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Zhang Z, Zhao X, Song X, Peng D, Ren S, Ren J, Ma Y, Li S. Versatile ionic liquid gels formed by dynamic covalent bonding and microphase separated structures. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4171-4182. [PMID: 38910542 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
It is challenging for ionic liquid gels to achieve the combination of rapid self-healing with high toughness. Here, ionic liquid gels (DI-PR) were prepared from readily available materials. A dynamic covalently bonded oxime-carbamate was prepared from polycaprolactone diol, isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylethyleneglyoxime, followed by addition of the "rigid-flexible" cross-linking agent rutin to chemically cross-link the polymer chains and afford the ionic liquid gels, DI-PR. The tensile strength, elongation at break and toughness of the DI-PR gels were as high as 16.5 MPa, 1132.6%, and 52.6 MJ m-3, respectively. The toughness is similar to that of natural silkworm silk (70 MJ m-3) and wool (60 MJ m-3). After stretching, the DI-PR can rebound within 1 s, their room temperature self-healing rate is as high as 92%, they remain functional over the temperature range -50 °C to 140 °C and the interface with a steel plate has an adhesion toughness of >2000 J m-2. These properties mean that the DI-PR gels are particularly suitable for use as anticorrosion coatings for submarine and underground gas and oil pipelines. The use of rutin, which combines rigid quercetin-based structural units with flexible glycoside-based structural units, as a cross-linking agent, provides a new method for improving the toughness of soft materials through its synergistic interaction with hard and soft chain fragments of polyurethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xing Song
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Dejun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shixue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Junxue Ren
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yanli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Gao W, Yang S, Chen Q, Ye C, Wang H, Zhang Q, Ren J, Ning Z, Chen X, Shao Z, Li J, Liu Y, Ling S. Humanoid Intelligent Display Platform for Audiovisual Interaction and Sound Identification. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:221. [PMID: 37812331 PMCID: PMC10562358 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a rational strategy for the design, fabrication and system integration of the humanoid intelligent display platform (HIDP) to meet the requirements of highly humanized mechanical properties and intelligence for human-machine interfaces. The platform's sandwich structure comprises a middle light-emitting layer and surface electrodes, which consists of silicon elastomer embedded with phosphor and silk fibroin ionoelastomer, respectively. Both materials are highly stretchable and resilient, endowing the HIDP with skin-like mechanical properties and applicability in various extreme environments and complex mechanical stimulations. Furthermore, by establishing the numerical correlation between the amplitude change of animal sounds and the brightness variation, the HIDP realizes audiovisual interaction and successful identification of animal species with the aid of Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques. The accuracy of species identification reaches about 100% for 200 rounds of random testing. Additionally, the HIDP can recognize animal species and their corresponding frequencies by analyzing sound characteristics, displaying real-time results with an accuracy of approximately 99% and 93%, respectively. In sum, this study offers a rational route to designing intelligent display devices for audiovisual interaction, which can expedite the application of smart display devices in human-machine interaction, soft robotics, wearable sound-vision system and medical devices for hearing-impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Ning
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Hu R, Yang X, Cui W, Leng L, Zhao X, Ji G, Zhao J, Zhu Q, Zheng J. An Ultrahighly Stretchable and Recyclable Starch-Based Gel with Multiple Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303632. [PMID: 37435992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
With the development of various gel-based flexible sensors, novel gels with multiple integrated and efficient properties, particularly recyclability, have been developed. Herein, a starch-based ADM (amylopectin (AP)-poly(3-[dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2- enoyloxy)ethyl]azaniumyl]propane-1-sulfonate) (PDMAPS)-MXene) gel is prepared by a facile "cooking" strategy accompanying the gelatinization of AP and polymerization reaction of zwitterionic monomers. Reversible crosslinking in the gel occurs through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The ADM gel exhibits high stretchability (≈2700%, after one month), swift self-healing performance, self-adhesive properties, favorable freezing resistance, and satisfactory moisturizing properties (≥30 days). Interestingly, the ADM gel can be recycled and reused by a "kneading" method and "dissolution-dialysis" process, respectively. Furthermore, the ADM gel can be assembled as a strain sensor with a broad working strain range (≈800%) and quick response time (response time 211 ms and recovery time 253 ms, under 10% strain) to detect various macro- and micro-human-motions, even under harsh conditions such as pronunciation and handwriting. The ADM gel can also be used as a humidity sensor to investigate humidity and human respiratory status, suggesting its practical application in personal health management. This study provides a novel strategy for the preparation of high-performance recycled gels and flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Linfei Leng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Guochen Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Monocrystalline Silicon Semiconductor Materials and Technology, Shandong Universities Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits Functional Materials and Expanded Applications, Dezhou, 253023, P. R. China
| | - Qingzeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Junping Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Cao X, Ye C, Cao L, Shan Y, Ren J, Ling S. Biomimetic Spun Silk Ionotronic Fibers for Intelligent Discrimination of Motions and Tactile Stimuli. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300447. [PMID: 37002548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in the ionotronics field has significantly accelerated the development of ultraflexible devices and machines. However, it is still challenging to develop efficient ionotronic-based fibers with necessary stretchability, resilience, and conductivity due to inherent conflict in producing spinning dopes with both high polymer and ion concentrations and low viscosities. Inspired by the liquid crystalline spinning of animal silk, this study circumvents the inherent tradeoff in other spinning methods by dry spinning a nematic silk microfibril dope solution. The liquid crystalline texture allows the spinning dope to flow through the spinneret and form free-standing fibers under minimal external forces. The resultant silk-sourced ionotronic fibers (SSIFs) are highly stretchable, tough, resilient, and fatigue-resistant. These mechanical advantages ensure a rapid and recoverable electromechanical response of SSIFs to kinematic deformations. Further, the incorporation of SSIFs into core-shell triboelectric nanogenerator fibers provides outstanding stable and sensitive triboelectric response to precisely and sensitively perceive small pressures. Moreover, by implementing a combination of machine learning and Internet of Things techniques, the SSIFs can sort objects made of different materials. With these structural, processing, performance, and functional merits, the SSIFs prepared herein are expected to be applied in human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, 224051, China
| | - Leitao Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yicheng Shan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China
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5
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Zhou B, Liu J, Huang X, Qiu X, Yang X, Shao H, Tang C, Zhang X. Mechanoluminescent-Triboelectric Bimodal Sensors for Self-Powered Sensing and Intelligent Control. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:72. [PMID: 36964430 PMCID: PMC10039194 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered flexible devices with skin-like multiple sensing ability have attracted great attentions due to their broad applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). Various methods have been proposed to enhance mechano-optic or electric performance of the flexible devices; however, it remains challenging to realize the display and accurate recognition of motion trajectories for intelligent control. Here, we present a fully self-powered mechanoluminescent-triboelectric bimodal sensor based on micro-nanostructured mechanoluminescent elastomer, which can patterned-display the force trajectories. The deformable liquid metals used as stretchable electrode make the stress transfer stable through overall device to achieve outstanding mechanoluminescence (with a gray value of 107 under a stimulus force as low as 0.3 N and more than 2000 cycles reproducibility). Moreover, a microstructured surface is constructed which endows the resulted composite with significantly improved triboelectric performances (voltage increases from 8 to 24 V). Based on the excellent bimodal sensing performances and durability of the obtained composite, a highly reliable intelligent control system by machine learning has been developed for controlling trolley, providing an approach for advanced visual interaction devices and smart wearable electronics in the future IoT era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jize Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shao
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyu Tang
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Tadesse MG, Lübben JF. Recent Progress in Self-Healable Hydrogel-Based Electroluminescent Devices: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030250. [PMID: 36975699 PMCID: PMC10048157 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronics have gained significant research attention in recent years due to their potential applications as smart and functional materials. Typically, electroluminescence devices produced by hydrogel-based materials are among the most notable flexible electronics. With their excellent flexibility and their remarkable electrical, adaptable mechanical and self-healing properties, functional hydrogels offer a wealth of insights and opportunities for the fabrication of electroluminescent devices that can be easily integrated into wearable electronics for various applications. Various strategies have been developed and adapted to obtain functional hydrogels, and at the same time, high-performance electroluminescent devices have been fabricated based on these functional hydrogels. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various functional hydrogels that have been used for the development of electroluminescent devices. It also highlights some challenges and future research prospects for hydrogel-based electroluminescent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melkie Getnet Tadesse
- Sustainable Engineering (STE), Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72458 Albstadt, Germany
- Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 1037, Ethiopia
| | - Jörn Felix Lübben
- Sustainable Engineering (STE), Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72458 Albstadt, Germany
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Yang X, Zhang B, Li J, Shen M, Liu H, Xu X, Shang S. Self-healing, self-adhesive, and stretchable conductive hydrogel for multifunctional sensor prepared by catechol modified nanocellulose stabilized poly(α-thioctic acid). Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120813. [PMID: 37182943 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing, self-adhesive, and stretchable bio-based conductive hydrogels exhibit properties similar to those of biological tissues, making them an urgent requirement for emerging wearable devices. The primary challenge lies in devising straightforward strategies to accomplish all the aforementioned performances and achieve equilibrium among them. This study used the natural compound thioctic acid (TA) and modified cellulose to prepare conductive hydrogels with stretchability, healing, and self-adhesion through a simple one-step strategy. Metastable poly(TA) was obtained through ring-opening polymerization of lithiated TA, followed by the introduction of dopamine-grafted cellulose nanofibers (DCNF) to stabilize poly(TA) and prepare PTALi/DCNF hydrogels with the aforementioned properties. The hydrogels demonstrated remarkable conductivity, attributed to the existence of Li + ions, with a maximum conductivity of 17.36 mS/cm. The self-healing capacity of the hydrogels was achieved owing to the presence of disulfide bond in TA. The introduction of DCNF can effectively stabilize poly(TA), endow the hydrogel with self-adhesion ability, improve the mechanical properties, and further enhance the formability of hydrogels. Generally, bio-based PTALi/DCNF hydrogels with stretchability, self-healing, self-adhesion, and conductivity are obtained through a simple strategy and used as a sensor with a wide response range and high sensitivity. Hydrogels have significant potential for application in wearable electronic devices, electronic skins, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minggui Shen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - He Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shibin Shang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China
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Xu J, Jiang Y, Gao L. Synthetic strain-stiffening hydrogels towards mechanical adaptability. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:221-243. [PMID: 36507877 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms are made of wet, soft tissues. However, there is only one candidate to simultaneously replicate the mechanical and composition features of load-bearing tissues, that is, strain-stiffening hydrogels. The conventional mechanical match design principle is mostly limited to stiffness matching. However, this strategy cannot sufficiently and necessarily lead to mechanical matching over the whole physiologic deformation period for tissues and damages the tissues over time. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the reported synthetic strain-stiffening hydrogels and particularly focus on the relationship between their structure and performance. Initially, we present a brief introduction on the significance of strain-stiffening hydrogels in mimicking the mechanics of tissues, and then we discuss the qualitative evaluation of the strain-stiffening behaviors to guide the design of materials towards mimicking soft tissue. After distinguishing the mechanical testing methods, we focus on the methods for the preparation of typical strain-stiffening hydrogels based on categories, such as network without strand entanglement, semiflexible network, and anisotropic networks. Subsequently, we discuss the structural evolution of strain-stiffening hydrogels. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring strain-stiffening hydrogels as tissue-mimics for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yin Jiang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. .,Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China
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