1
|
Kuwahara T, Ohtsu H, Tsuge K. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Silver(I) Coordination Polymers Bridged by Dimethylpyrazine: Comparison of Emissive Excited States between Silver(I) and Copper(I) Congeners. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8120-8130. [PMID: 38653757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Highly luminescent silver(I) coordination polymers [Ag2X2(PPh3)2(Me2pyz)]n (X = I, Br, Cl; Me2pyz: 2,5-dimethylpyrazine) were prepared together with copper congeners [Cu2X2(PPh3)2(Me2pyz)]n (X = I, Br). All the complexes showed thermally activated delayed fluorescence from the charge-transfer states in the visible region, from blue to red. The isomorphous relationship among the complexes allowed a detailed discussion of the effect of halogenido ligands and crystal packing on their luminescence energy. The relaxation in the emissive excited states (ESs) was determined to be more remarkable in silver complexes than in copper complexes despite their isomorphous structures, and the electronic effect of halogenido ligands was comparable to the effect of relaxation in emissive ESs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tsuge
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Damin A, Bonomo M, Centrella B, Signorile M, Barolo C, Bordiga S. Modulation of [CuOH/O] + Properties in [2,2'-Bipyridine] 2 Homoleptic Complexes through Substitution at the 6,6' Position by Methyl Groups. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16610-16620. [PMID: 38617660 PMCID: PMC11007709 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, data from a DFT-based computational study on the reactivity of [Cu(2,2'-S-bpy)2]+PF6- (S indicating substitution by methyl groups at the 6 and/or 6' position and ranging from 0 to 100% through 50%) homoleptic complexes based toward tButOOH were presented. Computational results, supported by cyclic voltammetry analysis, prove the feasibility of finely tuning the chemical properties of the complexes and their reactivity by means of insertion of methyl moieties in selected positions within the bipyridine scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Damin
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, University
of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/A, Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, University
of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/A, Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Barbara Centrella
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, University
of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/A, Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, University
of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/A, Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, University
of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/A, Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, University
of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/A, Turin 10135, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jaros SW, Sokolnicki J, Siczek M, Smoleński P. Strategy for an Effective Eco-Optimized Design of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Coordination Polymers Exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38010323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The new series of copper(I) coordination polymers [Cu(N-N)(μ-PTA)]n[PF6]n {N-N = dmbpy (1), bpy (2), ncup (3), and phen (4)} were generated by straightforward reaction in solution or through a mechanochemical route, of [Cu(MeCN)4][PF6] with 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and the corresponding polypyridines, namely, 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmbpy), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (ncup), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). The compounds were obtained as air-stable solids and fully characterized by IR, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (for 1, 2, and 4), revealing infinite one-dimensional (1D) linear chains driven by μ-PTA N,P-linkers. All tested Cu(I) polymeric compounds show emission at room temperature, which was attributed to thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Evidence of the involvement of the excited singlet state in the emission process is presented. Comparing the photophysical properties of 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4, of which 1 and 3 have a stiffened structure, by introducing a methyl group to one of the ligands, we demonstrate how TADF properties depend on molecular rigidity. It is shown that stiffening of the structure reduces the flattening distortion around the Cu(I) center in the 3MLCT state. As a result, the ΔE(S1-T1) energy gap becomes smaller and the fluorescence quantum yield increases without significantly extending the emission lifetime. In particular, the ΔE(S1-T1) values for complexes 1 and 3 are among the shortest reported in the scientific literature, 253 and 337 cm-1, and the TADF lifetimes are τ(300 K) = 5.7 and 4.2 μs, respectively. The fluorescence quantum yields for these complexes are measured to be ΦPL(300 K) = 70 and 80%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina W Jaros
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sokolnicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent developments of photoactive Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes with diphosphine and related ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Wöhler J, Meyer M, Prescimone A, Housecroft CE, Constable EC. The effects of introducing terminal alkenyl substituents into the 2,2'-bipyridine domain in [Cu(N^N)(P^P)] + coordination compounds. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13094-13105. [PMID: 35975676 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The N^N chelating ligands 6,6'-bis(but-3-en-1-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine (1), 6-(but-3-en-1-yl)-6'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2), 6,6'-bis(pent-4-en-1-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine (3) and 6-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-6'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4) have been prepared, characterized, and incorporated into the heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)][PF6] complexes in which P^P is either POP (bis(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)ether) or xantphos (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane). The eight coordination compounds have been fully characterized, including the single crystal structures of [Cu(1)(xantphos)][PF6], [Cu(1)(POP)][PF6]·CH2Cl2, [Cu(2)(xantphos)][PF6], [Cu(2)(POP)][PF6] and [Cu(3)(POP)][PF6]·0.5Et2O. The [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ cations exhibit a partially reversible or irreversible Cu+/Cu2+ oxidation at more positive potentials than the benchmark [Cu(bpy)(P^P)]+ and [Cu(Me2bpy)(P^P)]+ complexes consistent with the increase in steric hindrance of the terminal alkenyl substituents. When excited in the region of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption, solutions of the [Cu(N^N)(P^P)][PF6] complexes are weak emitters with λmaxem in the range 565-578 nm. However, powdered samples achieve photoluminescence quantum yields in the range of 28.5 to 62.3%, with the highest PLQY found for [Cu(3)(POP)][PF6] with an excited-state lifetime, τ, of 16.1 μs. For [Cu(3)(POP)][PF6], the excited state lifetime was measured in MeTHF at 293 and 77 K, and the increase in τ from 1.77 to 59.4 μs upon cooling supports thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) at ambient temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannika Wöhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Doettinger F, Kleeberg C, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. How the Way a Naphthalimide Unit is Implemented Affects the Photophysical and -catalytic Properties of Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Front Chem 2022; 10:936863. [PMID: 35783217 PMCID: PMC9247301 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the great potential of solar energy conversion this study comprises the evaluation and comparison of two different design approaches for the improvement of copper based photosensitizers. In particular, the distinction between the effects of a covalently linked and a directly fused naphthalimide unit was assessed. For this purpose, the two heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes CuNIphen (NIphen = 5-(1,8-naphthalimide)-1,10-phenanthroline) and Cubiipo (biipo = 16H-benzo-[4′,5′]-isoquinolino-[2′,1′,:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthroline-16-one) were prepared and compared with the novel unsubstituted reference compound Cuphen (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). Beside a comprehensive structural characterization, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, a combination of electrochemistry, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy was used to determine the electrochemical and photophysical properties in detail. The nature of the excited states was further examined by (time-dependent) density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. It was found that CuNIphen exhibits a greatly enhanced absorption in the visible and a strong dependency of the excited state lifetimes on the chosen solvent. For example, the lifetime of CuNIphen extends from 0.37 µs in CH2Cl2 to 19.24 µs in MeCN, while it decreases from 128.39 to 2.6 µs in Cubiipo. Furthermore, CuNIphen has an exceptional photostability, allowing for an efficient and repetitive production of singlet oxygen with quantum yields of about 32%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Yang
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Doettinger
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gimeno L, Phelan BT, Sprague-Klein EA, Roisnel T, Blart E, Gourlaouen C, Chen LX, Pellegrin Y. Bulky and Stable Copper(I)-Phenanthroline Complex: Impact of Steric Strain and Symmetry on the Excited-State Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7296-7307. [PMID: 35507920 PMCID: PMC9116384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steric strain around copper(I) in typical [Cu(NNR)2]+ complexes, where NNR is a diimine ligand substituted in α-positions of the nitrogen atoms by R, is known to strongly impact the excited-state properties. Generally speaking, the larger the R, the longer the emission lifetime and the higher the quantum yield. However, the stability of the coordination scaffold can be at stake if the steric strain imposed by R is too large. In this work, we explore a way of fine-tuning the steric strain around Cu(I) to reach a balance between high emission quantum yield and stability in a highly bulky copper(I) complex. Taking stable [Cu(dipp)2]+ and unstable [Cu(dtbp)2]+ (where dipp and dtbp are, respectively, 2,9-diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-di-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline) as the boundary of two least and most sterically strained structures, we designed and characterized the nonsymmetrical ligand 2-isopropyl-9-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline (L1) and corresponding complex [Cu(L1)2]+ (Cu1). The key experimental findings are that Cu1 exhibits a rigid tetrahedral geometry in the ground state, close to that of [Cu(dtbp)2]+ and with an intermediate stability between that of [Cu(dipp)2]+ and [Cu(dtbp)2]+. Conversely, the nonsymmetrical nature of ligand L1 leads to a shorter emission lifetime and smaller quantum yield than those of either [Cu(dipp)2]+ or [Cu(dtbp)2]+. This peculiar behavior is rationalized through the in depth analysis of the ultrafast dynamics of the excited state measured with optical transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations performed on the ground and excited state of Cu1. Our main findings are that the obtained complex is significantly more stable than [Cu(dtbp)2]+ despite the sterically strained coordination sphere. The nonsymmetrical nature of the ligand translates into a strongly distorted structure in the excited state. The distortion can be described as a rocking motion of one ligand, entailing the premature extinction of the excited state via several deactivation channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Université de Rennes CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gimeno L, Queffelec C, Blart E, Pellegrin Y. Copper(I) Bis(diimine) Complexes with High Photooxidation Power: Reductive Quenching of the Excited State with a Benzimidazoline Sacrificial Donor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13112-13119. [PMID: 35474762 PMCID: PMC9026092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reductive quenching of photoexcited photosensitizers is a very efficient way to achieve challenging reduction reactions. In this process, the excited photosensitizer is reduced by a sacrificial electron donor. This mechanism is rarely observed with copper(I) bis(diimine) complexes, which are nevertheless acknowledged as very promising photosensitizers. This is due to the fact that they are very poor photooxidants and prove unable to react with common donors once promoted in their excited state. In this article, we evidence the rare reductive quenching cycle with two specially designed copper(I) complexes. These complexes exhibit improved photooxidation power thanks to an optimized coordination sphere made of strongly π-accepting ligands. Reductive quenching of the excited state of the latter complexes with a classical benzimidazoline sacrificial donor is monitored, and reduced complexes are accumulated during prolonged photolysis. Trials to utilize the photogenerated reductive power are presented.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sandoval-Pauker C, Santander-Nelli M, Dreyse P. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence in luminescent cationic copper(i) complexes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10653-10674. [PMID: 35425025 PMCID: PMC8985689 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the photophysical characteristics of [Cu(N^N)2]+ and [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes were described. The concept of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and its development throughout the years was also explained. The importance of ΔE(S1–T1) and spin-orbital coupling (SOC) values on the TADF behavior of [Cu(N^N)2]+ and [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes is discussed. Examples of ΔE(S1–T1) values reported in the literature were collected and some trends were proposed (e.g. the effect of the substituents at the 2,9 positions of the phenanthroline ligand). Besides, the techniques (or calculation methods) used for determining ΔE(S1–T1) values were described. The effect of SOC in TADF was also discussed, and examples of the determination of SOC values by DFT and TD-DFT calculations are provided. The last chapter covers the applications of [Cu(N^N)2]+ and [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ TADF complexes and the challenges that are still needed to be addressed to ensure the industrial applications of these compounds. Bibliographic review of cationic Cu(i) complexes that undergo Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF). From the first findings found in the homoleptic and heteroleptic Cu(i)-TADF complexes to the use of this property in lighting devices.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sandoval-Pauker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 USA.,Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Av. España 1680 Casilla 2390123 Valparaíso Chile
| | - Mireya Santander-Nelli
- Advanced Integrated Technologies (AINTECH) Chorrillo Uno, Parcela 21 Lampa Santiago Chile.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins General Gana 1702 Santiago 8370854 Chile
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Av. España 1680 Casilla 2390123 Valparaíso Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paderina A, Melnikov A, Slavova S, Sizov V, Gurzhiy V, Petrovskii S, Luginin M, Levin O, Koshevoy I, Grachova E. The Tail Wags the Dog: The Far Periphery of the Coordination Environment Manipulates the Photophysical Properties of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:2250. [PMID: 35408648 PMCID: PMC9000333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we show, using the example of a series of [Cu(Xantphos)(N^N)]+ complexes (N^N being substituted 5-phenyl-bipyridine) with different peripheral N^N ligands, that substituents distant from the main action zone can have a significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the system. By using the C≡C bond on the periphery of the coordination environment, three hybrid molecular systems with -Si(CH3)3, -Au(PR3), and -C2HN3(CH2)C10H7 fragments were produced. The Cu(I) complexes thus obtained demonstrate complicated emission behaviour, which was investigated by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational methods in order to understand the mechanism of energy transfer. It was found that the -Si(CH3)3 fragment connected to the peripheral C≡C bond changes luminescence to long-lived intra-ligand phosphorescence, in contrast to MLCT phosphorescence or TADF. The obtained results can be used for the design of new materials based on Cu(I) complexes with controlled optoelectronic properties on the molecular level, as well as for the production of hybrid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Paderina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Alexey Melnikov
- Centre for Nano- and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sofia Slavova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir Sizov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Vladislav Gurzhiy
- Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Stanislav Petrovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Maksim Luginin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Oleg Levin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Igor Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Elena Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Housecroft CE, Constable EC. TADF: Enabling luminescent copper(i) coordination compounds for light-emitting electrochemical cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4456-4482. [PMID: 35433007 PMCID: PMC8944257 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc04028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a surge of interest in the emissive behaviour of copper(i) coordination compounds, both neutral compounds that may have applications in organic light-emitting doides (OLEDs) and copper-based ionic transition metal complexes (Cu-iTMCs) with potential use in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). One of the most exciting features of copper(i) coordination compounds is their possibility to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in which the energy separation of the excited singlet (S1) and excited triplet (T1) states is very small, permitting intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) to occur at room temperature without the requirement for the large spin-orbit coupling inferred by the presence of a heavy metal such as iridium. In this review, we focus mainly in Cu-iTMCs, and illustrate how the field of luminescent compounds and those exhibiting TADF has developed. Copper(i) coordination compounds that class as Cu-iTMCs include those containing four-coordinate [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ (P^P = large-bite angle bisphosphane, and N^N is typically a diimine), [Cu(P)2(N^N)]+ (P = monodentate phosphane ligand), [Cu(P)(tripodal-N3)]+, [Cu(P)(N^N)(N)]+ (N = monodentate N-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(N^S)]+ (N^S = chelating N,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(P^S)]+ (P^S = chelating P,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(NHC)]+ (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) coordination domains, dinuclear complexes with P^P and N^N ligands, three-coordinate [Cu(N^N)(NHC)]+ and two-coordinate [Cu(N)(NHC)]+ complexes. We pay particular attention to solid-state structural features, e.g. π-stacking interactions and other inter-ligand interactions, which may impact on photoluminescence quantum yields. Where emissive Cu-iTMCs have been tested in LECs, we detail the device architectures, and this emphasizes differences which make it difficult to compare LEC performances from different investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Argüello Cordero MA, Boden PJ, Rentschler M, Di Martino-Fumo P, Frey W, Yang Y, Gerhards M, Karnahl M, Lochbrunner S, Tschierlei S. Comprehensive Picture of the Excited State Dynamics of Cu(I)- and Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizers with Long-Lived Triplet States. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:214-226. [PMID: 34908410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)- and Cu(I)-based photosensitizers featuring the recently developed biipo ligand (16H-benzo-[4',5']-isoquinolino-[2',1',:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthrolin-16-one) were comprehensively investigated by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and especially several time-resolved spectroscopic methods covering all time scales from femto- to milliseconds. The analysis of the experimental results is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The biipo ligand consists of a coordinating 1,10-phenanthroline moiety fused with a 1,8-naphthalimide unit, which results in an extended π-system with an incorporated electron acceptor moiety. In a previous study, it was shown that this ligand enabled a Ru(II) complex that is an efficient singlet oxygen producer and of potential use for other light-driven applications due to its long emission lifetime. The goal of our here presented research is to provide a full spectroscopic picture of the processes that follow optical excitation. Interestingly, the Ru(II) and Cu(I) complexes differ in their characteristics even though the lowest electronically excited states involve in both cases the biipo ligand. The combined spectroscopic results indicate that an emissive 3MLCT state and a rather dark 3LC state are populated, each to some extent. For the Cu(I) complex, most of the excited population ends up in the 3LC state with an extraordinary lifetime of 439 μs in the solid state at 20 K, while a significant population of the 3MLCT state causes luminescence for the Ru(II) complex. Hence, there is a balance between these two states, which can be tuned by altering the metal center or even by thermal energy, as suggested by the temperature-dependent experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pit Jean Boden
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meyer M, Mardegan L, Tordera D, Prescimone A, Sessolo M, Bolink HJ, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. A counterion study of a series of [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][A] compounds with bis(phosphane) and 6-methyl and 6,6'-dimethyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine ligands for light-emitting electrochemical cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17920-17934. [PMID: 34757348 PMCID: PMC8669729 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and characterisations of a series of heteroleptic copper(I) compounds [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][A], [Cu(POP)(Me2bpy)][A], [Cu(xantphos)(Mebpy)][A] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][A] in which [A]- is [BF4]-, [PF6]-, [BPh4]- and [BArF4]- (Mebpy = 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine, Me2bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, POP = oxydi(2,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylphosphane), xantphos = (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane), [BArF4]- = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) are reported. Nine of the compounds have been characterised by single crystal X-ray crystallography, and the consequences of the different anions on the packing interactions in the solid state are discussed. The effects of the counterion on the photophysical properties of [Cu(POP)(N^N)][A] and [Cu(xantphos)(N^N)][A] (N^N = Mebpy and Me2bpy) have been investigated. In the solid-state emission spectra, the highest energy emission maxima are for [Cu(xantphos)(Mebpy)][BPh4] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][BPh4] (λemmax = 520 nm) whereas the lowest energy λemmax values occur for [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][PF6] and [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][BPh4] (565 nm and 563 nm, respectively). Photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) are noticeably affected by the counterion; in the [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][A] series, solid-state PLQY values decrease from 62% for [PF6]-, to 44%, 35% and 27% for [BF4]-, [BPh4]- and [BArF4]-, respectively. This latter series of compounds was used as active electroluminescent materials on light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). The luminophores were mixed with ionic liquids (ILs) [EMIM][A] ([EMIM]+ = [1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium]+) containing the same or different counterions than the copper(I) complex. LECs containing [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][BPh4] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][BArF4] failed to turn on under the LEC operating conditions, whereas those with the smaller [PF6]- or [BF4]- counterions had rapid turn-on times and exhibited maximum luminances of 173 and 137 cd m-2 and current efficiencies of 3.5 and 2.6 cd A-1, respectively, when the IL contained the same counterion as the luminophore. Mixing the counterions ([PF6]- and [BF4]-) of the active complex and the IL led to a reduction in all the figures of merit of the LECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Lorenzo Mardegan
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Daniel Tordera
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Henk J Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Wu Z, Xu JY, Li WX, Li XL. Synthesis, structures and naked-eye phosphorescence of 2-(6-Methoxynaphthyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline-Cu(I) complexes. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
16
|
Li C, Mackenzie CFR, Said SA, Pal AK, Haghighatbin MA, Babaei A, Sessolo M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Kamer PCJ, Bolink HJ, Hogan CF, Zysman-Colman E. Wide-Bite-Angle Diphosphine Ligands in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Copper(I) Complexes: Impact on the Performance of Electroluminescence Applications. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10323-10339. [PMID: 34197094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of seven cationic heteroleptic copper(I) complexes of the form [Cu(P^P)(dmphen)]BF4, where dmphen is 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and P^P is a diphosphine chelate, in which the effect of the bite angle of the diphosphine ligand on the photophysical properties of the complexes was studied. Several of the complexes exhibit moderately high photoluminescence quantum yields in the solid state, with ΦPL of up to 35%, and in solution, with ΦPL of up to 98%. We were able to correlate the powder photoluminescence quantum yields with the % Vbur of the P^P ligand. The most emissive complexes were used to fabricate both organic light-emitting diodes and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), both of which showed moderate performance. Compared to the benchmark copper(I)-based LECs, [Cu(dnbp)(DPEPhos)]+ (maximum external quantum efficiency, EQEmax = 16%), complex 3 (EQEmax = 1.85%) showed a much longer device lifetime (t1/2 = 1.25 h and >16.5 h for [Cu(dnbp)(DPEPhos)]+ and complex 3, respectively). The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties of several complexes were also studied, which, to the best of our knowledge, constitutes the first ECL study for heteroleptic copper(I) complexes. Notably, complexes exhibiting more reversible electrochemistry were associated with higher annihilation ECL as well as better performance in a LEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Li
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Campbell F R Mackenzie
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Said A Said
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Amlan K Pal
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti Campus, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 181221, India
| | - Mohammad A Haghighatbin
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Azin Babaei
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - David B Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Paul C J Kamer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Henk J Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferrari F, Braun J, Anson CE, Wilts BD, Moatsou D, Bizzarri C. Cyan-Emitting Cu(I) Complexes and Their Luminescent Metallopolymers. Molecules 2021; 26:2567. [PMID: 33924921 PMCID: PMC8125312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper complexes have shown great versatility and a wide application range across the natural and life sciences, with a particular promise as organic light-emitting diodes. In this work, four novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes were designed in order to allow their integration in advanced materials such as metallopolymers. We herein present the synthesis and the electrochemical and photophysical characterisation of these Cu(I) complexes, in combination with ab initio calculations. The complexes present a bright cyan emission (λem ~ 505 nm) in their solid state, both as powder and as blends in a polymer matrix. The successful synthesis of metallopolymers embedding two of the novel complexes is shown. These copolymers were also found to be luminescent and their photophysical properties were compared to those of their polymer blends. The chemical nature of the polymer backbone contributes significantly to the photoluminescence quantum yield, paving a route for the strategic design of novel luminescent Cu(I)-based polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferrari
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Jonas Braun
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Christopher E. Anson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Dafni Moatsou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|