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Shahriar S, Somayajula K, Winkeljohn C, Mason JK, Seker E. The Influence of the Mechanical Compliance of a Substrate on the Morphology of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:758. [PMID: 38727352 PMCID: PMC11085319 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has found its use in applications ranging from catalysis to biosensing, where pore morphology plays a critical role in performance. While the morphology evolution of bulk np-Au has been widely studied, knowledge about its thin-film form is limited. This work hypothesizes that the mechanical compliance of the thin film substrate can play a critical role in the morphology evolution. Via experimental and finite-element-analysis approaches, we investigate the morphological variation in np-Au thin films deposited on compliant silicone (PDMS) substrates of a range of thicknesses anchored on rigid glass supports and compare those to the morphology of np-Au deposited on glass. More macroscopic (10 s to 100 s of microns) cracks and discrete islands form in the np-Au films on PDMS compared to on glass. Conversely, uniformly distributed microscopic (100 s of nanometers) cracks form in greater numbers in the np-Au films on glass than those on PDMS, with the cracks located within the discrete islands. The np-Au films on glass also show larger ligament and pore sizes, possibly due to higher residual stresses compared to the np-Au/PDMS films. The effective elastic modulus of the substrate layers decreases with increasing PDMS thickness, resulting in secondary np-Au morphology effects, including a reduction in macroscopic crack-to-crack distance, an increase in microscopic crack coverage, and a widening of the microscopic cracks. However, changes in the ligament/pore widths with PDMS thickness are negligible, allowing for independent optimization for cracking. We expect these results to inform the integration of functional np-Au films on compliant substrates into emerging applications, including flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadi Shahriar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kavya Somayajula
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Conner Winkeljohn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Mason
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Scandura G, Kumari P, Palmisano G, Karanikolos GN, Orwa J, Dumée LF. Nanoporous Dealloyed Metal Materials Processing and Applications─A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Scandura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georgios N. Karanikolos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations (CeCaS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Julius Orwa
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ludovic F. Dumée
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Evolution of micro-pores in Ni–Cr alloys via molten salt dealloying. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20785. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPorous materials with high specific surface area, high porosity, and high electrical conductivity are promising materials for functional applications, including catalysis, sensing, and energy storage. Molten salt dealloying was recently demonstrated in microwires as an alternative method to fabricate porous structures. The method takes advantage of the selective dissolution process introduced by impurities often observed in molten salt corrosion. This work further investigates molten salt dealloying in bulk Ni–20Cr alloy in both KCl–MgCl2 and KCl–NaCl salts at 700 ℃, using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography. Micro-sized pores with irregular shapes and sizes ranging from sub-micron to several microns and ligaments formed during the process, while the molten salt dealloying was found to progress several microns into the bulk materials within 1–16 h, a relatively short reaction time, enhancing the practicality of using the method for synthesis. The ligament size increased from ~ 0.7 μm to ~ 1.3 μm in KCl–MgCl2 from 1 to 16 h due to coarsening, while remaining ~ 0.4 μm in KCl–NaCl during 16 h of exposure. The XRD analysis shows that the corrosion occurred primarily near the surface of the bulk sample, and Cr2O3 was identified as a corrosion product when the reaction was conducted in an air environment (controlled amount sealed in capillaries); thus surface oxides are likely to slow the morphological coarsening rate by hindering the surface diffusion in the dealloyed structure. 3D-connected pores and grain boundary corrosion were visualized by synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography. This study provides insights into the morphological and chemical evolution of molten salt dealloying in bulk materials, with a connection to molten salt corrosion concerns in the design of next-generation nuclear and solar energy power plants.
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