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Luo X, Zhai Y, Wang P, Tian B, Liu S, Li J, Yang C, Strehmel V, Li S, Matyjaszewski K, Yilmaz G, Strehmel B, Chen Z. Light-Mediated Polymerization Catalyzed by Carbon Nanomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316431. [PMID: 38012084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, specifically carbon dots and carbon nitrides, play a crucial role as heterogeneous photoinitiators in both radical and cationic polymerization processes. These recently introduced materials offer promising solutions to the limitations of current homogeneous systems, presenting a novel approach to photopolymerization. This review highlights the preparation and photocatalytic performance of these nanomaterials, emphasizing their application in various polymerization techniques, including photoinduced i) free radical, ii) RAFT, iii) ATRP, and iv) cationic photopolymerization. Additionally, it discusses their potential in addressing contemporary challenges and explores prospects in this field. Moreover, carbon nitrides, in particular, exhibit exceptional oxygen tolerance, underscoring their significance in radical polymerization processes and allowing their applications such as 3D printing, surface modification of coatings, and hydrogel engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
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Patel P, Dhal K, Gupta R, Tappa K, Rybicki FJ, Ravi P. Medical 3D Printing Using Desktop Inverted Vat Photopolymerization: Background, Clinical Applications, and Challenges. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:782. [PMID: 37508810 PMCID: PMC10376892 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical 3D printing is a complex, highly interdisciplinary, and revolutionary technology that is positively transforming the care of patients. The technology is being increasingly adopted at the Point of Care (PoC) as a consequence of the strong value offered to medical practitioners. One of the key technologies within the medical 3D printing portfolio enabling this transition is desktop inverted Vat Photopolymerization (VP) owing to its accessibility, high quality, and versatility of materials. Several reports in the peer-reviewed literature have detailed the medical impact of 3D printing technologies as a whole. This review focuses on the multitude of clinical applications of desktop inverted VP 3D printing which have grown substantially in the last decade. The principles, advantages, and challenges of this technology are reviewed from a medical standpoint. This review serves as a primer for the continually growing exciting applications of desktop-inverted VP 3D printing in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Patel
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kashish Dhal
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Rajul Gupta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Karthik Tappa
- Department of Breast Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Prashanth Ravi
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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3
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Saitta L, Cutuli E, Celano G, Tosto C, Stella G, Cicala G, Bucolo M. A Regression Approach to Model Refractive Index Measurements of Novel 3D Printable Photocurable Resins for Micro-Optofluidic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2690. [PMID: 37376336 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a quadratic polynomial regression model was developed to aid practitioners in the determination of the refractive index value of transparent 3D printable photocurable resins usable for micro-optofluidic applications. The model was experimentally determined by correlating empirical optical transmission measurements (the dependent variable) to known refractive index values (the independent variable) of photocurable materials used in optics, thus obtaining a related regression equation. In detail, a novel, simple, and cost-effective experimental setup is proposed in this study for the first time for collecting the transmission measurements of smooth 3D printed samples (roughness ranging between 0.04 and 2 μm). The model was further used to determine the unknown refractive index value of novel photocurable resins applicable in vat photopolymerization (VP) 3D printing techniques for manufacturing micro-optofluidic (MoF) devices. In the end, this study proved how knowledge of this parameter allowed us to compare and interpret collected empirical optical data from microfluidic devices made of more traditional materials, i.e., Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), up to novel 3D printable photocurable resins suitable for biological and biomedical applications. Thus, the developed model also provides a quick method to evaluate the suitability of novel 3D printable resins for MoF device fabrication within a well-defined range of refractive index values (1.56; 1.70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Saitta
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cutuli
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Celano
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Tosto
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Stella
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cicala
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- INSTM-UDR CT, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maide Bucolo
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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4
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Imrie P, Diegel O, Jin J. Direct-ink-write 3D printing of “living” polymer hydrogels via type I photoinitiated RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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5
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Bagheri A. Application of RAFT in 3D Printing: Where Are the Future Opportunities? Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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6
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Goldbach E, Allonas X, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Ley C, Halbardier L, L'Hostis G. Influence of thiocarbonylthio- RAFT agents on the homogeneity of polymer network and mechanical properties of 3D printed polymers. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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7
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Zhao B, Li J, Li G, Yang X, Lu S, Pan X, Zhu J. Fast Living 3D Printing via Free Radical Promoted Cationic RAFT Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207637. [PMID: 36707417 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques in 3D printing is emerging as a powerful method to build "living" polymer networks, which can be easily postmodified with various functionalities. However, the building speed of these systems is still limited compared to commercial systems. Herein, a digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing system via photoinduced free radical-promoted cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers, which can build "living" objects by a commercial DLP 3D printer at a relatively fast building speed (12.99 cm h-1 ), is reported. The polymerization behavior and printing conditions are studied in detail. The livingness of the printed objects is demonstrated by spatially controlled postmodification with a fluorescent monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangliang Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shaopu Lu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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8
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Li Z, Li J, Zhao B, Pan X, Pan X, Zhu J. Photoinduced
RAFT Step‐Growth
Polymerization toward Degradable Living Polymer Networks. CHINESE J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bowen Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xiaofeng Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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9
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Özen A, Ganzosch G, Völlmecke C, Auhl D. Characterization and Multiscale Modeling of the Mechanical Properties for FDM-Printed Copper-Reinforced PLA Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173512. [PMID: 36080586 PMCID: PMC9460173 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is an emerging technology and provides high design flexibility to customers. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an economical and promising additive manufacturing method. Due to its many advantages, FDM received great attention in recent years, and comprehensive studies are being undertaken to investigate the properties of FDM-printed polymers and polymer composites. As a result of the manufacturing technology employed in FDM, inner structures are changed with different process parameters, and thus, anisotropic properties are observed. Moreover, composite filaments such as particle- or fiber-reinforced polymers already have anisotropy before FDM printing. In this study, we investigate the effect of different process parameters, namely layer thickness and raster width on FDM-printed copper-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Mechanical characterizations with a high-resolution camera are carried out for analyzing the deformation behaviors. Optical microscopy characterizations are performed to observe the mesostructural changes with various process parameters. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis are conducted for investigating the microstructure, specifically, copper particles in the PLA matrix. A 2D digital image correlation code with a machine learning algorithm is applied to the optical characterization and SEM-EDS images. In this way, micro- and mesostructural features, as well as the porosity ratios of the specimens are investigated. We prepare the multiscale homogenization by finite element method (FEM) simulations to capture the material’s response, both on a microscale and a mesoscale. We determined that the mesostructure and, thereby, the mechanical properties are significantly changed with the aforementioned process parameters. A lower layer thickness and a greater raster width led to a higher elasticity modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The optical microscopy analysis verified this statement: Decreasing the layer thickness and increasing the raster width result in larger contact lines between adjacent layers and, hence, lower porosity on the mesoscale. Realistic CAD images were prepared regarding the mesostructural differences and porosity ratios. Ultimately, all these changes are accurately modeled with mesoscale and multiscale simulations. The simulation results are validated by laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Özen
- Chair of Polymer Materials Science and Technologies, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.Ö.); (D.A.)
| | - Gregor Ganzosch
- Chair of Continuum Mechanics and Materials Theory, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Völlmecke
- Stability and Failure of Functionally Optimized Structures Group, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Auhl
- Chair of Polymer Materials Science and Technologies, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.Ö.); (D.A.)
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10
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Evaluating the Performance of 3D-Printed PLA Reinforced with Date Pit Particles for Its Suitability as an Acetabular Liner in Artificial Hip Joints. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163321. [PMID: 36015578 PMCID: PMC9416500 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-the-shelf hip joints are considered essential parts in rehabilitation medicine that can help the disabled. However, the failure of the materials used in such joints can cause individual discomfort. In support of the various motor conditions of the influenced individuals, the aim of the current research is to develop a new composite that can be used as an acetabular liner inside the hip joint. Polylactic acid (PLA) can provide the advantage of design flexibility owing to its well-known applicability as a 3D printed material. However, using PLA as an acetabular liner is subject to limitations concerning mechanical properties. We developed a complete production process of a natural filler, i.e., date pits. Then, the PLA and date pit particles were extruded for homogenous mixing, producing a composite filament that can be used in 3D printing. Date pit particles with loading fractions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt.% are dispersed in the PLA. The thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the PLA–date pit composites were estimated experimentally. The incorporation of date pit particles into PLA enhanced the compressive strength and stiffness but resulted in a reduction in the elongation and toughness. A finite element model (FEM) for hip joints was constructed, and the contact stresses on the surface of the acetabular liner were evaluated. The FEM results showed an enhancement in the composite load carrying capacity, in agreement with the experimental results.
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11
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Buj-Corral I, Sanz-Fraile H, Ulldemolins A, Tejo-Otero A, Domínguez-Fernández A, Almendros I, Otero J. Characterization of 3D Printed Metal-PLA Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132754. [PMID: 35808799 PMCID: PMC9268876 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is revolutionizing the development of scaffolds due to their rapid-prototyping characteristics. One of the most used techniques is fused filament fabrication (FFF), which is fast and compatible with a wide range of polymers, such as PolyLactic Acid (PLA). Mechanical properties of the 3D printed polymeric scaffolds are often weak for certain applications. A potential solution is the development of composite materials. In the present work, metal-PLA composites have been tested as a material for 3D printing scaffolds. Three different materials were tested: copper-filled PLA, bronze-filled PLA, and steel-filled PLA. Disk-shaped samples were printed with linear infill patterns and line spacing of 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 mm, respectively. The porosity of the samples was measured from cross-sectional images. Biocompatibility was assessed by culturing Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal on the surface of the printed scaffolds. The results showed that, for identical line spacing value, the highest porosity corresponded to bronze-filled material and the lowest one to steel-filled material. Steel-filled PLA polymers showed good cytocompatibility without the need to coat the material with biomolecules. Moreover, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells differentiated towards osteoblasts when cultured on top of the developed scaffolds. Therefore, it can be concluded that steel-filled PLA bioprinted parts are valid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Buj-Corral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-O.); (A.D.-F.)
- Correspondence: (I.B.-C.); (J.O.)
| | - Héctor Sanz-Fraile
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (H.S.-F.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
| | - Anna Ulldemolins
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (H.S.-F.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
| | - Aitor Tejo-Otero
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-O.); (A.D.-F.)
| | - Alejandro Domínguez-Fernández
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-O.); (A.D.-F.)
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (H.S.-F.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Otero
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (H.S.-F.); (A.U.); (I.A.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.B.-C.); (J.O.)
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12
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Supercritical Impregnation of Mango Leaf Extract into PLA 3D-Printed Devices and Evaluation of Their Biocompatibility with Endothelial Cell Cultures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132706. [PMID: 35808751 PMCID: PMC9269286 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of natural substances with pharmacoactive properties to polymeric biomedical devices would provide beneficial regarding the assimilation of these endoprostheses when implanted into a patient’s body. The added drug would facilitate endothelization by regulating the inflammatory processes that such interventions entail, preventing contamination hazards and favoring the angiogenesis or formation of blood vessels in the tissue. The present work used mango leaf extract (MLE) obtained through pressurized ethanol for this purpose. Polylactic acid (PLA) in the form of filaments or 3D-printed disks was impregnated by means of supercritical technology with MLE for the culture essays. The release kinetics has been studied and the polymer matrices have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impregnated devices were subjected to in vitro culture of colony-forming endothelial cells. The influence of the different impregnation conditions used for the production of the MLE impregnated polymeric devices on the development of the cell culture was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The best results were obtained from the calcein cultures on 35 °C MLE impregnated into 3D-printed polymer disks.
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13
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Nano- to macro-scale control of 3D printed materials via polymerization induced microphase separation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3577. [PMID: 35732624 PMCID: PMC9217958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 3D printing allows the macroscopic structure of objects to be easily controlled, controlling the nanostructure of 3D printed materials has rarely been reported. Herein, we report an efficient and versatile process for fabricating 3D printed materials with controlled nanoscale structural features. This approach uses resins containing macromolecular chain transfer agents (macroCTAs) which microphase separate during the photoinduced 3D printing process to form nanostructured materials. By varying the chain length of the macroCTA, we demonstrate a high level of control over the microphase separation behavior, resulting in materials with controllable nanoscale sizes and morphologies. Importantly, the bulk mechanical properties of 3D printed objects are correlated with their morphologies; transitioning from discrete globular to interpenetrating domains results in a marked improvement in mechanical performance, which is ascribed to the increased interfacial interaction between soft and hard domains. Overall, the findings of this work enable the simplified production of materials with tightly controllable nanostructures for broad potential applications.
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14
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Bao Y. Recent Trends in Advanced Photoinitiators for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200202. [PMID: 35579565 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the way of manufacturing with a huge impact on various fields, in particular biomedicine. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) attracted considerable attention owing to their superior print resolution, relatively high speed, low cost and flexibility in resin material design. As one key element of the SLA/DLP resin, photoinitiators or photoinitiating systems have experienced significant development in recent years, in parallel with the exploration of 3D printing (macro)monomers. The design of new photoinitiating systems can not only offer faster 3D printing speed and enable low-energy visible light fabrication, but also can bring new functions to the 3D printed products and even generate new printing methods in combination with advanced optics. This review evaluates recent trends in the development and application of advanced photoinitiators and photoinitiating systems for vat photopolymerization 3D printing, with a wide range of small molecules, polymers and nanoassemblies involved. Personal perspectives on the current limitations and future directions are eventually provided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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15
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Ma Q, Buchon L, Magné V, Graff B, Morlet‐Savary F, Xu Y, Benltifa M, Lakhdar S, Lalevée J. Charge Transfer Complexes (CTCs) with Pyridinium Salts: Towards Efficient Dual Photochemical/Thermal Initiators and 3D Printing Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200314. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Loïc Buchon
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
| | - Valentin Magné
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS Université Paul Sabatier France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
| | | | - Yangyang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University South Jiuhua Road 189 Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Mahmoud Benltifa
- Laboratory of Wastewaters and Environment Center for Water Research and Technologies CERTE BP 273 Soliman 8020 Tunisia
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS Université Paul Sabatier France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- CNRS Université de Haute‐Alsace IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
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Zhao B, Li J, Xiu Y, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu J. Xanthate-Based Photoiniferter RAFT Polymerization toward Oxygen-Tolerant and Rapid Living 3D Printing. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuan Xiu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Bainbridge CWA, Wangsadijaya A, Broderick N, Jin J. Living Polymer Networks Prepared by Controlled Radical Polymerization Techniques. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01692j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques have become widely accepted and used in polymer research and development. While much has been done towards their traditional usage in linear and branched systems,...
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