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Glojek K, Dinh Ngoc Thuy V, Weber S, Uzu G, Manousakas M, Elazzouzi R, Džepina K, Darfeuil S, Ginot P, Jaffrezo JL, Žabkar R, Turšič J, Podkoritnik A, Močnik G. Annual variation of source contributions to PM 10 and oxidative potential in a mountainous area with traffic, biomass burning, cement-plant and biogenic influences. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108787. [PMID: 38833875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Toxicity of particulate matter (PM) depends on its sources, size and composition. We identified PM10 sources and determined their contribution to oxidative potential (OP) as a health proxy for PM exposure in an Alpine valley influenced by cement industry. PM10 filter sample chemical analysis and equivalent black carbon (eBC) were measured at an urban background site from November 2020 to November 2021. Using an optimized Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, the source chemical fingerprints and contributions to PM10 were determined. The OP assessed through two assays, ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT), was attributed to the PM sources from the PMF model with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. Ten factors were found at the site, including biomass burning (34, 40 and 38% contribution to annual PM10, OPAA and OPDDT, respectively), traffic (14, 19 and 7%), nitrate- and sulphate-rich (together: 16, 5 and 8%), aged sea salt (2, 2 and 0%) and mineral dust (10, 12 and 17%). The introduction of innovative organic tracers allowed the quantification of the PM primary and secondary biogenic fractions (together: 13, 8 and 21%). In addition, two unusual factors due to local features, a chloride-rich factor and a second mineral dust-rich factor (named the cement dust factor) were found, contributing together 10, 14 and 8%. We associate these two factors to different processes in the cement plant. Despite their rather low contribution to PM10 mass, these sources have one of the highest OPs per µg of source. The results of the study provide vital information about the influence of particular sources on PM10 and OP in complex environments and are thus useful for PM control strategies and actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Glojek
- University of Nova Gorica, Centre for Atmospheric Research (CRA), Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia
| | - V Dinh Ngoc Thuy
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - S Weber
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - G Uzu
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - M Manousakas
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen 5232, Switzerland; NCSR DEMOKRITOS Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Agia Paraskevi 15341, Greece
| | - R Elazzouzi
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - K Džepina
- University of Nova Gorica, Centre for Atmospheric Research (CRA), Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia
| | - S Darfeuil
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - P Ginot
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - J L Jaffrezo
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - R Žabkar
- Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - J Turšič
- Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - A Podkoritnik
- University of Nova Gorica, Centre for Atmospheric Research (CRA), Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia
| | - G Močnik
- University of Nova Gorica, Centre for Atmospheric Research (CRA), Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia.
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Novo-Quiza N, Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Oxidative potential of the inhalation bioaccessible fraction of PM 10 and bioaccessible concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal(oid)s in PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31862-31877. [PMID: 38637483 PMCID: PMC11133103 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been related to numerous adverse health effects in humans. Nowadays, it is believed that one of the possible mechanisms of toxicity could be the oxidative stress, which involves the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different assays have been proposed to characterize oxidative stress, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) acellular assays (OPDTT and OPAA), as a metric more relevant than PM mass measurement for PM toxicity. This study evaluates the OP of the bioaccessible fraction of 65 PM10 samples collected at an Atlantic Coastal European urban site using DTT and AA assays. A physiologically based extraction (PBET) using Gamble's solution (GS) as a simulated lung fluid (SLF) was used for the assessment of the bioaccessible fraction of PM10. The use of the bioaccessible fraction, instead of the fraction assessed using conventional phosphate buffer and ultrasounds assisted extraction (UAE), was compared for OP assessment. Correlations between OPDTT and OPAA, as well as total and bioaccessible concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(oid)s, were investigated to explore the association between those compounds and OP. A correlation was found between both OP (OPDTT and OPAA) and total and bioaccessible concentrations of PAHs and several metal(oid)s such as As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ni, and V. Additionally, OPDTT was found to be related to the level of K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Novo-Quiza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Isabel Turnes-Carou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Li J, Hua C, Ma L, Chen K, Zheng F, Chen Q, Bao X, Sun J, Xie R, Bianchi F, Kerminen VM, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Liu Y. Key drivers of the oxidative potential of PM 2.5 in Beijing in the context of air quality improvement from 2018 to 2022. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108724. [PMID: 38735076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been continuously decreasing in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. However, health endpoints do not exhibit a linear correlation with PM mass concentrations. Thus, it is urgent to clarify the prior toxicological components of PM to further improve air quality. In this study, we analyzed the long-term oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble PM2.5, which is generally considered more effective in assessing hazardous exposure to PM in Beijing from 2018 to 2022 based on the dithiothreitol assay and identified the crucial drivers of the OP of PM2.5 based on online monitoring of air pollutants, receptor model, and random forest (RF) model. Our results indicate that dust, traffic, and biomass combustion are the main sources of the OP of PM2.5 in Beijing. The complex interactions of dust particles, black carbon, and gaseous pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are the main factors driving the OP evolution, in particular, leading to the abnormal rise of OP in Beijing in 2022. Our data shows that a higher OP is observed in winter and spring compared to summer and autumn. The diurnal variation of the OP is characterized by a declining trend from 0:00 to 14:00 and an increasing trend from 14:00 to 23:00. The spatial variation in OP of PM2.5 was observed as the OP in Beijing is lower than that in Shijiazhuang, while it is higher than that in Zhenjiang and Haikou, which is primarily influenced by the distribution of black carbon. Our results are of significance in identifying the key drivers influencing the OP of PM2.5 and provide new insights for advancing air quality improvement efforts with a focus on safeguarding human health in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Li
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Ma
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaolei Bao
- Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Jiangsu Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Rongfu Xie
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Li R, Yan C, Meng Q, Yue Y, Jiang W, Yang L, Zhu Y, Xue L, Gao S, Liu W, Chen T, Meng J. Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133175. [PMID: 38086305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fog significantly affects the air quality and human health. To investigate the health effects and mechanisms of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during fog episodes, PM2.5 samples were collected from the coastal suburb of Qingdao during different seasons from 2021 to 2022, with the major chemical composition in PM2.5 analyzed. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. A positive matrix factorization model was adopted for PM2.5. Interpretable machine learning (IML) was used to reveal and quantify the key components and sources affecting OP. PM2.5 exhibited higher oxidative toxicity during fog episodes. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, K+, and water-soluble Fe positively affected the enhancement of DTTV (volume-based DTT activity) during fog episodes. The IML analysis demonstrated that WSOC and K+ contributed significantly to DTTV, with values of 0.31 ± 0.34 and 0.27 ± 0.22 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively. Regarding the sources, coal combustion and biomass burning contributed significantly to DTTV (0.40 ± 0.38 and 0.39 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively), indicating the significant influence of combustion-related sources on OP. This study provides new insights into the effects of PM2.5 compositions and sources on OP by applying IML models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Washington, 1410 NE Campus Pkwy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- College of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Ahmad M, Chen J, Panyametheekul S, Yu Q, Nawab A, Khan MT, Zhang Y, Ali SW, Phairuang W. Fine particulate matter from brick kilns site and roadside in Lahore, Pakistan: Insight into chemical composition, oxidative potential, and health risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25884. [PMID: 38390149 PMCID: PMC10881335 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human health is seriously threatened by particulate matter (PM) pollution, which is a major environmental problem. A better indicator of biological responses to PM exposure than its mass alone is the PM "oxidative potential (OP)," or ability to oxidize target molecules. When reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in the OP in excess of the antioxidant capacity of body due to PM components such metals and organic species, it causes inflammation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and lipids damage. Method The samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are collected from the brick kiln site and the roadside in Lahore, Pakistan. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were estimated by carbon analyzer (DRI 2001A) using the thermal/optical transmittance (TOT) protocol. The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentration was determined using a total organic carbon analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-L CPN). Ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-900) with a conductivity detector was used to analyze the water-soluble anions (Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-) and cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (iCAP TQ ICP-MS, Thermo Scientific) was used to determine the concentrations of metals in the solution. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was calculated using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 412 nm. Results The mean concentrations of PM2.5 at the brick kiln site and roadside reported are 509.3 ± 32.3 μg/m3 and 467.5 ± 24.9 μg/m3, and the average OC/EC ratio is 1.9 ± 0.4 and 2.1 ± 0.1. primary organic carbon (POC) contributed more to OC than secondary organic carbon (SOC), which indicated the dominance of primary combustion sources. The anion equivalent (AE) to cation equivalent (CE) ratio indicated that PM2.5 is acidic at both sites due to the dominance of NO3- and SO42-. The DTT consumption rate normalized by PM2.5 mass (DTTm) and DTT consumption rate normalized by air volume (DTTv) of PM2.5 at the roadside samples are higher than at the brick kiln site due to the higher contribution of ionic species to the mass of PM2.5. Carbonaceous species of PM2.5 at both sampling sites are significantly correlated with DTTv of PM2.5, while metallic species behaved differently. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values (lung cancer) of As and Cr at both sampling sites, while the ILCR value of Cd at the roadside samples is exceeding the permissible limits for adults and children. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) value for adults is higher than that for children, indicating that children are less vulnerable to metals. Conclusion The concentration of PM2.5 at both sampling sites were exceeding the permissible limits of Pakistan' National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) and posing risk to the health of the local population. The POC and SOC contribution to OC at the brick kiln site and roadside in Lahore were 84.6%, 15.4% and 84.4%, 15.6%. POC at both sampling sites were the dominant carbon species indicating the dominance of primary combustion sources. The residence of Lahore poses the lung cancer risk due to Cr, As, and Cd at both sampling sites. The results of this study provide important data and evidence for further evaluation of the potential health risks of PM2.5 from brick kiln site and road side in Pakistan and formulation of efficient air-pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sirima Panyametheekul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Thailand network centre on Air Quality Management: TAQM and Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Asim Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
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Mylonaki M, Gini M, Georgopoulou M, Pilou M, Chalvatzaki E, Solomos S, Diapouli E, Giannakaki E, Lazaridis M, Pandis SN, Nenes A, Eleftheriadis K, Papayannis A. Wildfire and African dust aerosol oxidative potential, exposure and dose in the human respiratory tract. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169683. [PMID: 38160832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to wildfire smoke and dust can severely affect air quality and health. Although particulate matter (PM) levels and exposure are well-established metrics linking to health outcomes, they do not consider differences in particle toxicity or deposition location in the respiratory tract (RT). Usage of the oxidative potential (OP) exposure may further shape our understanding on how different pollution events impact health. Towards this goal, we estimate the aerosol deposition rates, OP and resulting OP deposition rates in the RT for a typical adult Caucasian male residing in Athens, Greece. We focus on a period when African dust (1-3 of August 2021) and severe wildfires at the northern part of the Attika peninsula and the Evia island, Greece (4-18 of August 2021) affected air quality in Athens. During these periods, the aerosol levels increased twofold leading to exceedances of the World Health Organization (WHO) [15(5) μg m-3] PM10 (PM2.5) air quality standard by almost 100 %. We show that the OP exposure is 1.5-times larger during the wildfire smoke events than during the dust intrusion, even if the latter was present in higher mass loads - because wildfire smoke has a higher specific OP than dust. This result carries two important implications: OP exposure should be synergistically used with other metrics - such as PM levels - to efficiently link aerosol exposure with the resulting health effects, and, certain sources of air pollution (in our case, exposure to biomass burning smoke) may need to be preferentially controlled, whenever possible, owing to their disproportionate contribution to OP exposure and ability to penetrate deeper into the human RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mylonaki
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Physics, National and Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece; Meteorological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Maria Gini
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Maria Georgopoulou
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Marika Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics and Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Chalvatzaki
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Stavros Solomos
- Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, Athens 10679, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Elina Giannakaki
- Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Alexandros Papayannis
- Laser Remote Sensing Unit, Department of Physics, National and Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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7
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Sharma B, Mao J, Jia S, Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Bau S, Sarkar S. Size-distribution and driving factors of aerosol oxidative potential in rural kitchen microenvironments of northeastern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123246. [PMID: 38158012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study reports size-resolved dithiothreitol (DTT)-based oxidative potential (OP: total and water-soluble) in rural kitchens using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), firewood (FW), and mixed biomass (MB) fuels in northeastern (NE) India. In comparison to LPG, volume-normalized total OP (OPtotal(v)DTT) was enhanced by a factor of ∼5 in biomass-using kitchens (74 ± 35 to 78 ± 42 nmol min-1 m-3); however, mass-normalized total OP (OPtotal(m)DTT) was similar between LPG and FW users and higher by a factor of 2 in MB-using kitchens. The water-insoluble OP (OPwi(v, m)DTT) fraction in OPtotal(v, m)DTT was greater than 50% across kitchens. Size distributions across kitchens and OPDTT categories ranged from unimodal to trimodal. OPws(v)DTT was driven by metals as well as organics across size fractions while OPwi(v)DTT was majorly constrained by metals with an increasing importance of organics in fine particles of biomass-using kitchens. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Cu and Ba explained 71% of the OPtotal(v)DTT variability in LPG-using kitchens, while water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and Ba were responsible for 44% variability in FW-using kitchens. Finally, the high internal dose of OPtotal(v)DTT (28-31 nmol min-1 m-3) in biomass-using kitchens established the severity of oxidative stress on the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Sharma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
| | - Jingying Mao
- Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning 530022, China.
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Sudhir K Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Sebastien Bau
- Laboratory of Aerosol Metrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, Vandoeuvre Cedex 54519, France.
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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Singh A, Patel A, Satish R, Tripathi SN, Rastogi N. Wintertime oxidative potential of PM 2.5 over a big urban city in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167155. [PMID: 37730043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) experiences a heavy load of particulate pollution impacting the 9 % of the global population living in this region. The present study examines the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay-based oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 and the major sources responsible for the observed OP over the central IGP (Kanpur) during winter. The volume normalized OP (OPV) of PM2.5 varied from 2.7 to 10 nmol DTT min-1 m-3 (5.5 ± 1.5) and mass normalized OP (OPM) of PM2.5 varied from 19 to 58 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 (34 ± 8.0), respectively. Major sources of PM2.5 were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the contribution of these sources to observed OP was estimated through multivariate linear regression of OPv with PMF-resolved factors. Although the PM2.5 mass was dominated by secondary aerosols (SA, 28 %), followed by crustal dust (CD, 24 %), resuspended fine dust (RFD, 14 %), traffic emissions (TE, 8 %), industrial emissions (IE, 17 %), and trash burning (TB, 9 %), their proportionate contribution to OP (except SA) was different likely due to differences in redox properties of chemical species coming from these sources. The SA showed the highest contribution (23 %) to observed OP, followed by RFD (19 %), IE (8 %), TE & TB (5 %), CD (4 %), and others (36 %). Our results highlight the significance of determining the chemical composition of particulates along with their mass concentrations for a better understanding of the relationship between PM and health impacts. Such studies are still lacking in the literature, and these results have direct implications for making better mitigation strategies for healthier air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India; Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
| | - R Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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Victoria S, Trine L, Hystad P, Roper C. Indoor and Personal PM 2.5 Samples Differ in Chemical Composition and Alter Zebrafish Behavior Based on Primary Fuel Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21260-21271. [PMID: 38060427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure has been linked to diverse human health impacts. Little is known about the potential heterogeneous impacts of PM2.5 generated from different indoor fuel sources and how exposure differs between personal and indoor environments. Therefore, we used PM2.5 collected by one stationary sampler in a kitchen and personal samplers (female and male participants), in homes (n = 24) in Kheri, India, that used either biomass or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as primary fuel sources. PM2.5 samples (pooled by fuel type and monitor placement) were analyzed for oxidative potential and chemical composition, including elements and 125 organic compounds. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were acutely exposed to varying concentrations of PM2.5 and behavioral analyses were conducted. We found relatively high PM2.5 concentrations (5-15 times above World Health Organization daily exposure guidelines) and varied human health-related chemical composition based on fuel type and monitor placement (up to 15% carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition). Altered biological responses, including changes to mortality, morphology, and behavior, were elicited by exposure to all sample types. These findings reveal that although LPG is generally ranked the least harmful compared to biomass fuels, chemical characteristics and biological impacts were still present, highlighting the need for further research in determining the safety of indoor fuel sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Victoria
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Lisandra Trine
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Das S, McEwen A, Prospero J, Spalink D, Chellam S. Respirable Metals, Bacteria, and Fungi during a Saharan-Sahelian Dust Event in Houston, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19942-19955. [PMID: 37943153 PMCID: PMC10862556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Although airborne bacteria and fungi can impact human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health, very few studies have investigated the possible impact of their long-range transport in the context of more commonly measured aerosol species, especially those present in an urban environment. We report first-of-kind simultaneous measurements of the elemental and microbial composition of North American respirable airborne particulate matter concurrent with a Saharan-Sahelian dust episode. Comprehensive taxonomic and phylogenetic profiles of microbial communities obtained by 16S/18S/ITS rDNA sequencing identified hundreds of bacteria and fungi, including several cataloged in the World Health Organization's lists of global priority human pathogens along with numerous other animal and plant pathogens and (poly)extremophiles. While elemental analysis sensitively tracked long-range transported Saharan dust and its mixing with locally emitted aerosols, microbial diversity, phylogeny, composition, and abundance did not well correlate with the apportioned African dust mass. Bacterial/fungal diversity, phylogenetic signal, and community turnover were strongly correlated to apportioned sources (especially vehicular emissions and construction activities) and elemental composition (especially calcium). Bacterial communities were substantially more dissimilar from each other across sampling days than were fungal communities. Generalized dissimilarity modeling revealed that daily compositional turnover in both communities was linked to calcium concentrations and aerosols from local vehicles and Saharan dust. Because African dust is known to impact large areas in northern South America, the Caribbean Basin, and the southern United States, the microbiological impacts of such long-range transport should be assessed in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Das
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alyvia McEwen
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Joseph Prospero
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Daniel Spalink
- Department
of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shankararaman Chellam
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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11
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Famiyeh L, Jia C, Chen K, Tang YT, Ji D, He J, Guo Q. Size distribution and lung-deposition of ambient particulate matter oxidative potential: A contrast between dithiothreitol and ascorbic acid assays. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122437. [PMID: 37634565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) inhaled into human lungs causes oxidative stress and adverse health effects through antioxidant depletion (oxidative potential, OP). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the association between the lung-deposited dose (LDD) of PM and OP in extrathoracic (ET), tracheobronchial (TB), and pulmonary (P) regions of human lungs. Dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays were employed to measure the OP of PM size fractions to investigate OP distribution in human lungs and identify the chemical drivers. Quasi-ultrafine particles (quasi-UFP, ≤0.49 μm) exhibited high OP deposition in the TB and P regions, while coarse particles (CP, ≥3.0 μm) dominated in the ET region. A plot of extrinsic (per air volume) and intrinsic (per PM mass) OP versus LDD revealed that the OP for fine and coarse particles was greatest in the ET region, whereas the OP of quasi-UFP was greatest in alveoli. The study also demonstrated that extrinsic OP and PM doses are not strongly related. The decline in OP with increasing PM dose reveals the need for further investigation of the antagonistic effects of the chemical compositions. Overall, the results presented herein help address the gap in knowledge regarding the association between the OP and LDD of ambient particles in specific regions of human lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lord Famiyeh
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Kay Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China; Nottingham Ningbo China Beacon of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Aldekheel M, Farahani VJ, Sioutas C. Assessing Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Population Exposure to PM-Bound PAHs and Carcinogenic Metals in Three Mid-Latitude Metropolitan Cities. TOXICS 2023; 11:697. [PMID: 37624202 PMCID: PMC10457896 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Lifetime cancer risk characterization of ambient PM-bound carcinogenic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the cities of Los Angeles (USA), Thessaloniki (Greece) and Milan (Italy), which share similar Mediterranean climates but are different in their urban emission sources and governing air quality regulations. The samples in Milan and Thessaloniki were mostly dominated by biomass burning activities whereas the particles collected in Los Angeles were primary impacted by traffic emissions. We analyzed the ambient PM2.5 mass concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), as well as 13 PAH compounds in the PM samples, collected during both cold and warm periods at each location. Pb exhibited the highest annual average concentration in all three cities, followed by Ni, As, Cr(VI), Cd and PAHs, respectively. The cancer risk assessment based on outdoor pollutants was performed based on three different scenarios, with each scenario corresponding to a different level of infiltration of outdoor pollutants into the indoor environment. Thessaloniki exhibited a high risk associated with lifetime inhalation of As, Cr(VI), and PAHs, with values in the range of (0.97-1.57) × 10-6, (1.80-2.91) × 10-6, and (0.77-1.25) × 10-6, respectively. The highest cancer risk values were calculated in Milan, exceeding the US EPA standard by a considerable margin, where the lifetime risk values of exposure to As, Cr(VI), and PAHs were in the range of (1.29-2.08) × 10-6, (6.08-9.82) × 10-6, and (1.10-1.77) × 10-6, respectively. In contrast, the estimated risks associated with PAHs and metals, except Cr(VI), in Los Angeles were extremely lower than the guideline value, even when the infiltration factor was assumed to be at peak. The lifetime cancer risk values associated with As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and PAHs in Los Angeles were in the range of (0.04-0.33) × 10-6. This observation highlights the impact of local air quality measures in improving the air quality and lowering the cancer risks in Los Angeles compared to the other two cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
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Zhang H, D'Agostino C, Tulisiak C, Thorwald MA, Bergkvist L, Lindquist A, Meyerdirk L, Schulz E, Becker K, Steiner JA, Cacciottolo M, Kwatra M, Rey NL, Escobar Galvis ML, Ma J, Sioutas C, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Brundin P. Air pollution nanoparticle and alpha-synuclein fibrils synergistically decrease glutamate receptor A1, depending upon nPM batch activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15622. [PMID: 37128335 PMCID: PMC10148131 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have variably linked air pollution to increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is little experimental evidence for this association. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) propagation plays central roles in PD and glutamate receptor A1 (GluA1) is involved in memory and olfaction function. Methods Each mouse was exposed to one of three different batches of nano-particulate matter (nPM) (300 μg/m3, 5 h/d, 3 d/week), collected at different dates, 2017-2019, in the same urban site. After these experiments, these nPM batches were found to vary in activity. C57BL/6 female mice (3 mo) were injected with pre-formed murine α-synuclein fibrils (PFFs) (0.4 μg), which act as seeds for α-syn aggregation. Two exposure paradigms were used: in Paradigm 1, PFFs were injected into olfactory bulb (OB) prior to 4-week nPM (Batch 5b) exposure and in Paradigm 2, PFFs were injected at 4th week during 10-week nPM exposure (Batches 7 and 9). α-syn pSer129, microglia Iba1, inflammatory cytokines, and Gria1 expression were measured by immunohistochemistry or qPCR assays. Results As expected, α-syn pSer129 was detected in ipsilateral OB, anterior olfactory nucleus, amygdala and piriform cortex. One of the three batches of nPM caused a trend for elevated α-syn pSer129 in Paradigm 1, but two other batches showed no effect in Paradigm 2. However, the combination of nPM and PFF significantly decreased Gria1 mRNA in both the ipsi- and contra-lateral OB and frontal cortex for the most active two nPM batches. Neither nPM nor PFFs alone induced responses of microglia Iba1 and expression of Gria1 in the OB and cortex. Conclusion Exposures to ambient nPM had weak effect on α-syn propagation in the brain in current experimental paradigms; however, nPM and α-syn synergistically downregulated the expression of Gria1 in both OB and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Carla D'Agostino
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
| | | | - Max A. Thorwald
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emily Schulz
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mohit Kwatra
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | | | - Jiyan Ma
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
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Aldekheel M, Farahani VJ, Tohidi R, Altuwayjiri A, Sioutas C. Development and performance evaluation of a two-stage cascade impactor equipped with gelatin filter substrates for the collection of multi-sized particulate matter. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2023; 294:119493. [PMID: 36504702 PMCID: PMC9733700 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and evaluation of a high flow rate gelatin cascade impactor (GCI) to collect different PM particle sizes on water-soluble gelatin substrates. The GCI operates at a flow rate of 100 lpm, and consists of two impaction stages, followed by a filter holder to separate particles in the following diameter ranges: >2.5 μm, 0.2-2.5 μm, and <0.2 μm. Laboratory characterization of the GCI performance was conducted using monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) particles as well as polydisperse ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, and ammonium nitrate aerosols to obtain the particle collection efficiency curves for both impaction stages. In addition to the laboratory characterization, we performed concurrent field experiments to collect PM2.5 employing both GCI equipped with gelatin filter and personal cascade impactor sampler (PCIS) equipped with PTFE filter for further toxicological analysis using macrophage-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dithiothreitol consumption (DTT) assays. Our results showed that the experimentally determined cut-point diameters for the first and second impaction stages were 2.4 μm and 0.21 μm, respectively, which agreed with the theoretical predictions. Although the GCI has been developed primarily to collect particles on gelatin filters, the use of a different type of substrate (i.e., quartz) led to similar particle separation characteristics. The findings of the field tests demonstrated the advantage of using the GCI in toxicological studies due to its ability to collect considerable PM-toxic constituents, as corroborated by the DTT and ROS values for the GCI-collected particles which were 26.44 nmoles/min/mg PM and 8813.2 μg Zymosan Units/mg PM, respectively. These redox activity values were more than twice those of particles collected concurrently on PTFE filter using the PCIS. This high-flow-rate impactor can collect considerable amounts of size-fractionated PM on water-soluble filters (i.e., gelatin), which can completely dissolve in water allowing for the extraction of soluble and insoluble PM species for further toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Kuwait University, Department of Civil Engineering, P.O Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Succi G, Pedrycz W, Bogachuk AP, Tormasov AG, Belogurov AA, Spallone A. The Fallout of Catastrophic Technogenic Emissions of Toxic Gases Can Negatively Affect Covid-19 Clinical Course. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:101-110. [PMID: 36694904 PMCID: PMC9844090 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus D-19 (Covid-19) pandemic has shaken almost every country in the world: as we stand, 6,3 million deaths from the infection have already been recorded, 167,000 and 380,000 of which are in Italy and the Russian Federation, respectively. In the first wave of the pandemic, Italy suffered an abnormally high death toll. A detailed analysis of available epidemiological data suggests that that rate was shockingly high in the Northern regions and in Lombardy, in particular, whilst in the southern region the situation was less dire. This inexplicably high mortality rate in conditions of a very well-developed health care system such as the one in Lombardy - recognized as one of the best in Italy - certainly cries for a convincing explanation. In 1976, the small city of Seveso, Lombardy, experienced a release of dioxin into the atmosphere after a massive technogenic accident. The immediate effects of the industrial disaster did not become apparent until a surge in the number of tumors in the affected population in the subsequent years. In this paper, we endeavor to prove our hypothesis that the release of dioxin was a negative cofactor that contributed to a worsening of the clinical course of COVID-19 in Lombardy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Succi
- Innopolis University, Innopolis, 420500 Russia
| | - W. Pedrycz
- University of Alberta, Edmonton (AB), T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - A. P. Bogachuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | | | - A. A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, 117997 Russia
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Moscow, 127473 Russia
| | - A. Spallone
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, 117997 Russia
- Neurological Centre of Latium, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Rome, 00178 Italy
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