: 34315414 PMCID: PMC8314494 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz is a well-known medicinal plant containing the major bioactive compound, atractylodin, a sesquiterpenoid. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that atractylodin was most abundant in 3-year old A. chinensis rhizome, compared with those from 1- and 2-year old rhizomes, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying accumulation of atractylodin in rhizomes are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the transcriptomes from rhizomes of 1-, 2- and 3-year old (Y1, Y2 and Y3, respectively) A. chinensis, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We identified 240, 169 and 131 unigenes encoding the enzyme genes in the mevalonate (MVA), methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways, respectively. To confirm the reliability of the RNA sequencing analysis, eleven key gene encoding factors involved in the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, as well as in pigment, amino acid, hormone and transcription factor functions, were selected for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results demonstrated similar expression patterns to those determined by RNA sequencing, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.9 between qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data. Differential gene expression analysis of rhizomes from different ages revealed 52 genes related to sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Among these, seven DEGs were identified in Y1 vs Y2, Y1 vs Y3 and Y2 vs Y3, of which five encoded four key enzymes, squalene/phytoene synthase (SS), squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC), squalene epoxidase (SE) and dammarenediol II synthase (DS). These four enzymes directly related to squalene biosynthesis and subsequent catalytic action. To validate the result of these seven DEGs, qRT-PCR was performed and indicated most of them displayed lower relative expression in 3-year old rhizome, similar to transcriptomic analysis. CONCLUSION The enzymes SS, SHC, SE and DS down-regulated expression in 3-year old rhizome. This data corresponded to the higher content of sesquiterpenoid in 3-year old rhizome, and confirmed by qRT-PCR. The results of comparative transcriptome analysis and identified key enzyme genes laid a solid foundation for investigation of production sesquiterpenoid in A. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Fengyu Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Jinshuang Zheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Xin Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
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Naraki S, Kakihara M, Kato S, Saga Y, Mannen K, Takase S, Takano A, Shinpo S, Hosouchi T, Nakane T, Suzuki H, Kushiro T. Two Triterpene Synthases from Imperata cylindrica Catalyzing the Formation of a Pair of Diastereoisomers through Boat or Chair Cyclization. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1992-2001. [PMID: 33660881 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Imperata cylindrica is known to produce a pair of triterpenes, isoarborinol and fernenol, that exhibit identical planar structures but possess opposite stereochemistry at six of the nine chiral centers. These differences arise from a boat or a chair cyclization of the B-ring of the substrate. Herein, we report the characterization of three OSC genes from I. cylindrica. IcOSC1 and IcOSC5 were identified as isoarborinol and fernenol synthases, respectively, while IcOSC3 was characterized as a multifunctional enzyme that produces glutinol and friedelin as its major products. Mutational studies of isoarborinol and fernenol synthases revealed that the residues surrounding the DCTAE motif partially affected the conformation of the B-ring during cyclization. Additionally, the IcOSC1-W255H mutant produced the rare triterpene boehmerol. The introduced histidine residue presumably abstracted a proton from the intermediary carbocation at C18 during the 1,2-rearrangement. Expression analysis indicated that all OSC genes were highly expressed in stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Naraki
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mai Kakihara
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kato
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saga
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuto Mannen
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Shohei Takase
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Akihito Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashitamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shinpo
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hosouchi
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takahisa Nakane
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashitamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kushiro
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Sun J, Huang WC, Xue C, Mao X. A Novel Soluble Squalene-Hopene Cyclase and Its Application in Efficient Synthesis of Hopene. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:426. [PMID: 32478051 PMCID: PMC7232578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hopene is an important precursor for synthesizing bioactive hopanoids with great commercial value. However, the chemical methods for synthesizing hopene are not efficient to date. Hopene is commonly obtained by extracting from plants or bacteria like other terpenoids, but the complicated extraction process is inefficient and unfriendly to the environment. Hopene can be biological synthesized by squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) from squalene. However, hopene production by SHC remained at a low level until now. In this work, we found a novel SHC named OUC-SaSHC from Streptomyces albolongus ATCC 27414. An easy procedure for expression and purification of OUC-SaSHC was established. The conditions for OUC-SaSHC to convert squalene into hopene are optimized as in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.5% Tween 80, 20 mM squalene and 0.14 mg/mL OUC-SaSHC at 30°C. In the scale-up reaction with the final volume of 100 mL, the yield of squalene could be up to 99% at 36 h, and 8.07 mg/mL hopene was produced. Our work showed a great potential of OUC-SaSHC as biocatalyst on scale-up production of hopene, hence improves the SHC-catalyzing enzyme synthesis of hopene from laboratory level to application level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Can Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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