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Lee J, Jo H, Choi M, Park S, Oh J, Lee K, Bae Y, Rhee S, Roh J. Recent Progress on Quantum Dot Patterning Technologies for Commercialization of QD-LEDs: Current Status, Future Prospects, and Exploratory Approaches. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301224. [PMID: 38193264 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are widely regarded as advanced emissive materials with significant potential for display applications owing to their excellent optical properties such as high color purity, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield, and size-tunable emission color. Building upon these attractive attributes, QDs have successfully garnered attention in the display market as down-conversion luminophores and now venturing into the realm of self-emissive displays, exemplified by QD light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). However, despite these advancements, there remains a relatively limited body of research on QD patterning technologies, which are crucial prerequisites for the successful commercialization of QD-LEDs. Thus, in this review, an overview of the current status and prospects of QD patterning technologies to accelerate the commercialization of QD-LEDs is provided. Within this review, a comprehensive investigation of three prevailing patterning methods: optical lithography, transfer printing, and inkjet printing are conducted. Furthermore, several exploratory QD patterning techniques that offer distinct advantages are introduced. This study not only paves the way for successful commercialization but also extends the potential application of QD-LEDs into uncharted frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeop Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeona Jo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Oh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungeun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeyun Bae
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Rhee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyun Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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2
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Park SY, Lee S, Yang J, Kang MS. Patterning Quantum Dots via Photolithography: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300546. [PMID: 36892995 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pixelating patterns of red, green, and blue quantum dots (QDs) is a critical challenge for realizing high-end displays with bright and vivid images for virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. Since QDs must be processed from a solution, their patterning process is completely different from the conventional techniques used in the organic light-emitting diode and liquid crystal display industries. Although innovative QD patterning technologies are being developed, photopatterning based on the light-induced chemical conversion of QD films is considered one of the most promising methods for forming micrometer-scale QD patterns that satisfy the precision and fidelity required for commercialization. Moreover, the practical impact will be significant as it directly exploits mature photolithography technologies and facilities that are widely available in the semiconductor industry. This article reviews recent progress in the effort to form QD patterns via photolithography. The review begins with a general description of the photolithography process. Subsequently, different types of photolithographical methods applicable to QD patterning are introduced, followed by recent achievements using these methods in forming high-resolution QD patterns. The paper also discusses prospects for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Seongjae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeehye Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
- Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
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3
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Pan JA, Cho H, Coropceanu I, Wu H, Talapin DV. Stimuli-Responsive Surface Ligands for Direct Lithography of Functional Inorganic Nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2286-2297. [PMID: 37552212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusColloidal nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a diverse class of materials with tunable composition, size, shape, and surface chemistry. From their facile syntheses to unique optoelectronic properties, these solution-processed nanomaterials are a promising alternative to materials grown as bulk crystals or by vapor-phase methods. However, the integration of colloidal nanomaterials in real-world devices is held back by challenges in making patterned NC films with the resolution, throughput, and cost demanded by device components and applications. Therefore, suitable approaches to pattern NCs need to be established to aid the transition from individual proof-of-concept NC devices to integrated and multiplexed technological systems.In this Account, we discuss the development of stimuli-sensitive surface ligands that enable NCs to be patterned directly with good pattern fidelity while retaining desirable properties. We focus on rationally selected ligands that enable changes in the NC dispersibility by responding to light, electron beam, and/or heat. First, we summarize the fundamental forces between colloidal NCs and discuss the principles behind NC stabilization/destabilization. These principles are applied to understanding the mechanisms of the NC dispersibility change upon stimuli-induced ligand modifications. Six ligand-based patterning mechanisms are introduced: ligand cross-linking, ligand decomposition, ligand desorption, in situ ligand exchange, ion/ligand binding, and ligand-aided increase of ionic strength. We discuss examples of stimuli-sensitive ligands that fall under each mechanism, including their chemical transformations, and address how these ligands are used to pattern either sterically or electrostatically stabilized colloidal NCs. Following that, we explain the rationale behind the exploration of different types of stimuli, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each stimulus.We then discuss relevant figures-of-merit that should be considered when choosing a particular ligand chemistry or stimulus for patterning NCs. These figures-of-merit pertain to either the pattern quality (e.g., resolution, edge and surface roughness, layer thickness), or to the NC material quality (e.g., photo/electro-luminescence, electrical conductivity, inorganic fraction). We outline the importance of these properties and provide insights on optimizing them. Both the pattern quality and NC quality impact the performance of patterned NC devices such as field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, color-conversion pixels, photodetectors, and diffractive optical elements. We also give examples of proof-of-concept patterned NC devices and evaluate their performance. Finally, we provide an outlook on further expanding the chemistry of stimuli-sensitive ligands, improving the NC pattern quality, progress toward 3D printing, and other potential research directions. Ultimately, we hope that the development of a patterning toolbox for NCs will expedite their implementation in a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ahn Pan
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Himchan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Haoqi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Shin S, Kang K, Jang H, Gwak N, Kim S, Kim TA, Oh N. Ligand-Crosslinking Strategy for Efficient Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes via Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300206. [PMID: 37160696 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While solution-processable colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer cost-effective and large-scale manufacturing, they can be susceptible to subsequent solution processes, making continuous processing challenging. To enable complex and integrated device architectures, robust QD films with subsequent patterning are necessary. Here, we report a facile ligand-crosslinking strategy based on thiol-ene click chemistry. Thiol molecules added to QD films react with UV light to form radicals that crosslink with QD ligands containing carbon double bonds, enabling microscale photo-patterning of QD films and enhancing their solvent resistance. This strategy can also be extended to other ligand-capped nanocrystals. It is found that the swelling of QD films during the process of binding with the thiol molecules placed between the ligands contributes to the improvement of photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties. These results suggest that the thiol-ene crosslinking modifies the optoelectronic properties and enables direct optical patterning, expanding the potential applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungki Shin
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwan Kang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jang
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Namyoung Gwak
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ann Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Solutions to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Oh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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5
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Ko T, Kumar S, Shin S, Seo D, Seo S. Colloidal Quantum Dot Nanolithography: Direct Patterning via Electron Beam Lithography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2111. [PMID: 37513122 PMCID: PMC10384559 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano patterns based on quantum dots (QDs) are of great interest for applications ranging from electronics to photonics to sensing devices for biomedical purposes. Several patterning methods have been developed, but all lack the precision and reproducibility required to fabricate precise, complex patterns of less than one micrometer in size, or require specialized crosslinking ligands, limiting their application. In this study, we present a novel approach to directly pattern QD nanopatterns by electron beam lithography using commercially available colloidal QDs without additional modifications. We have successfully generated reliable dot and line QD patterns with dimensions as small as 140 nm. In addition, we have shown that using a 10 nm SiO2 spacer layer on a 50 nm Au layer substrate can double the fluorescence intensity compared to QDs on the Au layer without SiO2. This method takes advantage of traditional nanolithography without the need for a resist layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Ko
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Samir Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyu Seo
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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6
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Liu SF, Hou ZW, Lin L, Li F, Zhao Y, Li XZ, Zhang H, Fang HH, Li Z, Sun HB. 3D nanoprinting of semiconductor quantum dots by photoexcitation-induced chemical bonding. Science 2022; 377:1112-1116. [PMID: 36048954 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) laser nanoprinting allows maskless manufacturing of diverse nanostructures with nanoscale resolution. However, 3D manufacturing of inorganic nanostructures typically requires nanomaterial-polymer composites and is limited by a photopolymerization mechanism, resulting in a reduction of material purity and degradation of intrinsic properties. We developed a polymerization-independent, laser direct writing technique called photoexcitation-induced chemical bonding. Without any additives, the holes excited inside semiconductor quantum dots are transferred to the nanocrystal surface and improve their chemical reactivity, leading to interparticle chemical bonding. As a proof of concept, we printed arbitrary 3D quantum dot architectures at a resolution beyond the diffraction limit. Our strategy will enable the manufacturing of free-form quantum dot optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting devices or photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengcao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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7
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De Leo E, Rossinelli AA, Marqués-Gallego P, Poulikakos LV, Norris DJ, Prins F. Polarization-based colour tuning of mixed colloidal quantum-dot thin films using direct patterning. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4929-4934. [PMID: 35316316 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum-dots (cQDs) are finding increasingly widespread application in photonics and optoelectronics, providing high brightness and record-wide colour gamuts. However, the external quantum efficiencies in thin-film device architectures are still limited due to losses into waveguide modes and different strategies are being explored to promote the outcoupling of emission. Here we use a template-stripping-based direct-patterning strategy to fabricate linear gratings at the surface of cQD thin films. The linear gratings enhance optical outcoupling through Bragg scattering, yielding bright emission with a strong degree of linear polarization. By patterning linear gratings with different periodicities and orientations onto a film of mixed-colour cQDs, we demonstrate polarization-based active colour tuning of the thin-film emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva De Leo
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Aurelio A Rossinelli
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Marqués-Gallego
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Lisa V Poulikakos
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - David J Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Ferry Prins
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomas y Valiente 6, Madrid 29049, Spain
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8
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Dieleman C, van der Burgt J, Thakur N, Garnett EC, Ehrler B. Direct Patterning of CsPbBr 3 Nanocrystals via Electron-Beam Lithography. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:1672-1680. [PMID: 35252773 PMCID: PMC8889902 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals have proven themselves as an interesting material platform due to their easy synthesis and compositional versatility, allowing for a tunable band gap, strong absorption, and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). This tunability and performance make LHP nanocrystals interesting for optoelectronic applications. Patterning active materials like these is a useful way to expand their tunability and applicability as it may allow more intricate designs that can improve efficiencies or increase functionality. Based on a technique for II-VI quantum dots, here we pattern colloidal LHP nanocrystals using electron-beam lithography (EBL). We create patterns of LHP nanocrystals on the order of 100s of nanometers to several microns and use these patterns to form intricate designs. The patterning mechanism is induced by ligand cross-linking, which binds adjacent nanocrystals together. We find that the luminescent properties are somewhat diminished after exposure, but that the structures are nonetheless still emissive. We believe that this is an interesting step toward patterning LHP nanocrystals at the nanoscale for device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
D. Dieleman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia van der Burgt
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neha Thakur
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik C. Garnett
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Amadi EV, Venkataraman A, Papadopoulos C. Nanoscale self-assembly: concepts, applications and challenges. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33. [PMID: 34874297 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3f54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly offers unique possibilities for fabricating nanostructures, with different morphologies and properties, typically from vapour or liquid phase precursors. Molecular units, nanoparticles, biological molecules and other discrete elements can spontaneously organise or form via interactions at the nanoscale. Currently, nanoscale self-assembly finds applications in a wide variety of areas including carbon nanomaterials and semiconductor nanowires, semiconductor heterojunctions and superlattices, the deposition of quantum dots, drug delivery, such as mRNA-based vaccines, and modern integrated circuits and nanoelectronics, to name a few. Recent advancements in drug delivery, silicon nanoelectronics, lasers and nanotechnology in general, owing to nanoscale self-assembly, coupled with its versatility, simplicity and scalability, have highlighted its importance and potential for fabricating more complex nanostructures with advanced functionalities in the future. This review aims to provide readers with concise information about the basic concepts of nanoscale self-assembly, its applications to date, and future outlook. First, an overview of various self-assembly techniques such as vapour deposition, colloidal growth, molecular self-assembly and directed self-assembly/hybrid approaches are discussed. Applications in diverse fields involving specific examples of nanoscale self-assembly then highlight the state of the art and finally, the future outlook for nanoscale self-assembly and potential for more complex nanomaterial assemblies in the future as technological functionality increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- University of Victoria, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PO BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Anusha Venkataraman
- University of Victoria, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PO BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- University of Victoria, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PO BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Zhang X, Yang W, Zhang H, Xie M, Duan X. PEDOT:PSS: From conductive polymers to sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wentuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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11
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Ahn S, Chen W, Vazquez-Mena O. High resolution patterning of PbS quantum dots/graphene photodetectors with high responsivity via photolithography with a top graphene layer to protect surface ligands. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6206-6212. [PMID: 36133947 PMCID: PMC9417613 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors based on colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) and single layer graphene (SLG) have shown high responsivity due to the synergy of strong light absorption from CQDs and high mobility from SLG. However, it is still challenging to achieve high-density and small-footprint devices on a chip to meet the demand for their integration into electronic devices. Even though there are numerous approaches to pattern the chemically fragile CQD films, usually they require non-conventional approaches such as stamping and surface modification that may be non-compatible with semiconductor processing. In this study, we show that conventional lithography and dry etching can be used to pattern QD active films by employing a graphene monolayer passivation/protective layer that protects the surface ligands of CQDs. This protective layer avoids damage induced by lithography process solvents that deteriorate the carrier mobility of CQDs and therefore the photoresponse. Herein we report patterning of CQDs using conventional UV photolithography, achieving reproducible five-micron length PbS CQDs/SLG photodetectors with a responsivity of 108 A W-1. We have also fabricated thirty-six PbS CQDs/SLG photodetectors on a single chip to establish micron size photodetectors. This process offers an approach to pattern QDs with conventional UV lithography and dry etching semiconductor technology to facilitate their integration into current semiconductor commercial technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbae Ahn
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Memory and Recording Research, Calibaja Center for Resilient Materials and Systems, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Memory and Recording Research, Calibaja Center for Resilient Materials and Systems, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Oscar Vazquez-Mena
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Memory and Recording Research, Calibaja Center for Resilient Materials and Systems, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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12
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Ternary Quantum Dots in Chemical Analysis. Synthesis and Detection Mechanisms. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092764. [PMID: 34066652 PMCID: PMC8125818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ternary quantum dots (QDs) are novel nanomaterials that can be used in chemical analysis due their unique physicochemical and spectroscopic properties. These properties are size-dependent and can be adjusted in the synthetic protocol modifying the reaction medium, time, source of heat, and the ligand used for stabilization. In the last decade, several spectroscopic methods have been developed for the analysis of organic and inorganic analytes in biological, drug, environmental, and food samples, in which different sensing schemes have been applied using ternary quantum dots. This review addresses the different synthetic approaches of ternary quantum dots, the sensing mechanisms involved in the analyte detection, and the predominant areas in which these nanomaterials are used.
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13
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Helmbrecht L, Futscher MH, Muscarella LA, Ehrler B, Noorduin WL. Ion Exchange Lithography: Localized Ion Exchange Reactions for Spatial Patterning of Perovskite Semiconductors and Insulators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005291. [PMID: 33843089 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Patterning materials with different properties in a single film is a fundamental challenge and essential for the development of next-generation (opto)electronic functional components. This work introduces the concept of ion exchange lithography and demonstrates spatially controlled patterning of electrically insulating films and semiconductors with tunable optoelectronic properties. In ion exchange lithography, a reactive nanoparticle "canvas" is locally converted by printing ion exchange "inks." To demonstrate the proof of principle, a canvas of insulating nanoporous lead carbonate is spatioselectively converted into semiconducting lead halide perovskites by contact printing an ion exchange precursor ink of methylammonium and formamidinium halides. By selecting the composition of the ink, the photoluminescence wavelength of the perovskite semiconductors is tunable over the entire visible spectrum. A broad palette of conversion inks can be applied on the reactive film by printing with customizable stamp designs, spray-painting with stencils, and painting with a brush to inscribe well-defined patterns with tunable optoelectronic properties in the same canvas. Moreover, the optoelectronic properties of the converted canvas are exploited to fabricate a green light-emitting diode (LED), demonstrating the functionality potential of ion exchange lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Ehrler
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1090 GD, The Netherlands
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van der Burgt J, Dieleman CD, Johlin E, Geuchies JJ, Houtepen AJ, Ehrler B, Garnett EC. Integrating Sphere Fourier Microscopy of Highly Directional Emission. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:1143-1151. [PMID: 34056035 PMCID: PMC8155557 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurately controlling light emission using nano- and microstructured lenses and antennas is an active field of research. Dielectrics are especially attractive lens materials due to their low optical losses over a broad bandwidth. In this work we measure highly directional light emission from patterned quantum dots (QDs) aligned underneath all-dielectric nanostructured microlenses. The lenses are designed with an evolutionary algorithm and have a theoretical directivity of 160. The fabricated structures demonstrate an experimental full directivity of 61 ± 3, three times higher than what has been estimated before, with a beaming half-angle of 2.6°. This high value compared to previous works is achieved via three mechanisms. First, direct electron beam patterning of QD emitters and alignment markers allowed for more localized emission and better emitter-lens alignment. Second, the lens fabrication was refined to minimize distortions between the designed shape and the final structure. Finally, a new measurement technique was developed that combines integrating sphere microscopy with Fourier microscopy. This enables complete directivity measurements, contrary to other reported values, which are typically only partial directivities or estimates of the full directivity that rely partly on simulations. The experimentally measured values of the complete directivity were higher than predicted by combining simulations with partial directivity measurements. High directivity was obtained from three different materials (cadmium-selenide-based QDs and two lead halide perovskite materials), emitting at 520, 620, and 700 nm, by scaling the lens size according to the emission wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian D. Dieleman
- AMOLF
Institute, 1098XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Advanced
Reseach Center for Nanolithography, 1098XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Johlin
- Nanophotonic
Energy Materials, Western Engineering, Western
University, SEB 3094, London, Canada
| | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- AMOLF
Institute, 1098XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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