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Tang R, Zhou L, Dai Y, Wang Y, Cai Y, Chen T, Yao Y. Polydopamine modified by pillar[5]arene in situ for targeted chemo-photothermal cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1160-1163. [PMID: 38192227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
A pillar[5]arene-modified polydopamine (PDA-P[5]OH) displaying pH/NIR dual-responsive properties was constructed successfully in situ for targeted chemo-photothermal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong City Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Chemistry, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China.
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Liu H, Wu Z, Chen J, Wang J, Qiu H. Recent advances in chiral liquid chromatography stationary phases for pharmaceutical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464367. [PMID: 37714014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a common phenomenon in nature. Different enantiomers of chiral drug compounds have obvious differences in their effects on the human body. Therefore, the separation of chiral drugs plays an extremely important role in the safe utilization of drugs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an effective tool for the separation and analysis of compounds, in which the chromatographic packing plays a key role in the separation. Chiral pharmaceutical separation and analysis in HPLC rely on chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Thus, various CSPs are being developed to meet the needs of chiral drug separation and analysis. In this review, recent developments in CSPs, including saccharides (cyclodextrin, cellulose, amylose and chitosan), macrocycles (macrocyclic glycopeptides, pillar[n]arene and polyamide) and porous organic materials (metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and porous organic cages), for pharmaceutical analysis in HPLC were summarized, the advantages and disadvantages of various stationary phases were introduced, and their development prospects were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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3
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Sørensen J, Hansen EL, Larsen D, Elmquist MA, Buchleithner A, Florean L, Beeren SR. Light-controlled enzymatic synthesis of γ-CD using a recyclable azobenzene template. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7725-7732. [PMID: 37476725 PMCID: PMC10355107 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01997g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are important molecular hosts for hydrophobic guests in water and extensively employed in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries to encapsulate drugs, flavours and aromas. Compared with α- and β-CD, the wide-scale use of γ-CD is currently limited due to costly production processes. We show how the yield of γ-CD in the enzymatic synthesis of CDs can be increased 5-fold by adding a tetra-ortho-isopropoxy-substituted azobenzene template irradiated at 625 nm (to obtain the cis-(Z)-isomer) to direct the synthesis. Following the enzymatic reaction, the template can then be readily recovered from the product mixture for use in subsequent reaction cycles. Heating induces thermal cis-(Z) to trans-(E) relaxation and consequent dissociation from γ-CD whereupon the template can then be precipitated by acidification. For this study we designed and synthesised a set of three water-soluble azobenzene templates with different ortho-substituents and characterised their photoswitching behaviour using UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy. The templates were tested in cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-mediated dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) of cyclodextrins while irradiating at different wavelengths to control the cis/trans ratios. To rationalise the behaviour of the DCLs, NMR titrations were carried out to investigate the binding interactions between α-, β- and γ-CD and the cis and trans isomers of each template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Emilie Ljungberg Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Mathias Albert Elmquist
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Andreas Buchleithner
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Luca Florean
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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4
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Erichsen A, Peters GHJ, Beeren SR. Templated Enzymatic Synthesis of δ-Cyclodextrin. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4882-4891. [PMID: 36802551 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
While α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) are ubiquitous hosts employed by supramolecular chemists, δ-CD (formed from nine α-1,4-linked glucopyranose units) has received very little attention. α-, β-, and γ-CD are the major products of the enzymatic breakdown of starch by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase), but δ-CD forms only transiently in this reaction, as a minor component of a complex mixture of linear and cyclic glucans. In this work, we show how δ-CD can be synthesized in unprecedented yields by employing a bolaamphiphile template in an enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial library of cyclodextrins. NMR spectroscopy studies revealed that δ-CD can thread up to three bolaamphiphiles forming [2]-, [3]-, or [4]-pseudorotaxanes, depending on the size of the hydrophilic headgroup and the length of the alkyl chain axle. Threading of the first bolaamphiphile occurs in fast exchange on the NMR chemical shift time scale, while subsequent threading occurs in slow exchange. To extract quantitative information for 1:2 and 1:3 binding events occurring in mixed exchange regimes, we derived equations for nonlinear curve fitting that take into consideration both the chemical shift changes for species in fast exchange and the integrals for species in slow exchange to determine Ka1, Ka2, and Ka3. Template T1 could be used to direct the enzymatic synthesis of δ-CD due to the cooperative formation of a 1:2 complex─the [3]-pseudorotaxane δ-CD·T12. Importantly, T1 is recyclable. It can be readily recovered from the enzymatic reaction by precipitation and reused in subsequent syntheses enabling preparative-scale synthesis of δ-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erichsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Sivakumar K, Chaitanya GK. α- Cyclodextrin based Chemosensors: A Review. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2022.2121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya (Deemed to be University) (SCSVMV), Tamilnadu, India
| | - G. Krishna Chaitanya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya (Deemed to be University) (SCSVMV), Tamilnadu, India
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Samuelsen L, Larsen D, Schönbeck C, Beeren SR. pH-Responsive templates modulate the dynamic enzymatic synthesis of cyclodextrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5152-5155. [PMID: 35383788 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Product selection in the dynamic enzymatic synthesis of cyclodextrins can be controlled by changing the pH. Using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase to make labile the glycosidic linkages in cyclodextrins (CDs), we generate a dynamic combinatorial library of interconverting linear and cyclic α-1,4-glucans. Templates can be employed to favour the selective production of specific CDs and, herein, we show that by using ionisable templates, the synthesis of α-CD or β-CD can be favoured by simply changing the pH. Using 4-nitrophenol as the template, β-CD is the preferred product at low pH, while α-CD is the preferred product at high pH. Furthermore, a new methodology is described for the simulation of product distributions in dynamic combinatorial libraries with ionisable templates at any given pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Samuelsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Christian Schönbeck
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Larsen D, Ferreira M, Tilloy S, Monflier E, Beeren SR. Unnatural cyclodextrins can be accessed from enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial libraries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2287-2290. [PMID: 35080533 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic systems of cyclodextrins (CDs) enabled by a native cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) can incorporate unnatural glucopyranose-derived building blocks, expanding the applicability of enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial chemistry by using synthetically modified substrates. Starting dynamic combinatorial libraries from CDs with a single 6-modified glucopyranose results in a dynamic mixture of CDs containing several modified glucopyranoses. The relative concentrations of modified α, β or γ-CDs can be controlled by the addition of templates, providing a novel way to access modified CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Michel Ferreira
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), Lens 62300, France
| | - Sébastien Tilloy
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), Lens 62300, France
| | - Eric Monflier
- Univ. Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), Lens 62300, France
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
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Heath RS, Ruscoe RE, Turner NJ. The beauty of biocatalysis: sustainable synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:335-388. [PMID: 34879125 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to July 2021The market for cosmetics is consumer driven and the desire for green, sustainable and natural ingredients is increasing. The use of isolated enzymes and whole-cell organisms to synthesise these products is congruent with these values, especially when combined with the use of renewable, recyclable or waste feedstocks. The literature of biocatalysis for the synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics in the past five years is herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Heath
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Ruscoe
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Ring-Opening of Cyclodextrins: An Efficient Route to Pure Maltohexa-, Hepta-, and Octaoses. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many preparations of maltooligosaccharides have been described in literature, essentially using enzymatic or biotechnological processes. These compounds, derived from starch, are well-known as prebiotic agents. The use of maltohexa-, hepta-, and octaoses as synthons in organic synthesis was also well documented in literature. They can indeed be obtained as single compounds by the cyclodextrins’ ring-opening. This reaction has been studied for many years, varying the protecting and functional groups and the reaction conditions, leading to functionalized oligomaltoses. These compounds are of wide interest in various fields. They have a strong potential as scaffolds for multivalence in chemobiology, as building blocks for the production of biomimetic pseudo-glycopeptides, as well as monomers for the preparation of materials. In view of the importance of these oligomaltoses, this review focuses on the different methodologies allowing access to them via chemical and enzymatic ring-opening of cyclodextrins.
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Erichsen A, Larsen D, Beeren SR. Chaotropic and Kosmotropic Anions Regulate the Outcome of Enzyme-Mediated Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries of Cyclodextrins in Two Different Ways. Front Chem 2021; 9:721942. [PMID: 34414164 PMCID: PMC8370642 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.721942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate how different anions from across the Hofmeister series can influence the behavior of enzyme-mediated dynamic combinatorial libraries of cyclodextrins (CDs). Using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase to catalyze reversible transglycosylation, dynamic mixtures of interconverting cyclodextrins can be formed wherein the relative concentrations of α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD is determined by their intrinsic stabilities and any stabilizing influences of added template (guest) molecules. Here, we find that addition of high concentrations of kosmotropic anions can be used to enhance the effects of added hydrophobic templates, while chaotropic anions can themselves act as templates, causing predictable and significant changes in the cyclodextrin composition due to weak, but specific, binding interactions with α-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erichsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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