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Rase D, Manna N, Kushwaha R, Jain C, Singh HD, Shekhar P, Singh P, Singh YK, Vaidhyanathan R. Design enhancement in hydroxide ion conductivity of viologen-bakelite organic frameworks for a flexible rechargeable zinc-air battery. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6949-6957. [PMID: 38725505 PMCID: PMC11077532 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Quasi-solid-state rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are suitable for the generation of portable clean energy due to their high energy and power density, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Compared to the typical alkaline aqueous electrolyte in a ZAB, polymer or gel-based electrolytes can suppress the dissolution of zinc, preventing the precipitation of undesirable irreversible zinc compounds. Their low electronic conductivity minimizes zinc dendrite formation. However, gel electrolytes suffer from capacity fade due to the loss of the volatile solvent, failing to deliver high-energy and high-power ZABs. Consequently, developing polymers with high hydroxide ion conductivity and chemical durability is paramount. We report cationic C-C bonded robust polymers with stoichiometrically controlled mobile hydroxide ions as solid-state hydroxide ion transporters. To boot, we increased the viologen-hydroxide-ion concentration through "by-design" monomers. The polymers constructed with these designer monomers exhibit a commensurate increase in their ionic conductivity. The polymer prepared with 4 OH- ion-containing monomer was superior to the one with 3 OH-. The conductivity increases from 7.30 × 10-4 S cm-1 (30 °C) to 2.96 × 10-3 S cm-1 (30 °C) at 95% RH for IISERP-POF12_OH (2_OH) and IISERP-POF13_OH (3_OH), respectively. A rechargeable ZAB (RZAB) constructed using 3_OH@PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as the electrolyte membrane and Pt/C + RuO2 catalyst delivers a power density of 158 mW cm-2. In comparison, RZABs with a PVA interlayer provided only 72 mW cm-2. Notably, the device suffered an initial charge-discharge voltage gap of merely 0.55 V at 10 mA cm-2, which increased by only 2 mV after 50 hours of running. The battery operated at 10 mA cm-2 and worked steadily for 67 hours. We accomplished a flexible and rechargeable zinc-air battery (F-RZAB) exhibiting a maximum power density of 79 mW cm-2. This demonstration of a cationic viologen-bakelite polymer-based flexible secondary ZAB with versatile stochiometric hydroxide-ion tunability marks an important achievement in hydroxide-ion conducting solid-state electrolyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Rase
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Narugopal Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Rinku Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Chitvan Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Himan Dev Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Pragalbh Shekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Piyush Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Yashraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Ramanathan Vaidhyanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
- The Centre of Excellence for Carbon Capture and Removal, Svante Incorporation 8800 Glenlyon Pkwy Burnaby British Columbia V5J 5K3 Canada
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Jhariat P, U AK, Warrier A, Sunda AP, Das S, Sarfudeen S, Dhavale VM, Panda T. Hydroxide Ion Conduction through Viologen-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks (vCOFs): An Approach toward the Advancement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38684055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkaline fuel cells rely on the movement of hydroxide anions (OH-) for their operation, yet these anions face challenges in efficient conduction due to their limited diffusion coefficient and substantial mass compared to proton (H+) transport. Within the covalent organic framework structure, ordered channels offer a promising solution for the OH- ion transport. Herein, we synthesized a cationic covalent organic framework (vTAPA) via the solvothermal-assisted Zincke reaction. vTAPA showcases excellent stability in harsh basic solution (12 M) and a wide range of pH. This framework facilitates OH- conduction through its one-dimensional network through the anion exchange process. We employed various tertiary ammonium salts (tetramethyl, tetraethyl, and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide) to exchange trapped anionic chloride ions inside the vTAPA structure with OH- ions. The density functional theory (DFT) study exhibited that the anion exchange process is very favorable, as the vTAPA framework offers preferable interaction sites for OH- ions. The impact of steric hindrance from these tertiary ammonium salts on the OH- conduction performance was extensively investigated. Butyl@vTAPA exhibited a high OH- ion conductivity of 1.05 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 90 °C under 98% relative humidity (RH). Our uniquely designed cationic covalent organic frameworks (COF) created a platform for a preferential transport network of hydroxide ions, and this is the first report of directly used COFs for hydroxide ion conduction without any vigorous postsynthetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pampa Jhariat
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Kumar U
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute-Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arjun Warrier
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anurag Prakash Sunda
- Department of Chemistry, J. C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Subhadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind 126102, Haryana, India
| | - Shafeeq Sarfudeen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishal M Dhavale
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute-Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Tamas Panda
- Centre for Clean Environment, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jain C, Kushwaha R, Rase D, Shekhar P, Shelke A, Sonwani D, Ajithkumar TG, Vinod CP, Vaidhyanathan R. Tailoring COFs: Transforming Nonconducting 2D Layered COF into a Conducting Quasi-3D Architecture via Interlayer Knitting with Polypyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:487-499. [PMID: 38157305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Improving the electronic conductivity and the structural robustness of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is paramount. Here, we covalently cross-link a 2D COF with polypyrrole (Ppy) chains to form a quasi-3D COF. The 3D COF shows well-defined reflections in the SAED patterns distinctly indexed to its modeled crystal structure. This knitting of 2D COF layers with conjugated polypyrrole units improves electronic conductivity from 10-9 to 10-2 S m-1. This conductivity boost is affirmed by the presence of density of states near the Fermi level in the 3D COF, and this elevates the COF's valence band maximum by 0.52 eV with respect to the parent 2D pyrrole-functionalized COF, which agrees well with the opto-electro band gaps. The extent of HOMO elevation suggests the predominant existence of a polaron state (radical cation), giving rise to a strong EPR signal, most likely sourced from the cross-linking polypyrrole chains. A supercapacitor devised with COF20-Ppy records a high areal capacitance of 377.6 mF cm-2, higher than that of the COF loaded with noncovalently linked polypyrrole chains. Thus, the polypyrrole acts as a "conjugation bridge" across the layers, lowering the band gap and providing polarons and additional conduction pathways. This marks a far-reaching approach to converting many 2D COFs into highly ordered and conducting 3D ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ankita Shelke
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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