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Yan D, Luo J, Wang S, Han X, Lei X, Jiao K, Wu X, Qian L, Zhang X, Zhao X, Di J, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Zhang J. Carbon Nanotube-Directed 7 GPa Heterocyclic Aramid Fiber and Its Application in Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306129. [PMID: 37533318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide) (PBIA) fibers with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in fields that require impact-resistant materials such as ballistic protection and aerospace. The introduction of heterocycles in polymer chains increases their flexibility and makes it easier to optimize the fiber structure. However, the inadequate orientation of polymer chains is one of the main reasons for the large difference between the measured and theoretical mechanical properties of PBIA fibers. Herein, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are selected as an orientation seed. Their structural features allow CNTs to orient during the spinning process, which can induce an orderly arrangement of polymers and improve the orientation of the fiber microstructure. To ensure the complete 1D topology of long CNTs (≈10 µm), PBIA is used as an efficient dispersant to overcome dispersion challenges. The p-CNT/PBIA fibers (10 µm single-walled carbon nanotube 0.025 wt%) exhibit an increase of 22% in tensile strength and 23% in elongation, with a maximum tensile strength of 7.01 ± 0.31 GPa and a reinforcement efficiency of 893.6. The artificial muscle fabricated using CNT/PBIA fibers exhibits a 34.8% contraction and a 25% lifting of a 2 kg dumbbell, providing a promising paradigm for high-performance organic fibers as high-load smart actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Center of Nano Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaocang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Lei
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Jiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinshi Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Center of Nano Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhenfei Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Center of Nano Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Jing S, Huang J, Wang H, Wang Y, Xie H, Zhou S. A Solvent-Templated Porous Liquid Crystal Elastomer with Tactile Sensation beyond Reversible Actuation toward Versatile Artificial Muscles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38692284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), as a classical two-way shape-memory material, are good candidates for developing artificial muscles that mimic the contraction, expansion, or rotational behavior of natural muscles. However, biomimicry is currently focused more on the actuation functions of natural muscles dominated by muscle fibers, whereas the tactile sensing functions that are dominated by neuronal receptors and synapses have not been well captured. Very few studies have reported the sensing concept for LCEs, but the signals were still donated by macroscopic actuation, that is, variations in angle or length. Herein, we develop a conductive porous LCE (CPLCE) using a solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO))-templated photo-cross-linking strategy, followed by carbon nanotube (CNT) incorporation. The CPLCE has excellent reversible contraction/elongation behavior in a manner similar to the actuation functions of skeletal muscles. Moreover, the CPLCE shows excellent pressure-sensing performance by providing real-time electrical signals and is capable of microtouch sensing, which is very similar to natural tactile sensing. Furthermore, macroscopic actuation and tactile sensation can be integrated into a single system. Proof-of-concept studies reveal that the CPLCE-based artificial muscle is sensitive to external touch while maintaining its excellent actuation performance. The CPLCE with tactile sensation beyond reversible actuation is expected to benefit the development of versatile artificial muscles and intelligent robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Jing
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jinhui Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Dong L, Zhang W, Ren M, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Di J. Moisture-Adaptive Contractile Biopolymer-Derived Fibers for Wound Healing Promotion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300589. [PMID: 36970836 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in thermosensitive active hydrogels has opened promising opportunities to dynamic full-thickness skin wound healing. However, conventional hydrogels lack breathability to avoid wound infection and cannot adapt to wounds with different shapes due to the isotropic contraction. Herein, a moisture-adaptive fiber that rapidly absorbs wound tissue fluid and produces a large lengthwise contractile force during the drying process is reported. The incorporation of hydroxyl-rich silica nanoparticles in the sodium alginate/gelatin composite fiber greatly improves the hydrophilicity, toughness, and axial contraction performance of the fiber. This fiber exhibits a dynamic contractile behavior as a function of humidity, generating ≈15% maximum contraction strain or ≈24 MPa maximum isometric contractile stress. The textile knitted by the fibers features excellent breathability and generates adaptive contraction in the target direction during the natural desorption of tissue fluid from the wounds. In vivo animal experiments further demonstrate the advantages of the textiles over traditional dressings in accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Dong
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ren
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Zhou
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Leng X, Mei G, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhou X. Tethering of twisted-fiber artificial muscles. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2377-2390. [PMID: 36919405 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00489e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Twisted-fiber artificial muscles, a new type of soft actuator, exhibit significant potential for use in applications related to lightweight smart devices and soft robotics. Fiber twisting generates internal torque and a spiral architecture, exhibiting rotation, contraction, or elongation as a result of fiber volume change. Untethering a twisted fiber often results in fiber untwisting and loss of stored torque energy. Preserving the torque in twisted fibers during actuation is necessary to realize a reversible and stable artificial muscle performance; this is a key issue that has not yet been systematically discussed and reviewed. This review summarizes the mechanisms for preserving the torque within twisted fibers and the potential applications of such systems. The potential challenges and future directions of research related to twisted-fiber artificial muscles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Leng
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Guangkai Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Self-Aware Artificial Coiled Yarn Muscles with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and Durability via a Two-Step Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030552. [PMID: 36771853 PMCID: PMC9921128 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscles are capable of modulating the body and adapting to environmental changes with a highly integrated sensing and actuation. Inspired by biological muscles, coiled/twisted fibers are adopted that can convert volume expansion into axial contraction and offer the advantages of flexibility and light weight. However, the sensing-actuation integrated fish line/yarn-based artificial muscles are still barely reported due to the poor actuation-sensing interface with off-the-shelf fibers. We report herein artificial coiled yarn muscles with self-sensing and actuation functions using the commercially available yarns. Via a two-step process, the artificial coiled yarn muscles are proved to obtain enhanced electrical conductivity and durability, which facilitates the long-term application in human-robot interfaces. The resistivity is successfully reduced from 172.39 Ω·cm (first step) to 1.27 Ω·cm (second step). The multimode sense of stretch strain, pressure, and actuation-sensing are analyzed and proved to have good linearity, stability and durability. The muscles could achieve a sensitivity (gauge factor, GF) of the contraction strain perception up to 1.5. We further demonstrate this self-aware artificial coiled yarn muscles could empower non-active objects with actuation and real-time monitoring capabilities without causing damage to the objects. Overall, this work provides a facile and versatile tool in improving the actuation-sensing performances of the artificial coiled yarn muscles and has the potential in building smart and interactive soft actuation systems.
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Dong L, Ren M, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang S, Wei X, He J, Cui B, Zhao Y, Xu P, Wang X, Di J, Li Q. Artificial neuromuscular fibers by multilayered coaxial integration with dynamic adaption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7703. [PMID: 36383669 PMCID: PMC9668289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrating sense in a thin artificial muscle fiber for environmental adaption and actuation path tracing, as a snail tentacle does, is highly needed but still challenging because of the interfacing mismatch between the fiber's actuation and sensing components. Here, we report an artificial neuromuscular fiber by wrapping a carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber core in sequence with an elastomer layer, a nanofiber network, and an MXene/CNT thin sheath, achieving the ingenious sense-judge-act intelligent system in an elastic fiber. The CNT/elastomer components provide actuation, and the sheath enables touch/stretch perception and hysteresis-free cyclic actuation tracing due to its strain-dependent resistance. As a whole, the coaxial structure builds a dielectric capacitor that enables sensitive touchless perception. The key to seamless integration is to use a nanofiber interface that allows the sensing layer to adaptively trace but not restrict actuation. This work provides promising solutions for closed-loop control for future intelligent soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Dong
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiqin Zhang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xulin Wei
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
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