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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Bekmez H, Kocak MN, Tavaci T, Halici H, Toktay E, Celik M, Bagci HH. Inflammation in cerebral ischemia reperfusion improved by avanafil via nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome: an experimental study in rats. Brain Inj 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38676710 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2346147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of study was to investigate the effect of avanafil, a second-generation phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CI/R) model. METHODS 32 male albino Wistar rats were used. Four groups were constituted, as I: the healthy (sham), II: the CI/R group, III: the CI/R +I 10 mg/kg avanafil group, and IV: the CI/R + 20 mg/kg avanafil group. Avanafil was administered twice via oral gavage, first shortly after ischemia reperfusion and once more after 12 h. The rats were euthanized after 24 h. Histopathological and Real Time PCR analyzes were performed on cerebral tissues. RESULTS IL-1β, NLRP3 and TNF-α mRNA expressions were statistically higher in the CI/R group when compared to healthy (sham) group. Conversely, the IL-1β, NLRP3, and TNF-α mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in both of the avanafil-treated groups when compared to CI/R group. Histopathological results showed that both doses of avanafil also decreased cellular damage in cerebral tissue that occurred after CI/R. CONCLUSION Avanafil, was found to have ameliorated inflammatory response and cellular injury caused by CI/R. The mRNA expression of IL-1β, NLRP3, and TNF-α decreased in the I/R groups and approached the control group levels with a high dose of avanafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Bekmez
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Kocak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Taha Tavaci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamza Halici
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Hınıs Vocational Training School, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdem Toktay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Embryology and Histology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Celik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamit Harun Bagci
- General Directorate of Administrative Services, Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
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Abd-AlGhafar WN, Abo Shabana R, El-Shaheny R, Tolba MM. Environmentally benign first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry for the analysis of two binary mixtures containing duloxetine with avanafil or tadalafil in spiked plasma samples. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4696. [PMID: 38494193 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Antidepressants can cause sexual dysfunction side effects, necessitating the co-administration of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. The simultaneous determination of these drugs in biological fluids is critical for therapeutic drug monitoring. For the first time, two binary mixtures containing duloxetine with either avanafil or tadalafil were estimated utilizing simple green spectrofluorimetric methods without the need for a previous separation step. The study was based on first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry in ethanol using a change in wavelength difference (∆λ) of 20 and 25 nm for the first and second combinations, respectively. Duloxetine and avanafil were estimated at 297.7 and 331 nm in their binary mixture, while duloxetine and tadalafil were determined at 290.3 and 297.7 nm, respectively. The linearity was achieved over the ranges of 0.1-1.5 μg mL-1 for both duloxetine and avanafil and 0.01-0.40 μg mL-1 for tadalafil, with limits of detection of 0.013, 0.022, and 0.004 μg mL-1 for duloxetine, avanafil, and tadalafil, respectively. Successful application of the developed approaches was accomplished for the estimation of the two mixtures in dosage forms as well as human plasma with excellent percentage recoveries (96-103.75% in plasma), which supports their suitability for use in quality control laboratories and pharmacokinetic studies. Moreover, the adopted approaches' greenness was evidenced by applying three tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Nabil Abd-AlGhafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rasha Abo Shabana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania El-Shaheny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Manar M Tolba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Al-Majed AA, AlKhairallah A, Attwa MW, Alkahtani HM, El-Azab AS, Abdel-Aziz AAM, Alkhider A, Hassan SB, Bakheit AH. Avanafil: A comprehensive drug profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2023; 49:115-151. [PMID: 38423706 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Avanafil is an oral medication used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). As a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, it functions by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme, which ultimately results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and improved blood flow to the penis. Approved by the FDA in 2012, avanafil is recognised for its rapid onset of action, short half-life, and favourable side-effects profile. While it has been explored for other potential therapeutic applications, its current approved use is limited to ED and should be used as prescribed by a medical professional. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of avanafil, encompassing its nomenclature, physicochemical properties, methods of preparation, and identification. Various techniques for analysing avanafil, such as electrochemical analysis, spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric, and chromatographic techniques, are discussed. The pharmacology of avanafil, including its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer AlKhairallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hamad M Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel S El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A-M Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Alkhider
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sawsan Bushra Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Ali AMBH, Abdel-Aal FAM, Rageh AH, Mohamed AMI. A Comprehensive Review on Analytical Techniques for Determination of Sex Stimulants, PDE5 Inhibitors in Different Matrices with Special Focus on the Electroanalytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-30. [PMID: 36508289 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting men and its incidence increases with aging. Due to its substantial influence on the quality of life, phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been implemented to treat ED by increasing the penile blood flow that results in improving erection. PDE5 inhibitors is a class of drugs that affects many pharmacological sectors, and it is essential to review the different analytical methods described for their determination. Few reviews were published concerning this group of drugs. For this reason, this review article gathers the different analytical methods used to determine PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical and biological samples over the past 20 years. Different analytical techniques were used to analyze these compounds in different matrices such as separation methods (capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS, UPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS), spectroscopic methods (UV-visible methods, FT-IR spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry) and electrochemical methods (polarography, voltammetry and potentiometry). This review focuses on the different electrochemical methods and their use in analytical determination of PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. Moreover, it discusses the different modified electrodes used for their electroanalytical determination and the behavior of the studied drugs at different modified electrodes. Additionally, this review discusses the pharmacokinetics of the studied compounds and their interactions with other co-administered drugs especially the metabolic interactions between the studied compounds and other co-administered drugs in different matrices. This literature survey would provide a beneficial guide for future analytical investigation of PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza H Rageh
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Ali AMBH, Rageh AH, Abdel-aal FA, Mohamed AMI. Anatase titanium oxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of avanafil and doxorubicin in plasma samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Zhao M, Wu X, Yu Z, Sun Y, Liu Z, Yuan J, Liu H, Jin Y. Identification, synthesis and characterization of avanafil process impurities and determination by UPLC. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9256-9262. [PMID: 35424898 PMCID: PMC8985152 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Avanafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor which is used to treat erectile dysfunction in men. The process-related impurities of avanafil were investigated, and four kinds of impurities in several laboratory batches with a content of 0.29-1.63% were detected by the newly developed gradient ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Based on the synthesis route and UPLC-MS research, the impurities are inferred as Imp-A, Imp-B, Imp-C and Imp-D. The structures of the impurities were inferred from LC-MS studies and confirmed by synthesis, followed by spectroscopic characterization such as NMR and mass spectrometry. Especially, the synthesis of Imp-D is firstly reported. The drug-related substances can be separated well by efficient and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography on a Waters ACQUITY HSS C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, particle size 1.8 μm) column at 35 °C, with the mobile phase consisting of ammonium formate (20 mM) and acetonitrile, and the detection at 239 nm with a DAD detector. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and sensitivity, and satisfactory results were obtained. The results indicated this developed UPLC method for avanafil and the proposed synthesis mechanism can be used for quality control purposes as required by regulatory agencies to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
- Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Changsha 410000 China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| | - Zengda Yu
- Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Changsha 410000 China
| | - Yunkai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou 213022 China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Changsha 410000 China
| | - Jinqiao Yuan
- Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Changsha 410000 China
| | - Hu Liu
- Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Changsha 410000 China
| | - Yiping Jin
- Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Changsha 410000 China
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Hybrid NiO nanostructured/sulfanilamide polymeric film for studying possible pharmacokinetic interaction between avanafil and nimodipine in real human serum by their simultaneous determination using square-wave voltammetry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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El-Naem OA, El-Maraghy CM. A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of co-administered ranitidine and metronidazole in plasma of human volunteers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2586-2595. [PMID: 34019061 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the development, optimization and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of co-administered ranitidine (RAN) and metronidazole (MET) in plasma of healthy human volunteers. A simple protein precipitation procedure using 1 mL acetonitrile was applied to extract both drugs and metoclopramide as an internal standard (IS) from plasma. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with isocratic elution of the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (90 : 10, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.35 mL min-1. The positive ionization mode was used for detecting the ions, by observing the pairs of transition m/z 314.82 < 176.06 for RAN, m/z 172.03 < 127.95 for MET and m/z 299.86 < 277.10 for IS. The linearity range was from 5-600 ng mL-1 for RAN and 2-40 μg mL-1 for MET. The method was found to be sensitive and accurate with good simple extraction recovery and matrix effect, according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methods. The developed method could be applied for further bioavailability studies that could be useful in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia A El-Naem
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th October City, 11787, Egypt.
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