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Dejager L, Jairaj M, Jones K, Johnson T, Dudal S, Dudal Y, Shahgaldian P, Correro R, Qu J, An B, Lucey R, Szarka S, Wheller R, Pruna A, Kettell S, Pitt A, Cutler P. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for the determination of isopeptide ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine in human urine as biomarker for transglutaminase 2 cross-linked proteins. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1699:464002. [PMID: 37126878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the levels of protein cross-linking catalysed by the activity of transglutaminase 2 in various disease states has remained a significant challenge. The ability to quantify the isopeptide ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine, which can form as a heterogeneous bond within or between proteins has significant analytical and clinical potential as a biomarker in biofluids such as human urine. Increased transglutaminase 2 activity is associated with a number of diseases, such as fibrosis. Previously published methods have been based on classical amino acid analysis, however they require a complex multi-enzyme digestion in order to achieve complete protein digestion, whilst leaving the isopeptide cross link intact. These methods require high levels of enzymes, which contaminate the analysis and alter the dynamics of digestion. The amino acid analysis detection also lacked selectivity, especially where the levels of crosslink are expected to be low relative to the background protein levels. We have systematically addressed these challenges, by optimising the precipitation of the protein in urine, the use of innovative immobilised enzyme technology, which allows for efficient digestion without enzyme contamination and LC-MS/MS detection based on multiple reaction monitoring. This method was validated for its analytical performance characteristics, showing the method has a sensitivity of 0.1 ng/mL of ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine in human urine with precision of less than 20% CV, and is selective as no interferences were observed that may adversely affect the analysis. As such this approach represents a significant advance in the ability to detect and quantify ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Dejager
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Mark Jairaj
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Jones
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE United Kingdom
| | | | - Sherri Dudal
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE United Kingdom
| | - Yves Dudal
- INOFEA AG, Hofackerstrasse 40B, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland
| | | | - Rita Correro
- INOFEA AG, Hofackerstrasse 40B, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Jun Qu
- University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Bo An
- University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Richard Lucey
- DDS (Drug Development Solutions), Newmarket Rd, Fordham, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Szabolcs Szarka
- DDS (Drug Development Solutions), Newmarket Rd, Fordham, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wheller
- DDS (Drug Development Solutions), Newmarket Rd, Fordham, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Alina Pruna
- DDS (Drug Development Solutions), Newmarket Rd, Fordham, CB7 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kettell
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pitt
- University of Aston, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Cutler
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE United Kingdom
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Giunta CI, Nazemi SA, Olesińska M, Shahgaldian P. Plasmonic photothermal activation of an organosilica shielded cold-adapted lipase co-immobilised with gold nanoparticles on silica particles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 5:81-87. [PMID: 36605806 PMCID: PMC9765444 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00605g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), owing to their intrinsic plasmonic properties, are widely used in applications ranging from nanotechnology and nanomedicine to catalysis and bioimaging. Capitalising on the ability of AuNPs to generate nanoscale heat upon optical excitation, we designed a nanobiocatalyst with enhanced cryophilic properties. It consists of gold nanoparticles and enzyme molecules, co-immobilised onto a silica scaffold, and shielded within a nanometre-thin organosilica layer. To produce such a hybrid system, we developed and optimized a synthetic method allowing efficient AuNP covalent immobilisation on the surface of silica particles (SPs). Our procedure allows to reach a dense and homogeneous AuNP surface coverage. After enzyme co-immobilisation, a nanometre-thin organosilica layer was grown on the surface of the SPs. This layer was designed to fulfil the dual function of protecting the enzyme from the surrounding environment and allowing the confinement, at the nanometre scale, of the heat diffusing from the AuNPs after surface plasmon resonance photothermal activation. To establish this proof of concept, we used an industrially relevant lipase enzyme, namely Lipase B from Candida Antarctica (CalB). Herein, we demonstrate the possibility to photothermally activate the so-engineered enzymes at temperatures as low as -10 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Giunta
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Seyed Amirabbas Nazemi
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Olesińska
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
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Briand ML, Bikaki M, Puorger C, Corvini PFX, Shahgaldian P. A proteolytic nanobiocatalyst with built-in disulphide reducing properties. RSC Adv 2020; 11:810-816. [PMID: 35423716 PMCID: PMC8693372 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a method to equip proteolytic nanobiocatalysts with intrinsic disulphide bond reducing properties. After immobilisation onto silica particles, selected protease enzymes are partially shielded in a nanometre-thick mercaptosilica layer acting not only as a protective system but also as a substrate reducing agent. The biocatalysts produced efficiently perform simultaneous disulphide bond reduction and protein digestion. Besides a significant simplification of the proteolysis process, this strategy allows for a drastic increase of the enzyme stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon L Briand
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Maria Bikaki
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Chasper Puorger
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30, Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone a remarkable transition in the last two decades, from being considered a niche technology to playing a much more relevant role in organic synthesis today. Advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics, and the decreasing costs for gene synthesis and sequencing contribute to the growing success of engineered biocatalysts in industrial applications. However, the incorporation of biocatalytic process steps in new or established manufacturing routes is not always straightforward. To realize the full synthetic potential of biocatalysis for the sustainable manufacture of chemical building blocks, it is therefore important to regularly analyze the success factors and existing hurdles for the implementation of enzymes in large scale small molecule synthesis. Building on our previous analysis of biocatalysis in the Swiss manufacturing environment, we present a follow-up study on how the industrial biocatalysis situation in Switzerland has evolved in the last four years. Considering the current industrial landscape, we record recent advances in biocatalysis in Switzerland as well as give suggestions where enzymatic transformations may be valuably employed to address some of the societal challenges we face today, particularly in the context of the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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