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Drevinskas T, Maruška A, Ihara H, Takafuji M, Jonušauskas L, Armonavičius D, Stankevičius M, Bimbiraitė-Survilienė K, Skrzydlewska E, Ragažinskienė O, Kuwahara Y, Nagaoka S, Kaškonienė V, Kubilienė L. A Spectroscopy Solution for Contactless Conductivity Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1430. [PMID: 39770184 PMCID: PMC11676717 DOI: 10.3390/mi15121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel contactless single-chip detector that utilizes impedance-to-digital conversion technology to measure impedance in the microfluidic channel or capillary format analytical device. The detector is designed to operate similarly to capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detectors for capillary electrophoresis or chromatography but with the added capability of performing frequency sweeps up to 200 kHz. At each recorded data point, impedance and phase-shift data can be extracted, which can be used to generate impedance versus frequency plots, or phase-shift versus frequency plots. Real and imaginary parts can also be calculated from the data, allowing for the generation of Nyquist diagrams. This detector represents the first of its kind in the contactless conductivity class to provide spectrum-type data, as demonstrated in capillary electrophoresis experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Drevinskas
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.D.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (K.B.-S.); (V.K.)
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.D.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (K.B.-S.); (V.K.)
| | - Hirotaka Ihara
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; (H.I.); (M.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Makoto Takafuji
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; (H.I.); (M.T.); (Y.K.)
| | | | - Domantas Armonavičius
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.D.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (K.B.-S.); (V.K.)
| | - Mantas Stankevičius
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.D.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (K.B.-S.); (V.K.)
| | - Kristina Bimbiraitė-Survilienė
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.D.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (K.B.-S.); (V.K.)
| | - Elzbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Ona Ragažinskienė
- Botanical Garden, Vytautas Magnus University, 46324 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Yutaka Kuwahara
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; (H.I.); (M.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shoji Nagaoka
- Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Vilma Kaškonienė
- Instrumental Analysis Open Access Centre, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania; (T.D.); (D.A.); (M.S.); (K.B.-S.); (V.K.)
| | - Loreta Kubilienė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Hauser PC, Kubáň P. Contactless Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis-Developments From 2020 to 2024. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 39607304 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
The review covering the development of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection from 2020 to 2024 is the latest in a series going back to 2004. The article considers applications employing conventional capillaries and planar lab-on-chip devices as well as fundamental and technical developments of the detector and complete electrophoresis instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Graf HG, Rudisch BM, Manegold J, Huhn C. Advancements in capacitance-to-digital converter-based C 4 D technology for detection in capillary electrophoresis using amplified excitation voltages and comparison to classical and open-source C 4 Ds. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1306-1316. [PMID: 33710630 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces new hardware configurations for a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4 D) based on capacitance-to-digital conversion (CDC) technology for CE. The aim was to improve sensitivity, handling, price, and portability of CDC-based C4 D detectors (CDCD) to reach LODs similar to classic C4 Ds with more sophisticated electric circuits. To achieve this, a systematic study on the CDCDs was carried out including a direct comparison to already established C4 D setups. Instrumental setups differing in electrode lengths, measurement modes, and amplification of excitation voltages were investigated to achieve LODs for alkali metal ions of 4 to 12 μM, similar to LODs obtained by classic C4 D setups. Lowest LODs were achieved for a setup with two 10 mm electrodes at a distance of 0.2 mm and an excitation voltage of 24 V. The detection head was exceptionally lightweight with only 2.6 g and covered only 20 mm of the capillary on total. This allowed the use of multiple detectors along the separation path to enable spatial tracking of analytes during separation. The entirely battery-powered detector assembly weighs less than 200 g, and the data are transmitted wirelessly for possible portable applications. The freely accessible hardware and software were optimized for fully automated measurements with real time data plotting and allowed handling multidetector setups. The new developments were applied to quantify the potassium salt of glyphosate in its herbicide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Georg Graf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Manegold
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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