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Beck A, Newton MA, van de Water LGA, van Bokhoven JA. The Enigma of Methanol Synthesis by Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3-Based Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4543-4678. [PMID: 38564235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The activity and durability of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst formulation for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 feeds far exceed the sum of its individual components. As such, this ternary catalytic system is a prime example of synergy in catalysis, one that has been employed for the large scale commercial production of methanol since its inception in the mid 1960s with precious little alteration to its original formulation. Methanol is a key building block of the chemical industry. It is also an attractive energy storage molecule, which can also be produced from CO2 and H2 alone, making efficient use of sequestered CO2. As such, this somewhat unusual catalyst formulation has an enormous role to play in the modern chemical industry and the world of global economics, to which the correspondingly voluminous and ongoing research, which began in the 1920s, attests. Yet, despite this commercial success, and while research aimed at understanding how this formulation functions has continued throughout the decades, a comprehensive and universally agreed upon understanding of how this material achieves what it does has yet to be realized. After nigh on a century of research into CZA catalysts, the purpose of this Review is to appraise what has been achieved to date, and to show how, and how far, the field has evolved. To do so, this Review evaluates the research regarding this catalyst formulation in a chronological order and critically assesses the validity and novelty of various hypotheses and claims that have been made over the years. Ultimately, the Review attempts to derive a holistic summary of what the current body of literature tells us about the fundamental sources of the synergies at work within the CZA catalyst and, from this, suggest ways in which the field may yet be further advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Wibowo RE, Garcia-Diez R, Bystron T, van der Merwe M, Prokop M, Arce MD, Efimenko A, Steigert A, Bernauer M, Wilks RG, Bouzek K, Bär M. Elucidating the Complex Oxidation Behavior of Aqueous H 3PO 3 on Pt Electrodes via In Situ Tender X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy at the P K-Edge. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7386-7399. [PMID: 38459944 PMCID: PMC10958492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In situ tender X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the P K-edge was utilized to investigate the oxidation mechanism of aqueous H3PO3 on Pt electrodes under various conditions relevant to high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) applications. XANES and electrochemical analysis were conducted under different tender X-ray irradiation doses, revealing that intense radiation induces the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 via H2O yielding H3PO4 and H2. A broadly applicable experimental procedure was successfully developed to suppress these undesirable radiation-induced effects, enabling a more accurate determination of the aqueous H3PO3 oxidation mechanism. In situ XANES studies of aqueous 5 mol dm-3 H3PO3 on electrodes with varying Pt availability and surface roughness reveal that Pt catalyzes the oxidation of aqueous H3PO3 to H3PO4. This oxidation is enhanced upon applying a positive potential to the Pt electrode or raising the electrolyte temperature, the latter being corroborated by complementary ion-exchange chromatography measurements. Notably, all of these oxidation processes involve reactions with H2O, as further supported by XANES measurements of aqueous H3PO3 of different concentrations, showing a more pronounced oxidation in electrolytes with a higher H2O content. The significant role of water in the oxidation of H3PO3 to H3PO4 supports the reaction mechanisms proposed for various chemical processes observed in this work and provides valuable insights into potential strategies to mitigate Pt catalyst poisoning by H3PO3 during HT-PEMFC operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdus Enggar Wibowo
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Bystron
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne van der Merwe
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Prokop
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Mauricio D. Arce
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Departamento
Caracterización de Materiales, INN-CNEA-CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Avenida Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Anna Efimenko
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Steigert
- Institute
of Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Milan Bernauer
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karel Bouzek
- Department
of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
of Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
(HZB), Albert-Einstein
Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), Albert-Einstein-Straße
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Do VH, Lee JM. Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2693-2737. [PMID: 38318782 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in rational developments of electrocatalysts through constructing novel atomistic structures and modulating catalytic surface topography, realizing substantial enhancement in electrocatalytic activities. Numerous advanced catalysts were developed for electrochemical energy conversion, exhibiting low overpotential, high intrinsic activity, and selectivity. Yet, maintaining the high catalytic performance under working conditions with high polarization and vigorous microkinetics that induce intensive degradation of surface nanostructures presents a significant challenge for commercial applications. Recently, advanced operando and computational techniques have provided comprehensive mechanistic insights into the degradation of surficial functional structures. Additionally, various innovative strategies have been devised and proven effective in sustaining electrocatalytic activity under harsh operating conditions. This review aims to discuss the most recent understanding of the degradation microkinetics of catalysts across an entire range of anodic to cathodic polarizations, encompassing processes such as oxygen evolution and reduction, hydrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction. Subsequently, innovative strategies adopted to stabilize the materials' structure and activity are highlighted with an in-depth discussion of the underlying rationale. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives regarding future research and development. By identifying the research gaps, this review aims to inspire further exploration of surface degradation mechanisms and rational design of durable electrocatalysts, ultimately contributing to the large-scale utilization of electroconversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
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Hidalgo J, Kaiser W, An Y, Li R, Oh Z, Castro-Méndez AF, LaFollette DK, Kim S, Lai B, Breternitz J, Schorr S, Perini CAR, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Correa-Baena JP. Synergistic Role of Water and Oxygen Leads to Degradation in Formamidinium-Based Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917967 PMCID: PMC10655111 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-cation metal halide perovskites have shown remarkable progress in photovoltaic applications with high power conversion efficiencies. However, to achieve large-scale deployment of this technology, efficiencies must be complemented by long-term durability. The latter is limited by external factors, such as exposure to humidity and air, which lead to the rapid degradation of the perovskite materials and devices. In this work, we study the mechanisms causing Cs and formamidinium (FA)-based halide perovskite phase transformations and stabilization during moisture and air exposure. We use in situ X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to study these chemical interactions and their effects on structure. We unravel a surface reaction pathway involving the dissolution of FAI by water and iodide oxidation by oxygen, driving the Cs/FA ratio into thermodynamically unstable regions, leading to undesirable phase transformations. This work demonstrates the interplay of bulk phase transformations with surface chemical reactions, providing a detailed understanding of the degradation mechanism and strategies for designing durable and efficient perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Hidalgo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Yu An
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Zion Oh
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Diana K. LaFollette
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sanggyun Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joachim Breternitz
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Susan Schorr
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Freie Universitaet
Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Malteser Str. 74-200, Berlin 12249, Germany
| | - Carlo A. R. Perini
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and UdR INSTM, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human
Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Morgan DJ. XPS insights: Sample degradation in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Translational Research Hub Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- HarwellXPS – The EPSRC National Facility for Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Research Campus at Harwell (RCaH) Didcot UK
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6
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Beck A, Kazazis D, Ekinci Y, Li X, Müller Gubler EA, Kleibert A, Willinger MG, Artiglia L, van Bokhoven JA. The Extent of Platinum-Induced Hydrogen Spillover on Cerium Dioxide. ACS NANO 2022; 17:1091-1099. [PMID: 36469418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen spillover from metal nanoparticles to oxides is an essential process in hydrogenation catalysis and other applications such as hydrogen storage. It is important to understand how far this process is reaching over the surface of the oxide. Here, we present a combination of advanced sample fabrication of a model system and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to disentangle local and far-reaching effects of hydrogen spillover in a platinum-ceria catalyst. At low temperatures (25-100 °C and 1 mbar H2) surface O-H formed by hydrogen spillover on the whole ceria surface extending microns away from the platinum, leading to a reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+. This process and structures were strongly temperature dependent. At temperatures above 150 °C (at 1 mbar H2), O-H partially disappeared from the surface due to its decreasing thermodynamic stability. This resulted in a ceria reoxidation. Higher hydrogen pressures are likely to shift these transition temperatures upward due to the increasing chemical potential. The findings reveal that on a catalyst containing a structure capable to promote spillover, hydrogen can affect the whole catalyst surface and be involved in catalysis and restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xiansheng Li
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, Zürich8093, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Armin Kleibert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Artiglia
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, Zürich8093, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232Villigen, Switzerland
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