A novel 3D terbium metal-organic framework as a heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst for the cyanosilylation of aldehyde

Hybrid Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Various Catalysis Applications

Porous materials have been gaining popularity in catalysis applications, solving the current ecological challenges. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are especially noteworthy for their high surface areas and customizable chemistry, giving them a wide range of potential applications in catalysis remediation. The review study delves into the various applications of MOFs in catalysis and provides a comprehensive summary. This review thoroughly explores MOF materials, specifically focusing on their diverse catalytic applications, including Lewis catalysis, oxidation, reduction, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Also, this study emphasizes the significance of high-performance MOF materials, which possess adjustable properties and exceptional features, as a novel approach to tackling technological challenges across multiple sectors. MOFs make it an ideal candidate for catalytic reactions, as it enables efficient conversion rates and selectivity. Furthermore, the tunable properties of MOF make it possible to tailor its structure to suit specific catalytic requirements. This feature improves performance and reduces costs associated with traditional catalysts. In conclusion, MOF materials have revolutionized the field of catalysis and offer immense potential in solving various technological challenges across different industries.

Ultrasonic controllable synthesis of sulfur-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (S-MOFs) and their application in piezo-photocatalytic rapid reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr)

The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are significant in guiding modern scientific research. In recent years, scholars have paid much attention to MOFs materials as green materials. However, piezo catalysis of MOFs materials has not been widely studied. Piezoelectric materials can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, while MOFs are effective photocatalysts for removing pollutants. Therefore, it is crucial to design MOFs with piezoelectric properties and photosensitivity. In this study, sulfur-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (S-MOFs) were prepared using organic sulfur-functionalized ligand (H2TDC) ultrasonic synthesis to enhance their piezoelectric properties and visible light absorption. The study demonstrated that the S-MOFs significantly enhanced the reduction of a 10 mg/L solution of hexavalent chromium to 99.4 % within 10 min, using only 15 mg of catalyst. The orbital energy level differences of the elements were analyzed using piezo response force microscopy (PFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that MOFs functionalized with sulfur atom ligands have a built-in electric field that facilitates charge separation and migration. This study presents a new approach to enhance the piezoelectric properties of MOFs, which broadens their potential applications in piezo catalysis and piezo-photocatalysis. Additionally, it provides a sustainable method for reducing hexavalent chromium, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals, specifically SDG-6, SDG-7, SDG-9, and SDG-12.

Quest for a Desolvated Structure Unveils Breathing Phenomena in a MOF Leading to Greener Catalysis in a Solventless Setup: Insights from Combined Experimental and Computational Studies

The crystal structure of the metal-organic framework (MOF), {Mn2(1,4-bdc)2(DMF)2}n (1) (1,4-bdcH2, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid; DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide), is known for a long time; however, its desolvated structure, {Mn2(1,4-bdc)2}n (1'), is not yet known. The first-principles-based computational simulation was used to unveil the structure of 1' that shows the expansion in the framework, leading to pore opening after the removal of coordinated DMF molecules. We have used 1' that contains open metal sites (OMSs) in the structure in cyanosilylation and CO2 cycloaddition reactions and recorded complete conversions in a solventless setup. The pore opening in 1' allows the facile diffusion of small aldehyde molecules into the channels, leading to complete conversion. The reactions with larger aldehydes, 2-naphthaldehyde and 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde, also show 99.9% conversions, which are the highest reported until date in solventless conditions. The in silico simulations illustrate that larger aldehydes interact with Mn(II) OMSs on the surfaces, enabling a closer interaction and facilitating complete conversions. The catalyst shows high recyclability, exhibiting 99.9% conversions in the successive reaction cycles with negligible change in the structure. Our investigations illustrate that the catalyst 1' is economical, efficient, and robust and allows reactions in a solventless greener setup, and therefore the catalysis with 1' can be regarded as "green catalysis".

Open metal site (OMS)-inspired investigation of adsorption and catalytic functions in a porous metal-organic framework (MOF)

In this article, we report the adsorption and catalytic study of the three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework (MOF) {Mn₂(1,4-bdc)₂(DMF)₂} (1) (1,4-bdcH₂, 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid; DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide) together with the synthesis and structure of two new Mn(II)-MOFs {Mn₃(Br-bdc)₃(DMF)₄} (2) and {Mn₃(NO₂-bdc)₃(DMF)₄} (3) (Br-bdcH₂, 2-bromo-1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid; NO₂-bdcH₂, 2-nitro-1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid) under solvothermal conditions. Compounds 2 and 3 have two-dimensional (2D) extended structures and feature trimeric {Mn₃(CO₂)₆} units that serve as secondary building units for the frameworks. The desolvated compound of 1, denoted as 1', having potential Mn(II) open metal sites (OMSs) lined in a one-dimensional (1D) Mn-chain interconnected by carboxylate groups, exhibits guest-selective adsorption of solvent vapours wherein the compound shows a stepwise profile with H₂O vapour, while a gated isotherm was recorded with MeOH. After realizing the favourable interaction of 1' with polar solvent molecules, we have used Mn(II) OMSs in 1' for efficient cyanosilylation reactions of aromatic aldehydes. We have recorded 100% conversion for eight aromatic aldehydes, while several other aldehydes showed appreciable conversion. Notably, the recorded conversions in the case of many substrates are higher than those for many other reported MOF catalysts.

Synthesis of a Lanthanide Metal-Organic Framework and Its Fluorescent Detection for Phosphate Group-Based Molecules Such as Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important kind of metabolized biological molecule that is formed in organisms, especially in mitochondria, is used universally as energy, and is one of the most significant multifunctional biological molecules. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used in many applications such as gas storage and separation, drug delivery, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical sensors, etc. Remarkably, lanthanide MOFs (Ln-MOFs), which display large pores, multiple dimensions, and unique lanthanide luminescence properties, are widely used as chemical sensors. A novel three-dimensional probe, Eu2(sbdc)3(H2O)3 (Eu-sbdc), was successfully self-assembled with Eu(NO3)3·6H2O and 5,5-dioxo-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid (H2sbdc). The Ln-MOF Eu-sbdc can quickly and effectively optically detect ATP via a luminescent quenching mechanism. The Ksv value of Eu-sbdc is 1.02 × 104 M-1, and the lower detection limit of Eu-sbdc for ATP is 20 μM, which is more sensitive to ATP. Its mechanism of monitoring ATP might be a dynamic or static quenching process. Eu-sbdc could effectively and quickly recognize ATP with high sensitivity.