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Chen M, Wang D, Fan L, Niu D, Xu J, Liu Y, Liu Y. The copper (II) complex of salicylate phenanthroline induces immunogenic cell death of colorectal cancer cells through inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111980. [PMID: 38555819 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous study, Cu(sal)phen was found to have anti-tumor effects, yet its precise mechanism remains unknown. Research has shown that dying tumor cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to promote anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, we have further explored the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of Cu(sal)phen-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS ELISA and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of Cu(sal)phen treatment on ICD markers. The molecular mechanisms of Cu(sal)phen-induced ICD were investigated through the detection of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro using Western blot and flow cytometry. Additionally, a mouse model was constructed to study the effects of Cu(sal)phen on immune cells and anti-tumor-related cytokines in vivo. RESULTS Cu(sal)phen induced the release of calreticulin (CRT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the main molecular markers of ICD, by promoting the accumulation of ROS and inducing ERS. Furthermore, Cu(sal)phen promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and activation of CD8+T cells, as well as the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), while downregulating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels, thereby activating the anti-tumor immune response. CONCLUSION Cu(sal)phen has the potential to induce ICD in tumors and activate the adaptive immune response to achieve anti-tumor effects. This makes Cu(sal)phen a promising candidate for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; Cancer Institute of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Limei Fan
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; Cancer Institute of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Dongqin Niu
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, Hubei 430415, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; Cancer Institute of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Yunyi Liu
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; Cancer Institute of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
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2
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Kasparkova J, Hernández-García A, Kostrhunova H, Goicuría M, Novohradsky V, Bautista D, Markova L, Santana MD, Brabec V, Ruiz J. Novel 2-(5-Arylthiophen-2-yl)-benzoazole Cyclometalated Iridium(III) dppz Complexes Exhibit Selective Phototoxicity in Cancer Cells by Lysosomal Damage and Oncosis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:691-708. [PMID: 38141031 PMCID: PMC10788912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A second-generation series of biscyclometalated 2-(5-aryl-thienyl)-benzimidazole and -benzothiazole Ir(III) dppz complexes [Ir(C^N)2(dppz)]+, Ir1-Ir4, were rationally designed and synthesized, where the aryl group attached to the thienyl ring was p-CF3C6H4 or p-Me2NC6H4. These new Ir(III) complexes were assessed as photosensitizers to explore the structure-activity correlations for their potential use in biocompatible anticancer photodynamic therapy. When irradiated with blue light, the complexes exhibited high selective potency across several cancer cell lines predisposed to photodynamic therapy; the benzothiazole derivatives (Ir1 and Ir2) were the best performers, Ir2 being also activatable with green or red light. Notably, when irradiated, the complexes induced leakage of lysosomal content into the cytoplasm of HeLa cancer cells and induced oncosis-like cell death. The capability of the new Ir complexes to photoinduce cell death in 3D HeLa spheroids has also been demonstrated. The investigated Ir complexes can also catalytically photo-oxidate NADH and photogenerate 1O2 and/or •OH in cell-free media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kasparkova
- Czech
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, Brno CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - Alba Hernández-García
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical
Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Czech
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, Brno CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Goicuría
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical
Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Vojtěch Novohradsky
- Czech
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, Brno CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lenka Markova
- Czech
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, Brno CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - María Dolores Santana
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical
Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, Brno CZ-61200, Czech Republic
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical
Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia E-30100, Spain
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3
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Gandioso A, Izquierdo-García E, Mesdom P, Arnoux P, Demeubayeva N, Burckel P, Saubaméa B, Bosch M, Frochot C, Marchán V, Gasser G. Ru(II)-Cyanine Complexes as Promising Photodynamic Photosensitizers for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumours with Highly Penetrating 770 nm Near-Infrared Light. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301742. [PMID: 37548580 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated treatments, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), provide temporal and spatial control over a specific cytotoxic response by exploiting toxicity differences between irradiated and dark conditions. In this work, a novel strategy for developing near infrared (NIR)-activatable Ru(II) polypyridyl-based photosensitizers (PSs) was successfully developed through the incorporation of symmetric heptamethine cyanine dyes in the metal complex via a phenanthrimidazole ligand. Owing to their strong absorption in the NIR region, the PSs could be efficiently photoactivated with highly penetrating NIR light (770 nm), leading to high photocytotoxicities towards several cancer cell lines under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Notably, our lead PS (Ru-Cyn-1), which accumulated in the mitochondria, exhibited a good photocytotoxic activity under challenging low-oxygen concentration (2 % O2 ) upon NIR light irradiation conditions (770 nm), owing to a combination of type I and II PDT mechanisms. The fact that the PS Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), the metabolite of the clinically approved 5-ALA PS, was found inactive under the same challenging conditions positions Ru-Cyn-1 complex as a promising PDT agent for the treatment of deep-seated hypoxic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gandioso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Izquierdo-García
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Mesdom
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Burckel
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging platform, US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Manel Bosch
- Unitat de Microscòpia Òptica Avançada, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Av. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Céline Frochot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vicente Marchán
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
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Carbone D, Gallo C, Nuzzo G, Barra G, Dell'Isola M, Affuso M, Follero O, Albiani F, Sansone C, Manzo E, d'Ippolito G, Fontana A. Marine natural product lepadin A as a novel inducer of immunogenic cell death via CD91-dependent pathway. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:34. [PMID: 37779162 PMCID: PMC10542626 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) represents a mechanism of enhancing T cell-driven response against tumor cells. The process is enabled by release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines by dying cells. Based on molecular studies and clinical marker assessment, ICD can be a new target for cancer chemotherapy hitherto restricted to a few conventional anticancer drugs. In view of the development of small molecules in targeted cancer therapy, we reported the preliminary evidence on the role of the natural product lepadin A (1) as a novel ICD inducer. Here we describe the ICD mechanism of lepadin A (1) by proving the translocation of the protein calreticulin (CRT) to the plasma membrane of human A2058 melanoma cells. CRT exposure is an ICD marker in clinical studies and was associated with the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in A2058 cells with lepadin A (1). After the treatment, the tumour cells acquired the ability to activate dendritic cells (DCs) with cytokine release and costimulatory molecule expression that is consistent with a phenotypic profile committed to priming T lymphocytes via a CD91-dependent mechanism. The effect of lepadin A (1) was dose-dependent and comparable to the response of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (2), a well-established ICD inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Carbone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy.
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Dell'Isola
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Affuso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Olimpia Follero
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Albiani
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie Marine, University of Naples "Federico II", Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'Ippolito
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
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5
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Li XL, Zeng LZ, Yang R, Bi XD, Zhang Y, Cui RB, Wu XX, Gao F. Iridium(III)-Based Infrared Two-Photon Photosensitizers: Systematic Regulation of Their Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16122-16130. [PMID: 37717260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are of significant importance in the field of antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT), whether they exist as single molecules or are incorporated into nanomaterials. Nevertheless, a comprehensive examination of the relationship between their molecular structure and PDT effectiveness remains awaited. The influencing factors of two-photon excited PDT can be anticipated to be further multiplied, particularly in relation to intricate nonlinear optical properties. At present, a comprehensive body of research on this topic is lacking, and few discernible patterns have been identified. In this study, through systematic structure regulation, the nitro-substituted styryl group and 1-phenylisoquinoline ligand containing YQ2 was found to be the most potent infrared two-photon excitable photosensitizer in a 4 × 3 combination library of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. YQ2 could enter cells via an energy-dependent and caveolae-mediated pathway, bind specifically to mitochondria, produce 1O2 in response to 808 nm LPL irradiation, activate caspases, and induce apoptosis. In vitro, YQ2 displayed a remarkable phototherapy index for both malignant melanoma (>885) and non-small-cell lung cancer (>1234) based on these functions and was minimally deleterious to human normal liver and kidney cells. In in vivo antitumor phototherapy, YQ2 inhibited tumor growth by an impressive 85% and could be eliminated from the bodies of mice with a half-life as short as 43 h. This study has the potential to contribute significantly to the development of phototherapeutic drugs that are extremely effective in treating large, profoundly located solid tumors as well as the understanding of the structure-activity relationship of Ir(III)-based PSs in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Dan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Bing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Xi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang Y, Doan BT, Gasser G. Metal-Based Photosensitizers as Inducers of Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10135-10155. [PMID: 37534710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, various forms of regulated cell death (RCD) have been discovered and were found to improve cancer treatment. Although there are several reviews on RCD induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT), a comprehensive summary covering metal-based photosensitizers (PSs) as RCD inducers has not yet been presented. In this review, we systematically summarize the works on metal-based PSs that induce different types of RCD, including ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death (ICD), and pyroptosis. The characteristics and mechanisms of each RCD are explained. At the end of each section, a summary of the reported commonalities between different metal-based PSs inducing the same RCD is emphasized, and future perspectives on metal-based PSs inducing novel forms of RCD are discussed at the end of the review. Considering the essential roles of metal-based PSs and RCD in cancer therapy, we hope that this review will provide the stage for future advances in metal-based PSs as RCD inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bich-Thuy Doan
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Synthesis, Electrochemistry, Imaging and Analytical Systems for Diagnosis, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
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7
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Liao LS, Chen Y, Hou C, Liu YH, Su GF, Liang H, Chen ZF. Potent Zinc(II)-Based Immunogenic Cell Death Inducer Triggered by ROS-Mediated ERS and Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Overload. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10497-10509. [PMID: 37498080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Zn1 and Zn2 are Zn-based complexes that activate the immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect by Ca2+-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Compared with Zn1, Zn2 effectively caused reactive oxidative species (ROS) overproduction in the early phase, leading to ERS response. Severe ERS caused the release of Ca2+ from ER to cytoplasm and further to mitochondria. Excessive Ca2+ in mitochondria triggered mitochondrial dysfunction. The damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of CRT, HMGB1, and ATP occurred in T-24 cells exposed to Zn1 and Zn2. The vaccination assay demonstrated that Zn1 and Zn2 efficiently suppressed the growth of distant tumors. The elevated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and decreased Foxp3+ cells in vaccinated mice supported our conclusion. Moreover, Zn1 and Zn2 improved the survival rate of mice compared with oxaliplatin. Collectively, our findings provided a new design strategy for a zinc-based ICD inducer via ROS-induced ERS and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Shan Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yang-Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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8
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Kostrhunova H, McGhie BS, Markova L, Novakova O, Kasparkova J, Aldrich-Wright JR, Brabec V. Platinum(IV) Derivatives of [Pt(1 S,2 S-diaminocyclohexane)(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)] with Diclofenac Ligands in the Axial Positions: A New Class of Potent Multi-action Agents Exhibiting Selectivity to Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37285472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The platinum(II) complex [Pt(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)]2+ (PtII56MeSS, 1) exhibits high potency across numerous cancer cell lines acting by a multimodal mechanism. However, 1 also displays side toxicity and in vivo activity; all details of its mechanism of action are not entirely clear. Here, we describe the synthesis and biological properties of new platinum(IV) prodrugs that combine 1 with one or two axially coordinated molecules of diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory cancer-selective drug. The results suggest that these Pt(IV) complexes exhibit mechanisms of action typical for Pt(II) complex 1 and DCF, simultaneously. The presence of DCF ligand(s) in the Pt(IV) complexes promotes the antiproliferative activity and selectivity of 1 by inhibiting lactate transporters, resulting in blockage of the glycolytic process and impairment of mitochondrial potential. Additionally, the investigated Pt(IV) complexes selectively induce cell death in cancer cells, and the Pt(IV) complexes containing DCF ligands induce hallmarks of immunogenic cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brondwyn S McGhie
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC 1797, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lenka Markova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Novakova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Janice R Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC 1797, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Xiong X, Wang Y, Zou T. Towards Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Immunogenic Cell Death. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200621. [PMID: 36445798 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of immunogenic cell death (ICD) by small molecules (e. g., chemotherapeutic drugs) intrigued medicinal chemists and led them to exploit anticancer agents with such a trait because ICD agents provoke anticancer immune responses in addition to their cytotoxicity. However, the unclear molecular mechanism of ICD hampers further achievements in drug development. Fortunately, increasing efforts have been made in this area in recent years by using either chemical or biological approaches. Here, we review the current achievements towards understanding the mechanisms of small molecule-induced ICD effects. Based on the established role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in ICD, we classify the mechanisms of different inducers by their dependency on UPR. Key proteins and pathways with important implications are discussed in depth. We also give our perspectives on the research strategies for future investigation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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10
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Zhang L, Montesdeoca N, Karges J, Xiao H. Immunogenic Cell Death Inducing Metal Complexes for Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300662. [PMID: 36807420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. Recent statistics have shown that metastases and tumor relapse are the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths. While traditional treatments are able to efficiently remove the primary tumor, secondary tumors remain poorly accessible. Capitalizing on this there is an urgent need for novel treatment modalities. Among the most promising approaches, increasing research interest has been devoted to immunogenic cell death inducing agents that are able to trigger localized cell death of the cancer cells as well as induce an immune response inside the whole organism. Preliminary studies have shown that immunogenic cell death inducing compounds could be able to overcome metastatic and relapsing tumors. Herein, the application of metal complexes as immunogenic cell death inducing compounds is systematically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingpu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Nicolás Montesdeoca
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
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11
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Wang L, Karges J, Wei F, Xie L, Chen Z, Gasser G, Ji L, Chao H. A mitochondria-localized iridium(iii) photosensitizer for two-photon photodynamic immunotherapy against melanoma. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1461-1471. [PMID: 36794192 PMCID: PMC9906708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06675k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy mainly causes a therapeutic effect on the primary tumor through the localized generation of reactive oxygen species, while metastatic tumors remain poorly affected. Complementary immunotherapy is effective in eliminating small, non-localized tumors distributed across multiple organs. Here, we report the Ir(iii) complex Ir-pbt-Bpa as a highly potent immunogenic cell death inducing photosensitizer for two-photon photodynamic immunotherapy against melanoma. Ir-pbt-Bpa can produce singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals upon light irradiation, causing cell death by a combination of ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death. In a mouse model with two physically separated melanoma tumors, although only one of the primary tumors was irradiated, a strong tumor reduction of both tumors was observed. Upon irradiation, Ir-pbt-Bpa not only induced the immune response of CD8+ T cells and the depletion of regulatory T cells, but also caused an increase in the number of the effector memory T cells to achieve long-term anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China .,Public Research Center, Hainan Medical University Haikou 571199 P. R. China
| | - Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 15044780 BochumGermany
| | - Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Lina Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhuoli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Paris 75005 France
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China .,MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 400201 P. R. China
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12
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Northcote-Smith J, Suntharalingam K. Targeting chemotherapy-resistant tumour sub-populations using inorganic chemistry: Anti-cancer stem cell metal complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 72:102237. [PMID: 36542889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a sub-population of tumours linked to metastasis and relapse. Current chemotherapeutic drug options are ineffective against CSCs at their administered doses. New families of cytotoxic agents, and new, highly specific ways of delivering them to CSCs, are needed to provide durable clinical outcomes. Inorganic compounds have recently emerged as a promising class of anti-CSC agents with clinically relevant potencies. In this short review, we present the very latest efforts (post-2020) on the development of anti-CSC metal complexes. The activities of the metal complexes in monolayer and three-dimensional CSC cultures and animal models is documented. The mechanism of action of the metal complexes with respect to their chemical structures is also highlighted.
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13
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Chang MR, Rusanov DA, Arakelyan J, Alshehri M, Asaturova AV, Kireeva GS, Babak MV, Ang WH. Targeting emerging cancer hallmarks by transition metal complexes: Cancer stem cells and tumor microbiome. Part I. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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14
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Redrado M, Miñana M, Coogan MP, Concepción Gimeno M, Fernández‐Moreira V. Tunable Emissive Ir(III) Benzimidazole-quinoline Hybrids as Promising Theranostic Lead Compounds. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200244. [PMID: 35767349 PMCID: PMC9796238 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive and luminescent cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2 L1]Cl (1) and [Ir(ppy)2 L2]Cl (2) containing a benzimidazole derivative (L1/L2) as auxiliary mimic of a nucleotide have been synthesised. The emissive properties of both complexes are conditioned by the nature of L1 and L2, rendering an orange and a green emitter respectively. Both are highly emissive with quantum yield increasing in absence of oxygen up to 0.26 (1) and 0.36 (2), suggesting their phosphorescent character. Antiproliferative activity against lung cancer A549 cells increased up to 15 times upon irradiation conditions, reaching IC50 values in the nanomolar range (0.3±0.09 μM (1) and 0.26±0.14 μM (2)) and pointing them as good PSs candidates for photodynamic therapy via 1 O2 generation. Cellular biodistribution analysis by fluorescence microscopy suggest the lysosomes as the preferential accumulation organelle. Time-resolved studies showed a greatly increased cellular emission lifetime compared to the solution values, indicating binding to macromolecules or cellular structures and restriction of collision and vibrational quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Redrado
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Miriam Miñana
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Vanesa Fernández‐Moreira
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
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15
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Busto N, Vigueras G, Cutillas N, García B, Ruiz J. Inert cationic iridium(III) complexes with phenanthroline-based ligands: application in antimicrobial inactivation of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9653-9663. [PMID: 35713595 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00752e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of a new series of heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)][PF6] (C^N = deprotonated 2-phenylbenzimidazole-κN, κC; N^N = phen (Ir1), dpq (Ir2), dppz (Ir3), dppn (Ir4), and dppz-idzo (Ir5)) was studied towards two Gram positive (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram negative (Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) multidrug-resistant bacterial strains of clinical interest. Although the complexes were inactive towards Gram negative bacteria, their effectiveness against Gram positive strains was remarkable, especially for Ir1 and Ir2, the most bactericidal complexes that were even more active (10 times) than the fluoroquinolone antibiotic norfloxacin and displayed no toxicity in human kidney cells (HEK293). Mechanistic studies revealed that the cell wall and membrane of MRSA S. aureus remained intact on treatment with these compounds and that DNA was not their main target. It is important to note that the complexes were able to induce ROS generation, this being the feature key to their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Busto
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001, Burgos, Spain. .,Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Burgos, Hospital Militar, Paseo de los Comendadores, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Gloria Vigueras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Cutillas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Begoña García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
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16
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Xiong X, Huang KB, Wang Y, Cao B, Luo Y, Chen H, Yang Y, Long Y, Liu M, Chan ASC, Liang H, Zou T. Target Profiling of an Iridium(III)-Based Immunogenic Cell Death Inducer Unveils the Engagement of Unfolded Protein Response Regulator BiP. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10407-10416. [PMID: 35658433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical chemotherapeutic drugs have occasionally been observed to induce antitumor immune responses beyond the direct cytotoxicity. Such effects are coined as immunogenic cell death (ICD), representing a "second hit" from the host immune system to tumor cells. Although chemo-immunotherapy is highly promising, ICD inducers remain sparse with vague drug-target mechanisms. Here, we report an endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing cyclometalated Ir(III)-bisNHC complex (1a) as a new ICD inducer, and based on this compound, a clickable photoaffinity probe was designed for target identification, which unveiled the engagement of the master regulator protein BiP (binding immunoglobulin protein)/GRP78 of the unfolded protein response pathway. This has been confirmed by a series of cellular and biochemical studies including fluorescence microscopy, cellular thermal shift assay, enzymatic assays, and so forth, showing the capability of 1a for BiP destabilization. Notably, besides 1a, the previously reported ICD inducers including KP1339, mitoxantrone, and oxaliplatin were also found to engage BiP interaction, suggesting the important role of BiP in eliciting anticancer immunity. We believe that the ICD-related target information in this work will help to understand the mode of action of ICD that is beneficial to designing new ICD agents with high specificity and improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education Division, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Yunli Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huowen Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Moyi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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17
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Markova L, Novohradsky V, Kasparkova J, Ruiz J, Brabec V. Dipyridophenazine iridium(III) complex as a phototoxic cancer stem cell selective, mitochondria targeting agent. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 360:109955. [PMID: 35447138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of a photoactivatable Ir(III) compound of the type [Ir(CˆN)2(dppz)][PF6] where CˆN = 1-methyl-2-(2'-thienyl)benzimidazole (complex 1) was investigated. Complex 1 photoactivated by visible light shows potent activity against highly aggressive and poorly treatable Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, the most frequent soft tissue sarcomas of children. This remarkable activity of 1 was observed not only in RD cells cultured in 2D monolayers but, more importantly, also in 3D spheroids, which resemble in many aspects solid tumors and serve as a promising model to mimic the in vivo situation. Importantly, photoactivated 1 kills not only differentiated RD cells but also even more effectively cancer stem cells (CSCs) of RD. One of the factors responsible for the activity of irradiated 1 in RD CSCs is its ability to produce ROS in these cells more effectively than in differentiated RD cells. Moreover, photoactivated 1 caused in RD differentiated cells and CSCs a significant decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes opening mitochondrial permeability transition pores in these cells, a mechanism that has never been demonstrated for any other metal-based anticancer complex. The results of this work give evidence that 1 has a potential for further evaluation using in vivo models as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for photodynamic therapy of hardly treatable human Rhabdomyosarcoma, particularly for its activity in both stem and differentiated cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Markova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic
| | - Jose Ruiz
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Universidad de Murcia and Institute for Bio- Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, CZ-61265, Czech Republic.
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18
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Li ZY, Shen QH, Mao ZW, Tan CP. A Rising Interest in the Development of Metal Complexes in Cancer Immunotherapy. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200270. [PMID: 35419865 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy. This review briefly introduces the basic concepts and strategies of cancer immunotherapy and summarizes the recent discoveries on the immune effects of traditional platinum-based anticancer compounds. In addition, we also outline the latest research progresses on metal complexes for cancer immunotherapy focusing on platinum, ruthenium, iridium, rhenium and copper complexes. Finally, the research perspectives and unsolved problems on the applications of metallo-anticancer agents in cancer immunotherapy are purposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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19
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Sen S, Won M, Levine MS, Noh Y, Sedgwick AC, Kim JS, Sessler JL, Arambula JF. Metal-based anticancer agents as immunogenic cell death inducers: the past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1212-1233. [PMID: 35099487 PMCID: PMC9398513 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00417d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the deadliest disease in the world behind heart disease. Sadly, this remains true even as we suffer the ravages of the Covid-19 pandemic. Whilst current chemo- and radiotherapeutic treatment strategies have significantly improved the patient survival rate, disease reoccurrence continues to pose a deadly risk for all too many patients. Incomplete removal of tumour cells from the body increases the chances of metastasis and developing resistance against current treatments. Immunotherapy represents a therapeutic modality that has helped to overcome these limitations in recent decades. However, further progress is needed. So-called immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a recently discovered and unique mode of cell death that could trigger this necessary further progress. ICD involves stimulation of a tumour-specific immune response as a downstream effect. Facilitated by certain treatment modalities, cells undergoing ICD can trigger the IFN-γ mediated immune response involving cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and γδ T cells that eradicate residual tumour cells. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of small-molecules being tested as potential ICD inducers. A large number of these ICD inducers are metal-based complexes. In fact, anticancer metal drugs based on Pt, Ru, Ir, Cu, and Au are now known to give rise to an immune response against tumour cells as the result of ICD. Advances have also been made in terms of exploiting combinatorial and delivery strategies. In favourable cases, these approaches have been shown to increase the efficacy of otherwise ICD "silent" metal complexes. Taken in concert, rationally designed novel anticancer metal complexes that can act as ICD inducers show promise as potential new immunotherapies for neoplastic disease. This Tutorial Review will allow the readers to assess the progress in this fast-evolving field thus setting the stage for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Matthew S Levine
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Yuvin Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
- OncoTEX, Inc. 3800 North Lamar Blvd., Austin, Texas 78756, USA
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