In situ chemically encapsulated and controlled SnS2 nanocrystal composites for durable lithium/sodium-ion batteries

Recent Developments of Tin (II) Sulfide/Carbon Composites for Achieving High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

The ever-increasing worldwide energy demand and the limited resources of fossil have forced the urgent adoption of renewable energy sources. Additionally, concerns over CO₂ emissions and potential increases in fuel prices have boosted technical efforts to make hybrid and electric vehicles more accessible to the public. Rechargeable batteries are undoubtedly a key player in this regard, especially lithium ion batteries (LIBs), which have high power capacity, a fast charge/discharge rate, and good cycle stability, while their further energy density improvement has been severely limited, because of the relatively low theoretical capacity of the graphite anode material which is mostly used. Among various high-capacity anode candidates, tin (II) sulfide (SnS₂) has been attracted remarkable attention for high-energy LIBs due to its enormous resource and simplicity of synthesis, in addition to its high theoretical capacity. However, SnS₂ has poor intrinsic conductivity, a big volume transition, and a low initial Coulombic efficiency, resulting in a short lifespan. SnS₂/carbon composites have been considered to be a most promising approach to addressing the abovementioned issues. Therefore, this review summarizes the current progress in the synthesis of SnS₂/carbon anode materials and their Li-ion storage properties, with special attention to the developments in Li-based technology, attributed to its immense current importance and promising prospects. Finally, the existing challenges within this field are presented, and potential opportunities are discussed.

SnS2 Nanosheets with RGO Modification as High-Performance Anode Materials for Na-Ion and K-Ion Batteries

To date, the fabrication of advanced anode materials that can accommodate both Na+ and K+ storage is still very challenging. Herein, we developed a facile solvothermal and subsequent annealing process to synthesize SnS2/RGO composite, in which SnS2 nanosheets are bonded on RGO, and investigated their potential as anodes for Na+ and K+ storage. When used as an anode in SIBs, the as-prepared SnS2/RGO displays preeminent performance (581 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 after 80 cycles), which is a significant improvement compared with pure SnS2. More encouragingly, SnS2/RGO also exhibits good cycling stability (130 mAh g-1 at 0.3 A g-1 after 300 cycles) and excellent rate capability (520.8 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 and 281.4 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1) when used as anode for PIBs. The well-engineered structure not only guarantees the fast electrode reaction kinetics, but also ensures superior pseudocapacitance contribution during repeated cycles, which has been proved by kinetic analysis.