An ultra-sensitive label-free electrochemiluminescence CKMB immunosensor using a novel nanocomposite-modified printed electrode

Nanomaterials: Promising Tools for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Rapid diagnosis and effective treatment are critical for improving patient prognosis. Although current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have made significant progress, they still face challenges such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, microcirculatory disorders, adverse cardiac remodeling, and inflammatory responses. These issues highlight the urgent need for innovative solutions. Nanomaterials, with their diverse types, excellent physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and targeting capabilities, offer promising potential in addressing these challenges. Advances in nanotechnology have increasingly drawn attention to the application of nanomaterials in both diagnosing and treating myocardial infarction. We summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms and staging of myocardial infarction. We systematically review the applications of nanomaterials in MI diagnosis, including the detection of biomarkers and imaging techniques, as well as in MI treatment, encompassing anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant stress, inhibition of fibrosis, promotion of angiogenesis, and cardiac conduction repair. We analyze the existing challenges and provide insights into future research directions and potential solutions. Specifically, we discuss the need for rigorous safety assessments, long-term efficacy studies, and the development of robust strategies for translating laboratory findings into clinical practice. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds significant promise as a new strategy for diagnosing and treating myocardial infarction. Its potential to enhance clinical outcomes and revolutionize patient care makes it an exciting area of research with practical applications in real-world clinical settings.

The Emergence of Nanotechnology in the Prognosis and Treatment of Myocardial Infarctions

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a critical cardiovascular condition associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Despite significant advancements in traditional treatment modalities, there remains a need for innovative approaches to improve the prognosis and treatment outcomes of MI. The emergence of nanotechnology has provided a promising avenue for revolutionizing the management of this life-threatening condition. This manuscript aims to explore the role of nanotechnology in the prognosis and treatment of myocardial infarctions. Nanotechnology offers unique advantages in the field of cardiovascular medicine, including targeted drug delivery, precise imaging and diagnosis, regenerative medicine approaches, biosensors and monitoring, and the integration of therapy and diagnostics (theragnostic). One of the key advantages of nanotechnology is the ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly to the affected site. Nanoparticles can be engineered to carry drugs specifically to damaged heart tissue, enhancing their efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Additionally, nanoparticles can serve as contrast agents, facilitating high-resolution imaging and accurate diagnosis of infarcted heart tissue. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based regenerative approaches show promise in promoting tissue healing and regeneration after MI. Nanomaterials can provide scaffolding structures or release growth factors to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels and support tissue repair. This regenerative potential holds significant implications for restoring cardiac function and minimizing long-term complications. Nanotechnology also enables real-time monitoring of critical parameters within the heart, such as oxygen levels, pH, and electrical activity, through the utilization of nanoscale devices and sensors. This capability allows for the early detection of complications and facilitates timely interventions. Moreover, the integration of therapy and diagnostics through nanotechnology- based platforms, known as theragnostic, holds tremendous potential. Nanoparticles can simultaneously deliver therapeutic agents while providing imaging capabilities, enabling personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual patients. This manuscript will review the recent advancements, clinical trials, and patents in nanotechnology for the prognosis and treatment of myocardial infarctions. By leveraging nanotechnology's unique properties and applications, researchers and clinicians can develop innovative therapeutic approaches that enhance patient outcomes, improve prognosis, and ultimately revolutionize the management of myocardial infarctions.

Advances in heart failure monitoring: Biosensors targeting molecular markers in peripheral bio-fluids

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially chronic heart failure, threaten many patients' lives worldwide. Because of its slow course and complex causes, its clinical screening, diagnosis, and prognosis are essential challenges. Clinical biomarkers and biosensor technologies can rapidly screen and diagnose. Multiple types of biomarkers are employed for screening purposes, precise diagnosis, and treatment follow-up. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the biomarkers associated with the six main heart failure etiology pathways. Plasma natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponins (cTnT, cTnl) are still analyzed as gold-standard markers for heart failure. Other complementary biomarkers include growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), circulating Galactose Lectin 3 (Gal-3), soluble interleukin (sST2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). For these biomarkers, the electrochemical biosensors have exhibited sufficient sensitivity, detection limit, and specificity. This review systematically summarizes the latest molecular biomarkers and sensors for heart failure, which will provide comprehensive and cutting-edge authoritative scientific information for biomedical and electronic-sensing researchers in the field of heart failure, as well as patients. In addition, our proposed future outlook may provide new research ideas for researchers.

Electrochemical and Plasmonic Detection of Myocardial Infarction Using Microfluidic Biochip Incorporated with Mesoporous Nanoscaffolds

This paper reports a microfluidic device for the electrochemical and plasmonic detection of cardiac myoglobin (cMb) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with noticeable limits of detection (LoD) as low as a few picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) ranges, achieved in a short detection time. The device features two working electrodes, each with a mesoporous Ni3V2O8 nanoscaffold grafted with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) that improves the interaction of diffusing analyte molecules with the sensing surface by providing a high surface area and reaction kinetics. Electrochemical studies reveal sensitivities as high as 9.68 μA ng/mL and a LoD of 2.0 pg/mL for cTnI, and 8.98 μA ng/mL and 4.7 pg/mL for cMb. Additionally, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies demonstrate a low-level LoD of 8.8 pg/mL for cMb and 7.3 pg/mL for cTnI. The dual-modality sensor enables dynamic tracking of kinetic antigen-antibody interactions during sensing, self-verification through providing signals of two modes, and reduced false readout. This study demonstrates the complementary nature of the electrochemical and SPR modes in biosensing, with the electrochemical mode being highly sensitive and the SPR mode providing superior tracking of molecular recognition behaviors. The presented sensor represents a significant innovation in cardiovascular disease management and can be applied to monitor other clinically important biomolecules.

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are currently the most widely used point-of-care testing technique with remarkable advantages such as simple operation, rapid analysis, portability, and low cost. Traditionally, gold nanoparticles are employed as tracer element in LFAs due to their strong localised surface plasmon resonance. However, this conventional LFA technique based on colorimetric analysis is neither useful to determine critical analytes with desired sensitivity, nor can it quantify the analytes. Various signal amplification strategies have been proposed to improve the sensitivity and the quantitative determination of analytes using LFAs. One of the promising strategies is to enhance the photothermal properties of nanomaterials to generate heat after light irradiation, followed by a temperature measurement to detect and quantify the analyte concentration. Recently, it has been observed that the nanoscale architecture of materials, including size, shape, and nanoscale composition, plays a significant role in enhancing the photothermal properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we discuss the nanoarchitectonics of nanomaterials regarding enhanced photothermal properties and their application in LFAs. Initially, we discuss various important photothermal materials and their classification along with their working principle. Then, we highlight important aspects of the nanoscale architecture (i.e., size, shape, and composition) to enable maximum light-to-heat conversion efficiency. Finally, we discuss some of the recent advances in photothermal LFAs and their application in detecting analytes.

Application of biomedical materials in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a cardiovascular emergency and the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammatory and immune responses are initiated immediately after MI, leading to myocardial death, scarring, and ventricular remodeling. Current therapeutic approaches emphasize early restoration of ischemic myocardial reperfusion, but there is no effective treatment for the pathological changes of infarction. Biomedical materials development has brought new hope for MI diagnosis and treatment. Biomedical materials, such as cardiac patches, hydrogels, nano biomaterials, and artificial blood vessels, have played an irreplaceable role in MI diagnosis and treatment. They improve the accuracy and efficacy of MI diagnosis and offer further possibilities for reducing inflammation, immunomodulation, inhibiting fibrosis, and cardiac regeneration. This review focuses on the advances in biomedical materials applications in MI diagnosis and treatment. The current studies are outlined in terms of mechanisms of action and effects. It is addressed how biomedical materials application can lessen myocardial damage, encourage angiogenesis, and enhance heart function. Their clinical transformation value and application prospect are discussed.

Novel nanocomposite of spiky-shaped gold nanourchins/ titanium dioxide/nafion for amplified signal and efficient electrochemiluminescence detection of ovomucoid

This work reports on the first electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor employing a novel nanostructured composite of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and gold nanourchins (AuNU) to detect protein allergen Ovomucoid (Ovm) found in eggs. TiO₂ and AuNU were dispersed in Nafion and drop-casted onto SPGE with Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)-ruthenium (II) ([Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺) and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) served as strong luminophore/co-reactant pairs as a source of ECL signals. The linear range, limit of detection, reproducibility and practical applications of the sensor were assessed. The fabricated ECL immuosensor produced a promising limit of detection of as low as 0.01 pg/mL. Two linear ranges of 0.01-50 pg/mL and 100-750 pg/mL with corresponding correlation coefficients of R² = 0.99136 and R² = 0.97829) respectively, were determined. Despite its simple fabrication method, this label-free immunosensor also showcased excellent selectivity, reproducibility, interference-resistance and yielded outstanding recoveries between 97.42 and 104.05% of Ovm analysis in spiked real food samples.

Electroanalytical point-of-care detection of gold standard and emerging cardiac biomarkers for stratification and monitoring in intensive care medicine - a review

Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become commonplace in emergency department (ED), cardiology and many other ward settings. Cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) and natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-pro-BNP) are the preferred biomarkers in clinical practice for the diagnostic workup of AMI, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and other types of myocardial ischaemia and heart failure (HF), while the roles and possible clinical applications of several other potential biomarkers continue to be evaluated and are the subject of several comprehensive reviews. The requirement for rapid, repeated testing of a small number of CBs in ED and cardiology patients has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) technology to circumvent the need for remote and lengthy testing procedures in the hospital pathology laboratories. Electroanalytical sensing platforms have the potential to meet these requirements. This review aims firstly to reflect on the potential benefits of rapid CB testing in critically ill patients, a very distinct cohort of patients with deranged baseline levels of CBs. We summarise their source and clinical relevance and are the first to report the required analytical ranges for such technology to be of value in this patient cohort. Secondly, we review the current electrochemical approaches, including its sub-variants such as photoelectrochemical and electrochemiluminescence, for the determination  of important CBs highlighting the various strategies used, namely the use of micro- and nanomaterials, to maximise the sensitivities and selectivities of such approaches. Finally, we consider the challenges that must be overcome to allow for the commercialisation of this technology and transition into intensive care medicine.

Polymeric nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction: Challenges and future prospects

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite extensive efforts to provide early diagnosis and adequate treatment regimens, detection of MI still faces major limitations and pathological MI complications continue to threaten the recovery of survivors. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) represent novel noninvasive drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of MI and subsequent prevention of fatal heart failure. In this review, we cover the recent advances in polymeric NP-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MI and their application as multifunctional theranostic tools. We also discuss the in vivo behavior and toxicity profile of polymeric NPs, their application in noninvasive imaging, passive, and active drug delivery, and use in cardiac regenerative therapy. We conclude with the challenges faced with polymeric nanosystems and suggest future efforts needed for clinical translation.

Recent trends in nanomaterial-based signal amplification in electrochemical aptasensors

Ultrasensitive biosensors have become a necessity in the world of scientific research, and several signal enhancement strategies have been employed to attain exceptionally low detection limits. Nanotechnology turns out to be a strong contender for signal amplification, as they can be employed as platform modifiers, catalysts, carriers or labels. Here, we have described the most recent advancements in the utilization of nanomaterials as signal amplification components in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors. We have briefly reviewed the methods that utilized nanomaterials, namely gold and carbon, as well as nanocomposites such as: graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and metal-organic frameworks.

Nanoscale Technologies in Highly Sensitive Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death and morbidity in the world and are a major contributor to healthcare costs. Although enormous progress has been made in diagnosing CVD, there is an urgent need for more efficient early detection and the development of novel diagnostic tools. Currently, CVD diagnosis relies primarily on clinical symptoms based on molecular imaging (MOI) or biomarkers associated with CVDs. However, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the assay are still challenging for early-stage CVDs. Nanomaterial platform has been identified as a promising candidate for improving the practical usage of diagnostic tools because of their unique physicochemical properties. In this review article, we introduced cardiac biomarkers and imaging techniques that are currently used for CVD diagnosis. We presented the applications of various nanotechnologies on diagnosis within cardiac immunoassays (CIAs) and molecular imaging. We also summarized and compared different cardiac immunoassays based on their sensitivities and working ranges of biomarkers.