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Nikoloudakis E, López-Duarte I, Charalambidis G, Ladomenou K, Ince M, Coutsolelos AG. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as biomimetic tools for photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6965-7045. [PMID: 35686606 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and environmental issues caused by the over-exploitation of fossil fuels render the need for renewable, clean, and environmentally benign energy sources unquestionably urgent. The zero-emission energy carrier, H2 is an ideal alternative to carbon-based fuels especially when it is generated photocatalytically from water. Additionally, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels can reduce the CO2 emissions and have a positive environmental and economic impact. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, plenty of artificial photocatalytic schemes based on porphyrinoids have been investigated. This review covers the recent advances in photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems containing porphyrin or phthalocyanine derivatives. The unique properties of porphyrinoids enable their utilization both as chromophores and as catalysts. The homogeneous photocatalytic systems are initially described, presenting the various approaches for the improvement of photosensitizing activity and the enhancement of catalytic performance at the molecular level. On the other hand, for the development of the heterogeneous systems, numerous methods were employed such as self-assembled supramolecular porphyrinoid nanostructures, construction of organic frameworks, combination with 2D materials and adsorption onto semiconductors. The dye sensitization on semiconductors opened the way for molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) devices based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The research in photocatalytic systems as discussed herein remains challenging since there are still many limitations making them unfeasible to be used at a large scale application before finding a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece.
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Maqbool Q, Barucca G, Sabbatini S, Parlapiano M, Ruello ML, Tittarelli F. Transformation of industrial and organic waste into titanium doped activated carbon - cellulose nanocomposite for rapid removal of organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126958. [PMID: 34464859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production of cost-efficient composite materials with desired physicochemical properties from low-cost waste material is much needed to meet the growing needs of the industrial sector. As a step forward, the current study reports for the first time an effective utilization of industrial metal (inorganic) waste as well as fall leaves (organic waste), to produce three types of nanomaterials at the same time; "Titanium Doped Activated Carbon Nanostructures (Ti-ACNs)", "Nanocellulose (NCel)", and combination of both "Titanium Doped Activated Carbon Cellulose Nanocomposite (Ti-AC-Cel-NC)". X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and microanalysis (EDXS) measurements reveal that the Ti-ACNs material is formed by Ti-nanostructures, generally poorly crystalized but in some cases forming hexagonal Ti-crystallites of 15 nm, embedded in mutated graphene clouds. Micro- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) confirms that the chemical structure of NCel with bond vibrations between 1035 to 2917 cm-1 remained preserved during Ti-AC-Cel-NC formation. The prepared materials (Ti-ACNs, Ti-AC-Cel-NC) have demonstrated rapid removal of organic pollutants (Crystal Violet, Methyl Violet) from wastewater through surface adsorption and photocatalysis. In the first 20 min, Ti-ACNs have adsorbed ≈87% of the organic pollutants and further photocatalyzed them up to ≈96%. When Ti-ACNs are combined with NCel, their efficiency is increased of about four times. This performance originates from the adsorption by mutated graphene-like carbon and assisted photocatalysis by Ti nanostructures as well as the good supporting capacity of NCel for the homogenous Ti-ACNs distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Maqbool
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianni Barucca
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simona Sabbatini
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Parlapiano
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Ruello
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Zhu X, Xiong J, Wang Z, Chen R, Cheng G, Wu Y. Metallic Copper-Containing Composite Photocatalysts: Fundamental, Materials Design, and Photoredox Applications. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101001. [PMID: 35174995 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysis has long been regarded as a potential solution to tackle the energy and environmental challenges since the first discovery of water splitting by TiO2 almost 50 years ago. The past few years have seen a tremendous flurry of research interest in the modification of semiconductors because of their shortcomings in the aspects of solar harvesting, electron-hole pairs separation, and utilization of photogenerated carriers. Among the various strategies, the introduction of metallic copper into the photocatalysis system can not only enhance the absorption of sunlight and the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes, but also increase the adsorption ability of substrate and the number of active sites, so as to realize the high solar to chemical energy conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the rational design of copper-based composites and their applications in photoredox catalysis. First, the preparation methods of metallic copper-containing composites are discussed. Then, the applications of different types of copper-based composites in the photocatalytic removal of pollutants, splitting of water to hydrogen production, reduction of carbon dioxide, and conversion of organic matter are introduced. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in the design and synthesis of copper-based composites and their applications in the photocatalysis are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueteng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jinyan Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Gang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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